The Riemann Hypothesis And The Distribution Of Prime Numbers
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The Riemann Hypothesis and the Distribution of Prime Numbers by Naji Arwashan, PhD, PE Pdf
This book is an introductory and comprehensive presentation of the Riemann Hypothesis, one of the most important open questions in math today. It is introductory because it is written in an accessible and detailed format that makes it easy to read and understand. And it is comprehensive because it explains and proves all the mathematical ideas surrounding and leading to the formulation of the hypothesis.
The Riemann Hypothesis and the Distribution of Prime Numbers by Naji Arwashan Pdf
"This book is an introductory and comprehensive presentation of the Riemann Hypothesis, one of the most important open questions in math today. It is introductory because it is written in an accessible and detailed format that makes it easy to read and understand. And it is comprehensive because it explains and proves all the mathematical ideas surrounding and leading to the formulation of the hypothesis. Chapter 1 begins by defining the zeta function and exploring some of its properties when the argument is a real number. It proceeds to identify the series' domain of convergence and proves Euler's product formula. Chapter 2 introduces complex numbers and the complex analytic tools necessary to understand the zeta function in complex plane. Chapter 3 extends the domain of the zeta function for the first time by introducing the eta function. Presenting proofs by Sondow, it is shown that zeta can be defined for any complex number whose real part is positive. Next, the functional equation of the zeta function is derived in Chapter 4. This provides a method to extend the definition of zeta to the entirety of the complex plane. Chapter 5 is where the Riemann Hypothesis is properly introduced for the first time. It relates the zeros of the zeta and eta functions which leads to a simple formulation of the hypothesis. Chapters 6 and 7 connect the topics of zeta's zeros and the distribution of prime numbers. Chapter 6 introduces Riemann explicit formula and explains the use of Mobius transform to rewrite the prime counting function in terms of the Riemann prime counting one and it provides a detailed numerical example on how to use the Riemann's formula. Chapter 7 derives the von Mangoldt formula via the residue theorem and elucidates some of its important properties. Certain necessary mathematical tools, such as Fourier analysis and theta and gamma functional equations, are included in the appendices to make the chapters more concise and focused"--
The Distribution of Prime Numbers by Albert Edward Ingham Pdf
Originally published in 1934, this volume presents the theory of the distribution of the prime numbers in the series of natural numbers. Despite being long out of print, it remains unsurpassed as an introduction to the field.
The Prime Numbers and Their Distribution by Gerald Tenenbaum,Michel Mendès France Pdf
One notable new direction this century in the study of primes has been the influx of ideas from probability. The goal of this book is to provide insights into the prime numbers and to describe how a sequence so tautly determined can incorporate such a striking amount of randomness. The book opens with some classic topics of number theory. It ends with a discussion of some of the outstanding conjectures in number theory. In between are an excellent chapter on the stochastic properties of primes and a walk through an elementary proof of the Prime Number Theorem. This book is suitable for anyone who has had a little number theory and some advanced calculus involving estimates. Its engaging style and invigorating point of view will make refreshing reading for advanced undergraduates through research mathematicians.
The Riemann Hypothesis has become the Holy Grail of mathematics in the century and a half since 1859 when Bernhard Riemann, one of the extraordinary mathematical talents of the 19th century, originally posed the problem. While the problem is notoriously difficult, and complicated even to state carefully, it can be loosely formulated as "the number of integers with an even number of prime factors is the same as the number of integers with an odd number of prime factors." The Hypothesis makes a very precise connection between two seemingly unrelated mathematical objects, namely prime numbers and the zeros of analytic functions. If solved, it would give us profound insight into number theory and, in particular, the nature of prime numbers. This book is an introduction to the theory surrounding the Riemann Hypothesis. Part I serves as a compendium of known results and as a primer for the material presented in the 20 original papers contained in Part II. The original papers place the material into historical context and illustrate the motivations for research on and around the Riemann Hypothesis. Several of these papers focus on computation of the zeta function, while others give proofs of the Prime Number Theorem, since the Prime Number Theorem is so closely connected to the Riemann Hypothesis. The text is suitable for a graduate course or seminar or simply as a reference for anyone interested in this extraordinary conjecture.
