The Second Creek War

Author : John T. Ellisor
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
Page : 624 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2020-03-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781496219985

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The Second Creek War by John T. Ellisor Pdf

Historians have traditionally viewed the “Creek War of 1836” as a minor police action centered on rounding up the Creek Indians for removal to Indian Territory. Using extensive archival research, John T. Ellisor demonstrates that, in fact, the Second Creek War was neither brief nor small. Indeed, armed conflict continued long after “peace” was declared and the majority of Creeks had been sent west. Ellisor’s study also broadly illuminates southern society just prior to the Indian removals, a time when many blacks, whites, and Natives lived in close proximity in the Old Southwest. In the Creek country, also called New Alabama, these ethnic groups began to develop a pluralistic society. When the 1830s cotton boom placed a premium on Creek land, however, dispossession of the Natives became an economic priority. Dispossessed and impoverished, some Creeks rose in armed revolt both to resist removal west and to drive the oppressors from their ancient homeland. Yet the resulting Second Creek War, which raged over three states, was fueled not only by Native determination but also by economic competition and was intensified not least by the massive government-sponsored land grab that constituted Indian removal. Because these circumstances also created fissures throughout southern society, both whites and blacks found it in their best interests to help the Creek insurgents. This first book-length examination of the Second Creek War shows how interethnic collusion and conflict characterized southern society during the 1830s.

Author : John T. Ellisor
Publisher : University of Nebraska Press
Page : 509 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2020-03-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781496217080

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The Second Creek War by John T. Ellisor Pdf

Historians have traditionally viewed the Creek War of 1836 as a minor police action centered on rounding up the Creek Indians for removal to Indian Territory. Using extensive archival research, John T. Ellisor demonstrates that in fact the Second Creek War was neither brief nor small. Indeed, armed conflict continued long after peace was declared and the majority of Creeks had been sent west. Ellisor’s study also broadly illuminates southern society just before the Indian removals, a time when many blacks, whites, and Natives lived in close proximity in the Old Southwest. In the Creek country, also called New Alabama, these ethnic groups began to develop a pluralistic society. When the 1830s cotton boom placed a premium on Creek land, however, dispossession of the Natives became an economic priority. Dispossessed and impoverished, some Creeks rose in armed revolt both to resist removal west and to drive the oppressors from their ancient homeland. Yet the resulting Second Creek War that raged over three states was fueled both by Native determination and by economic competition and was intensified not least by the massive government-sponsored land grab that constituted Indian removal. Because these circumstances also created fissures throughout southern society, both whites and blacks found it in their best interests to help the Creek insurgents. This first book-length examination of the Second Creek War shows how interethnic collusion and conflict characterized southern society during the 1830s.

Author : Winthrop D. Jordan
Publisher : LSU Press
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1996-01-01
Category : History
ISBN : 0807120391

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Tumult And Silence At Second Creek by Winthrop D. Jordan Pdf

In the war-fevered spring and summer of 1861, a group of slaves in Adams County, Mississippi, conspired to gain their freedom by overthrowing and murdering their white masters. The conspiracy was discovered, the plotters were arrested and tried, and at least forty slaves in and around Natchez were hanged. By November the affair was over, and the planters of the district united to conceal the event behind a veil of silence. In 1971, Winthrop D. Jordan came upon the central document, previously unanalyzed by modern scholars, upon which this extraordinary book is based - a record of the testimony of some of the accused slaves as they were interrogated by a committee of planters determined to ferret out what was going on. This discovery led him on a twenty-year search for additional information about the aborted rebellion. Because no official report or even newspaper account of the plot existed, the search for evidence became a feat of historical detection. Jordan gathered information from every possible source - the private letters and diaries of members of the families involved in suppressing the conspiracy and of people who recorded the rumors that swept the Natchez area in the unsettled months following the beginning of the war; letters from Confederate soldiers concerned about the events back home; the journal of a Union officer who heard of the plot; records of the postwar Southern Claims Commission; census documents; plantation papers; even gravestones. What has emerged from this odyssey of research is a brilliantly written re-creation of one of the last slave conspiracies in the United States. It is also a revealing portrait of the Natchez region at the very beginning of the CivilWar, when Adams County was one of the wealthiest communities in the nation and a few powerful families interconnected by marriage and business controlled not only a large black population but the poorer whites as well. In piecing together the fragments of extant information about the conspiracy, Jordan has produced a vivid picture of the plantation slave community in southwestern Mississippi in 1861 - its composition and distribution; the degree of mobility permitted slaves; the ways information was passed around slave quarters and from plantation to plantation; the possibilities for communication with town slaves, free blacks, and white abolitionists. Jordan also explores the treatment of blacks by their owners, the kinds of resentments the slaves harbored, the sacrifices they were willing to make to protect or avenge abused family members, and the various ways in which they viewed freedom. Tumult and Silence at Second Creek is a major work by one of the most distinguished scholars of slavery and race relations. Winthrop D. Jordan's study of the slave society of the Natchez area at the onset of the Civil War is a landmark contribution to the field. More than that, his exhaustive and resourceful search for documentation and his careful analysis of sources make the study an extended and innovative essay on the nature of historical evidence and inference.

