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The non-industrial palm oil sector in Cameroon by Raymond Ndip Nkongho,Laurène Feintrenie,Patrice Levang Pdf
Oil palm (Elæis guineensis Jacq.) is not new to Cameroon, since it is indigenous to the countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. People in the rainforest region of Cameroon used to harvest fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from the wild dura variety to produce palm oil and kernel oil, and fell and tap old stands of both dura and pisifera varieties to produce palm wine, which is a much cherished liquor. The hybrid tenera oil palm variety produces the highest yield -up to eight times more- compared to other vegetable oil crops like soybean, sunflower or rapeseed (Mathew et al. 2007; Feintrenie and Rafflegeau 2012; Jacquemard 2012).
How a Sustainable Palm Oil Industry Can Accompany Cameroon in Attaining Its Vision 2035 by Walter Ajambang Nchu Pdf
The issues raised in this book are related to socio economic development, and not only development per se but sustainable development. Income and revenue are generated and not expected to fall from the sky. Income is obtained if there is production of goods and services in the economy. A country is less developed, emerging or developed based on socio economic criteria, whose foundation can be traced to the production of goods and services or business. It would be very strategic for any country to capitalise on its comparative advantages in order to have a place in the provision of goods and services in the world market. Today, Africa cannot compete with China or other Asian nations in the domain of electronics and ICT for example.There are no production industriues for computers, cell phones and other minor electrical appliances in Africa. Therefore Africa is doomed to import all of these as of now. However, Africa has a comparative advantage on some of the major agricultural products that can enable it push export revenue and reverse balance deficit. For example, Cameroon can reverse its balance deficit in 10 years time by stopping palm oil imports. This may even take a shorter time (2 years) if Cameroon exports part of its projected production as outlined in this book. The cultivation of oil palm is dependent on many natural resources, human resources and ecological processes that interlink them. Oil palm cultivation necessitates good soils, appropriate climatic conditions, water resources and manpower, and since few trees are planted per hectare (143/ha), companies need vast expanses of land. The use of vast areas of land for the cultivation of oil palm should not lead to the destruction of ecological niches and human settlement. This is the new strategy for sustainable oil palm plantation establishments. This book describes the development of an economic cluster in Cameroon consequence of a knock-on-effect sparked off by the establishment of a hypothetical figure of 1 million hectares of oil palm plantation. It describes the socio economic advantages that come with such development. It also gives some light on how the crop can be grown sustainably and ways to mitigate conflicts in the sector.
Sustainable development of the palm oil sector in the Congo Basin by Ordway, E.M.,Sonwa, D.J.,Levang, P.,Mboringong, F.,III, L.M.,Naylor, R.L.,Nkongho, R.N. Pdf
The Congo Basin is rich in biodiversity and stores an estimated 25%-30% of the world’s tropical forest carbon stocks. As agricultural land becomes increasingly scarce in Southeast Asia, and regulatory pressures continue to intensify, the Congo Basin could become the next frontier for oil palm expansion. Most of the roughly 280 million hectares (Mha) of additional land suitable for oil palm in the Congo Basin are found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (60%), Cameroon (11%) and the Republic of Congo (10%). Many heavily forested countries in the Congo Basin are setting national targets to increase production to meet national and regional demands. Land area allocated to oil palm increased by 40% in the Congo Basin and five additional top-producing countries in Africa between 1990 and 2017. Without intervention, future production increases in the region will likely come from expansion rather than intensification due to low crop and processing yields, possibly at the expense of forest. Sustainability strategies initiated by companies and aimed at certifying palm oil mills are unlikely to be effective at curbing deforestation in the Congo Basin. Smallholder farmers are an engine of growth in the region’s palm oil sector, and recent evidence suggests they are actively clearing forest to expand. Because of the proliferation of non-industrial processing facilities (artisanal mills), a substantial fraction of the palm oil produced by smallholders never passes through a company’s jurisdiction. Smallholders are also disadvantaged by power imbalances and limited access to technical and financial resources. Including smallholders in sustainability strategies offers opportunities to achieve multisectoral goals. Recommendations to improve the sustainability of the palm oil sector in the Congo Basin include (1) improving access to finance for smallholders and non-industrial mill managers; (2) implementing policies to safeguard natural resources and facilitate access to appropriate market opportunities that offer incentives to prevent future deforestation; (3) intensifying production by replanting aging plantations, rehabilitating abandoned plantations with disease-resistant and high-yielding varieties, and increasing fertilization, without further expansion into high conservation value or high carbon stock forest areas; and (4) improving processing capacity and extraction rates by upgrading mill technologies. Sustainable palm oil development in the Congo Basin will require careful consideration of the governance, institutional, environmental and socioeconomic factors that underpin the complex regional supply chains.