Irregularities in the Distribution of Prime Numbers by János Pintz,Michael Th. Rassias Pdf
This volume presents research and expository papers highlighting the vibrant and fascinating study of irregularities in the distribution of primes. Written by an international group of experts, contributions present a self-contained yet unified exploration of a rapidly progressing area. Emphasis is given to the research inspired by Maier’s matrix method, which established a newfound understanding of the distribution of primes. Additionally, the book provides an historical overview of a large body of research in analytic number theory and approximation theory. The papers published within are intended as reference tools for graduate students and researchers in mathematics.
THE SYMPHONY OF PRIMES, DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMES AND RIEMANN'S HYPOTHESIS by Jan Feliksiak Pdf
This book presents research results concerning the distribution of prime numbers. The first major result discussed is the supremum for the maximal prime gaps. By an implementation of a binomial coefficient the maximal prime gaps supremum bound is proved, simultaneously establishing the infimum for primes in the short interval. Subsequently, a novel application of the theory of the primorial function establishes the tailored logarithmic integral, which is a superior adaptation of the classical Gauss' logarithmic integral. The tailored integral due to its radically improved accuracy over the Gauss' logarithmic integral, constitutes the supremum bound of estimation of the prime counting function. It presents the possibility to estimate the prime counting function with unprecedented accuracy.
For over 150 years, the Riemann Hypothesis stood as perhaps the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics. Proposed in 1859 by Bernard Riemann, the conjecture provided a tantalizing connection between the distribution of prime numbers and the zeros of an analytic function. Riemann located all the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function along a straight line in the complex plane. This simple pattern pointed to hidden order in the chaos of prime numbers. Generations of mathematicians struggled in vain to prove Riemann's alluring claim. It became the holy grail of number theory, resisting the most powerful mathematical minds. The Riemann Hypothesis gained renown as the most important problem in all of mathematics. But despite intense effort, the problem seemed mired in insurmountable difficulty. In this book, we walk through the proof that could finally cracked Riemann's age-old enigma. By bringing together ideas from complex analysis, number theory, and topology, the proof provides a creative bridge between mathematics' disparate domains. Methods based on symmetry, contradiction, and strategic re-expression illuminate Riemann's magic at last. The book offers the first comprehensive guide to understanding and appreciating this watershed mathematical achievement. It provides deep mathematical insights, historical perspectives, and reflection on problem-solving philosophy. Most importantly, the work pays tribute to the human spirit embodied in mathematics’ unending quest to understand the mysteries of patterns that surround us.
Stalking the Riemann Hypothesis by Dan Rockmore Pdf
For 150 years the Riemann hypothesis has been the holy grail of mathematics. Now, at a moment when mathematicians are finally moving in on a proof, Dartmouth professor Dan Rockmore tells the riveting history of the hunt for a solution.In 1859 German professor Bernhard Riemann postulated a law capable of describing with an amazing degree of accuracy the occurrence of the prime numbers. Rockmore takes us all the way from Euclid to the mysteries of quantum chaos to show how the Riemann hypothesis lies at the very heart of some of the most cutting-edge research going on today in physics and mathematics.
In August 1859 Bernhard Riemann, a little-known 32-year old mathematician, presented a paper to the Berlin Academy titled: "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity." In the middle of that paper, Riemann made an incidental remark â€" a guess, a hypothesis. What he tossed out to the assembled mathematicians that day has proven to be almost cruelly compelling to countless scholars in the ensuing years. Today, after 150 years of careful research and exhaustive study, the question remains. Is the hypothesis true or false? Riemann's basic inquiry, the primary topic of his paper, concerned a straightforward but nevertheless important matter of arithmetic â€" defining a precise formula to track and identify the occurrence of prime numbers. But it is that incidental remark â€" the Riemann Hypothesis â€" that is the truly astonishing legacy of his 1859 paper. Because Riemann was able to see beyond the pattern of the primes to discern traces of something mysterious and mathematically elegant shrouded in the shadows â€" subtle variations in the distribution of those prime numbers. Brilliant for its clarity, astounding for its potential consequences, the Hypothesis took on enormous importance in mathematics. Indeed, the successful solution to this puzzle would herald a revolution in prime number theory. Proving or disproving it became the greatest challenge of the age. It has become clear that the Riemann Hypothesis, whose resolution seems to hang tantalizingly just beyond our grasp, holds the key to a variety of scientific and mathematical investigations. The making and breaking of modern codes, which depend on the properties of the prime numbers, have roots in the Hypothesis. In a series of extraordinary developments during the 1970s, it emerged that even the physics of the atomic nucleus is connected in ways not yet fully understood to this strange conundrum. Hunting down the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis has become an obsession for many â€" the veritable "great white whale" of mathematical research. Yet despite determined efforts by generations of mathematicians, the Riemann Hypothesis defies resolution. Alternating passages of extraordinarily lucid mathematical exposition with chapters of elegantly composed biography and history, Prime Obsession is a fascinating and fluent account of an epic mathematical mystery that continues to challenge and excite the world. Posited a century and a half ago, the Riemann Hypothesis is an intellectual feast for the cognoscenti and the curious alike. Not just a story of numbers and calculations, Prime Obsession is the engrossing tale of a relentless hunt for an elusive proof â€" and those who have been consumed by it.