Author : Christopher D. Haveman
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
Page : 863 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2018-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780803296985

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Bending Their Way Onward by Christopher D. Haveman Pdf

2018 Choice Outstanding Academic Title 2019 Dwight L. Smith (ABC-CLIO) Award from the Western History Association Between 1827 and 1837 approximately twenty-three thousand Creek Indians were transported across the Mississippi River, exiting their homeland under extreme duress and complex pressures. During the physically and emotionally exhausting journey, hundreds of Creeks died, dozens were born, and almost no one escaped without emotional scars caused by leaving the land of their ancestors. Bending Their Way Onward is an extensive collection of letters and journals describing the travels of the Creeks as they moved from Alabama to present-day Oklahoma. This volume includes documents related to the “voluntary” emigrations that took place beginning in 1827 as well as the official conductor journals and other materials documenting the forced removals of 1836 and the coerced relocations of 1836 and 1837. This volume also provides a comprehensive list of muster rolls from the voluntary emigrations that show the names of Creek families and the number of slaves who moved west. The rolls include many prominent Indian countrymen (such as white men married to Creek women) and Creeks of mixed parentage. Additional biographical data for these Creek families is included whenever possible. Bending Their Way Onward is the most exhaustive collection to date of previously unpublished documents related to this pivotal historical event.

Author : Richard Blackmon
Publisher : Government Printing Office
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : History
ISBN : 0160925428

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The Creek War, 1813-1814 by Richard Blackmon Pdf

The Creek War grew out of a civil war that pitted Creek Indians striving to maintain their traditional culture, called Red Sticks, against those Creeks who sought to assimilate with United States society.

Author : LARRY. WILLIAMSON
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 242 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2018-09-15
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1640660577

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Muskogi Sunset by LARRY. WILLIAMSON Pdf

Larry Williamson's Muskogi Sunset: The Second Creek War of 1836, builds on the tragic story of his prequel, Tallapoosa, including many of the same characters and mix of historical facts. His update shows that the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was not fully endorsed by Alabama's citizenry, especially those living on Creek lands.

Author : Steven L. Warren
Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2012-11-13
Category : History
ISBN : 9781614237624

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The Second Battle of Cabin Creek by Steven L. Warren Pdf

The commander of the three-hundred-wagon Union supply train never expected a large ragtag group of Texans and Native Americans to attack during the dark of night in Union-held territory. But Brigadier Generals Richard Gano and Stand Watie defeated the unsuspecting Federals in the early morning hours of September 19, 1864, at Cabin Creek in the Cherokee nation. The legendary Watie, the only Native American general on either side, planned details of the raid for months. His preparation paid off--the Confederate troops captured wagons with supplies that would be worth more than $75 million today. Writer, producer and historian Steve Warren uncovers the untold story of the last raid at Cabin Creek in this Jefferson Davis Historical Gold Medal-winning history.

Author : Mike Bunn,Clay Williams
Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2010-12-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9781625843814

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Battle for the Southern Frontier by Mike Bunn,Clay Williams Pdf

This comprehensive book is the first to chronicle both wars and document the sites on which they were fought. It sheds light on how the wars led to the forced removal of Native Americans from the region, secured the Gulf South against European powers, facilitated increased migration into the area, furthered the development of slave-based agriculture and launched the career of Andrew Jackson.