Sustainable Palm Oil Production project synthesis by Bessou, C.,Rival, A.,Levang, P.,Feintrenie, L.,Bosc, P-M,Cheyns, E.,Djama, M.,Wohlfahrt, J.,Marichal, R.,Roda, J-M,Caliman, J-P,Pacheco, P. Pdf
Key messages Several sustainability certification schemes have been developed for palm oil; however, the field impacts of these schemes remain highly uncertain. The Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), was aimed at consolidating and deepening the scientific basis of these schemes.SPOP field work undertaken in Indonesia and Cameroon highlighted the large variability in practices and impacts of oil palm systems. Our main results related to the uncovering of the multiplicity of growers and their trajectories, and identifying room for improvement and the need for recommendations adapted to the various grower contexts and strategies.The SPOP project made it explicit that visions of sustainability and global challenges vary greatly among growers and other stakeholders involved in the palm oil sector. These diverging conceptions are most likely to induce bottlenecks in the definition and implementation of good practices and should be accounted for in the refinement of sustainability criteria.Within the SPOP project, we investigated possible futures for oil palm using participatory prospective analyses and multi-agent-based modeling work. Our research work showed that capacity development and the organizational capacity of smallholders, fair partnerships and combined forms of governance are key drivers in ensuring the uptake of good practices and sustainable development at the landscape scale.
Palms of controversies by Alain Rival,Patrice Levang Pdf
The rapid development of oil palm cultivation feeds many social issues such as biodiversity, deforestation, food habits or ethical investments. How can this palm be viewed as a miracle plant by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or rights of local indigenous peoples? In the present book the authors – a biologist and an agricultural economist- describe a global and complex tropical sector, for which the interests of the many different stakeholders are often antagonistic. Oil palm has become emblematic of recent changes in North-South relationship in agricultural development. Indeed, palm oil is produced and consumed in the South; its trade is driven by emerging countries, although the major part of its transformations is made in the North that still hosts the largest multinational agro industries. It is also in the North that the sector is challenged on ethical and environmental issues. Public controversy over palm oil is often opinionated and it is fed by definitive and sometimes exaggerated statements. Researchers are conveying a more nuanced speech, which is supported by scientific data and a shared field experience. Their work helps in building a more balanced view, moving attention to the South, the region of exclusive production and major consumption of palm oil.
Artisanal Milling of Palm Oil in Cameroon by Yvonne K. Nchanji,Ofundem Tataw,Raymond N. Nkongho,Patrice Levang Pdf
This study was carried out in three major palm-oil producing areas in Cameroon with the aim of investigating the artisanal milling and commercialization of red palm oil. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were administered; focus group discussions and participatory observation were applied to obtain required information. Those involved were identified and the service providers ranged from mill owners or managers to smallholders and intermediaries, some of which were involved in two or three of the services. All told, 83% of those involved were men, and the women represented 17% of the service providers. Six different types of processing equipment were identified in the production areas and it was revealed that semi-automated press and combined motorized hydraulic digester and press system (digester screw press) were the most efficient. After harvesting of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs), the major operations were: chopping or cutting, stripping, selecting and sieving, loading to drums for boiling, off-loading to the digester or press for crushing and/or pressing, and clarifying of palm oil. Family labor, hired labor or both, contributed greatly to the success of the milling operations. Family labor was not paid, but motivations were given to family members, while hired labor was paid per activity. The average cost of labor per ton of FFB in the study area was 8,812 FCFA for both peak and low seasons. The average net return in the processing and marketing of 1 ton of FFB was 32,207 FCFA in peak season and 46,556 FCFA in low season. This income-generating activity was ranked as the first main source of income in the study area and has valuable contributions in household livelihood. The production of palm kernel oil and local soap was also recorded in the area, but this was mainly for home use and not for sale. Poor accessibility and unstable prices were the main constraints in the production process. While the men were dominant in processing, women were dominant in the commercialization of RPO. Artisanal palm-oil milling is a lucrative business in the area and will go a long way to alleviate poverty if the smallholders could come together and form a dynamic scheme.
Research report on traditional food processing of palm oil by rural women, and experiences with choice of technology in Cameroon, Cote d' Ivoire and Sierra Leone - looks at trends and obstacles; discusses an oil press pilot project, as well as prospects for the economic role of women in improved palm-oil processing small scale industries; includes guidelines on the introduction, development and dissemination of new technologies. References.
Small-scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa by Kwasi Poku,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf
This publication provides information on the processing of palm oil fruits for the extraction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by small-scale mills in Africa. It is hoped that this will help promote the improvement of yield and quality of palm oil production and contribute to the modernisation of small-scale palm oil factories in Africa.
Unilever Estates in Crisis and the Power of Organizations in Cameroon by Piet Konings Pdf
The current economic crisis and political liberalization process in Africa have led in many cases to a partial withdrawal of the state, creating more space for autonomous forms of organization and action. Most analyses of these developments focus only on the national level, overlooking forms of organization and action at regional and local levels. This monograph tries to fill this gap. It first examines the impact of the current economic crisis on one of the oldest private agro-industrial enterprises in Cameroon, the Plantations Pamol du Cameroun Ltd, or Pamol, as it is still popularly called. It is a subsidiary of the giant Unilever company located in the South West Province of Anglophone Cameroon. The Francophone-dominated Cameroonian state denied any assistance to the ailing company during the crisis, leading to Pamol's liquidation in 1987. Interestingly, the newly appointed liquidator then decided to run the company as an ongoing business until a prospective buyer was found. The book also assesses the roles played by Pamol's trade unions and contract farmers'cooperatives, as well as by newly created regional elite groups and associations, in defence of their members' interests. Their capacity to act appears to be strengthened by the current political liberalization process.