Stalking the Riemann Hypothesis by Dan Rockmore Pdf
For 150 years the Riemann hypothesis has been the holy grail of mathematics. Now, at a moment when mathematicians are finally moving in on a proof, Dartmouth professor Dan Rockmore tells the riveting history of the hunt for a solution.In 1859 German professor Bernhard Riemann postulated a law capable of describing with an amazing degree of accuracy the occurrence of the prime numbers. Rockmore takes us all the way from Euclid to the mysteries of quantum chaos to show how the Riemann hypothesis lies at the very heart of some of the most cutting-edge research going on today in physics and mathematics.
Academic Paper from the year 2021 in the subject Mathematics - Analysis, grade: 2.00, , language: English, abstract: It is demonstrated in this work that we may construct an infinite number of strips in the complex plane having the same 'dimensions as the Critical Strip and which are devoid of Riemann zeros except on the line of symmetry. It is shown that the number of zeros on each line is infinite, indeed, there is a Riemann zero at infinity. It is posited that a form of the Riemann conjecture is verified in each strip. It is shown that each integer in the infinite set of the integers has an associated Riemann zero and that the imaginary parts of the complex number at which the zeros are located are proportional to the 'local' asymptote to the prime counting function. A connection between the prime counting function and the zeta function is established. A limited distribution of the Riemann zeros corresponding to their respective prime numbers is constructed and it is seen that, at least over this range, the two are correlated, albeit non-linearly. It is demonstrated that the imaginary part of the complex number locating a Riemann zero may, for any integer that can be articulated, be obtained by a few keystrokes of a hand calculator.
In August 1859 Bernhard Riemann, a little-known 32-year old mathematician, presented a paper to the Berlin Academy titled: "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity." In the middle of that paper, Riemann made an incidental remark â€" a guess, a hypothesis. What he tossed out to the assembled mathematicians that day has proven to be almost cruelly compelling to countless scholars in the ensuing years. Today, after 150 years of careful research and exhaustive study, the question remains. Is the hypothesis true or false? Riemann's basic inquiry, the primary topic of his paper, concerned a straightforward but nevertheless important matter of arithmetic â€" defining a precise formula to track and identify the occurrence of prime numbers. But it is that incidental remark â€" the Riemann Hypothesis â€" that is the truly astonishing legacy of his 1859 paper. Because Riemann was able to see beyond the pattern of the primes to discern traces of something mysterious and mathematically elegant shrouded in the shadows â€" subtle variations in the distribution of those prime numbers. Brilliant for its clarity, astounding for its potential consequences, the Hypothesis took on enormous importance in mathematics. Indeed, the successful solution to this puzzle would herald a revolution in prime number theory. Proving or disproving it became the greatest challenge of the age. It has become clear that the Riemann Hypothesis, whose resolution seems to hang tantalizingly just beyond our grasp, holds the key to a variety of scientific and mathematical investigations. The making and breaking of modern codes, which depend on the properties of the prime numbers, have roots in the Hypothesis. In a series of extraordinary developments during the 1970s, it emerged that even the physics of the atomic nucleus is connected in ways not yet fully understood to this strange conundrum. Hunting down the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis has become an obsession for many â€" the veritable "great white whale" of mathematical research. Yet despite determined efforts by generations of mathematicians, the Riemann Hypothesis defies resolution. Alternating passages of extraordinarily lucid mathematical exposition with chapters of elegantly composed biography and history, Prime Obsession is a fascinating and fluent account of an epic mathematical mystery that continues to challenge and excite the world. Posited a century and a half ago, the Riemann Hypothesis is an intellectual feast for the cognoscenti and the curious alike. Not just a story of numbers and calculations, Prime Obsession is the engrossing tale of a relentless hunt for an elusive proof â€" and those who have been consumed by it.