Geospatial Technology for Sustainable Oil Palm Industry by Kasturi Kanniah,Le Yu Pdf
Oil palm cultivation is a significant contributor to the global agricultural industry, providing valuable resources for various products. While it has faced challenges, including concerns about deforestation and environmental degradation, it is crucial to understand the geographical distribution of oil palms to ensure responsible and sustainable management. This book introduces the application of geospatial technology to the palm oil industry, demonstrating how these tools can address key issues while promoting responsible practices. The topics discussed in the book aim to tackle challenges such as illegal deforestation and the monitoring of environmental impacts associated with oil palm cultivation. Key Features: The first book to explore the use of remote sensing and geospatial technologies for mapping and monitoring oil palm plantations Introduces cutting-edge techniques from the fourth industrial revolution, including the use of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, big data and analytics, block chain and 5G technology for effective oil palm tree monitoring Addresses current environmental concerns affecting the industry, including issues like floods, changes in precipitation, temperature, humidity, and El Niño events Explores the scientific aspects of promoting sustainability in oil palm developments and the responsible conversion of rainforests into oil palm plantations Provides a wealth of application data for early detection and continuous monitoring of environmental challenges. This book serves as an insightful resource for those interested in geospatial technologies and their positive impact on monitoring and mitigating environmental changes in the context of the palm oil industry.
The palm oil global value chain by Pacheco, P.,Gnych, S.,Dermawan, A.,Komarudin, H.,Okarda, B. Pdf
There is abundant literature focusing on the palm oil sector, which has grown into a vigorous sector with production originating mainly from Malaysia and Indonesia, and on increased palm oil consumption in many countries around the globe, particularly European Union states, China and India. This sector expansion has become quite controversial, because while it has negative social and environmental impacts, it also leads to positive benefits in generating fiscal earnings for producing countries and regular income streams for a large number of large- and small-scale growers involved in palm oil production. This document reviews how the social, ecological, and environmental dynamics and associated implications of the global palm oil sector have grown in complexity over time, and examines the policy and institutional factors affecting the sector's development at the global and national levels. This work examines the geographies of production, consumption and trade of palm oil and its derivatives, and describes the structure of the global palm oil value chain, with special emphasis on Malaysia and Indonesia. In addition, this work reviews the main socioenvironmental impacts and trade-offs associated with the palm oil sector's expansion, with a primary focus on Indonesia. The main interest is on the social impacts this has on local populations, smallholders and workers, as well as the environmental impacts on deforestation and their associated effects on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Finally, the growing complexity of the global oil palm value chain has also driven diverse types of developments in the complex oil palm policy regime governing the sector's expansion. This work assesses the main features of this emerging policy regime involving public and private actors, with emphasis on Indonesia. There are multiple efforts supporting the transition to a more sustainable palm oil production; yet the lack of a coordinated public policy, effective incentives and consistent enforcement is clear and obvious. The emergence of numerous privately driven initiatives with greater involvement of civil society organizations brings new opportunities for enhancing the sector's governance; yet the uptake of voluntary standards remains slow, and any push for the adoption of more stringent standards may only widen the gap between large corporations and medium- and smallscale growers. Greater harmonization between voluntary and mandatory standards, as well as among private initiatives is required. Commitments to deforestation-free supply chains have the potential to reduce undesired environmental impacts from oil palm expansion, and while this risks excluding smallholders from the supply chains, such commitments may function to leverage the upgrading of smallholder production systems. Their success, however, will require greater public and private sector collaboration.
The Tropical Oil Crop Revolution by Derek Byerlee,Walter P. Falcon,Rosamond Naylor Pdf
The overall aim of the book is to provide a broad synthesis of the major supply and demand drivers of the rapid expansion of oil crops in the tropics; its economic, social, and environmental impacts; and the future outlook to 2050. After introducing the dramatic surge in oil crops, chapters provide a comparative perspective from different producing regions for two of the world's most important crops, oil palm and soybeans in the tropics. The following chapters examine the drivers of demand of vegetable oils for food, animal feed, and biodiesel and introduce the reader to price formation in vegetable oil markets and the role of trade in linking consumers across the world to distant producers in a handful of exporting countries. The remaining chapters review evidence on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of the oil crop revolution in the tropics. While both economic benefits and social and environmental costs have been huge, the outlook is for reduced trade-offs and more sustainable outcomes as the oil crop revolution slows and the global, national, and local communities converge on ways to better managed land use changes and land rights.