Author : Christopher D. Haveman
Publisher : University of Nebraska Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781496219541

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Rivers of Sand by Christopher D. Haveman Pdf

At its height the Creek Nation comprised a collection of multiethnic towns and villages with a domain stretching across large parts of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. By the 1830s, however, the Creeks had lost almost all this territory through treaties and by the unchecked intrusion of white settlers who illegally expropriated Native soil. With the Jackson administration unwilling to aid the Creeks, while at the same time demanding their emigration to Indian territory, the Creek people suffered from dispossession, starvation, and indebtedness. Between the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs and the arrival of detachment six in the West in late 1837, nearly twenty-three thousand Creek Indians were moved—voluntarily or involuntarily—to Indian territory. Rivers of Sand fills a substantial gap in scholarship by capturing the full breadth and depth of the Creeks’ collective tragedy during the marches westward, on the Creek home front, and during the first years of resettlement. Unlike the Cherokee Trail of Tears, which was conducted largely at the end of a bayonet, most Creeks were relocated through a combination of coercion and negotiation. Hopelessly outnumbered military personnel were forced to make concessions in order to gain the compliance of the headmen and their people. Christopher D. Haveman’s meticulous study uses previously unexamined documents to weave narratives of resistance and survival, making Rivers of Sand an essential addition to the ethnohistory of American Indian removal.

Author : William Garrett Piston,Richard W. Hatcher, III
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2004-08-01
Category : History
ISBN : 0807855758

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Wilson's Creek by William Garrett Piston,Richard W. Hatcher, III Pdf

In the summer of 1861, Americans were preoccupied by the question of which states would join the secession movement and which would remain loyal to the Union. This question was most fractious in the border states of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. In Mi

Author : Henry Sale Halbert,Timothy Horton Ball
Publisher : Chicago : Donohue & Henneberry
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 1895
Category : Chickasaw Indians
ISBN : UOM:39015003690586

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The Creek War of 1813 and 1814 by Henry Sale Halbert,Timothy Horton Ball Pdf

Author : DAVID ARTHUR EKARDT
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2014-11-01
Category : History
ISBN : 163452215X

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THE U.S. MARINES IN THE SECOND CREEK AND SECOND SEMINOLE WARS by DAVID ARTHUR EKARDT Pdf

Most people do not realize that the U.S.Marines participated in the longest of the Indian wars, The Second Seminole War. After serving for several months in Georgia and Alabama involved in the Second Creek War, Commandant Archibald Henderson led them to Florida. There they served in many capacities from 1836-1842. They were put in charge of Tampa Bay and Fort Brooke for several months, as well as manning other forts; they patroled the interior of the territory, they lead the Creek Indian volunteers, they were detailed as mounted troops, they provided security for the many supply wagon trains and even escorted several groups of Indians to the Arkansas Territory for resettlement. They along with sailors of the West Indies Squadron's 'Mosquito Fleet' of specially constructed canoess, were the first non-natives to cross the Evergaldes from the east coast to the west coast. The Marines as did the soldiers and sailors who particpated in the Florida actions endured many hardships and disease during their service in Florida. They proved to be an excellent versitle force then as they do today.

Author : Kathryn H. Braund
Publisher : Pebble Hill Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2012-07-30
Category : History
ISBN : 0817357114

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Tohopeka by Kathryn H. Braund Pdf

Tohopeka contains a variety of perspectives and uses a wide array of evidence and approaches, from scrutiny of cultural and religious practices to literary and linguistic analysis, to illuminate this troubled period. Almost two hundred years ago, the territory that would become Alabama was both ancient homeland and new frontier where a complex network of allegiances and agendas was playing out. The fabric of that network stretched and frayed as the Creek Civil War of 1813-14 pitted a faction of the Creek nation known as Red Sticks against those Creeks who supported the Creek National Council. The war began in July 1813, when Red Stick rebels were attacked near Burnt Corn Creek by Mississippi militia and settlers from the Tensaw area in a vain attempt to keep the Red Sticks’ ammunition from reaching the main body of disaffected warriors. A retaliatory strike against a fortified settlement owned by Samuel Mims, now called Fort Mims, was a Red Stick victory. The brutality of the assault, in which 250 people were killed, outraged the American public and “Remember Fort Mims” became a national rallying cry. During the American-British War of 1812, Americans quickly joined the war against the Red Sticks, turning the civil war into a military campaign designed to destroy Creek power. The battles of the Red Sticks have become part of Alabama and American legend and include the famous Canoe Fight, the Battle of Holy Ground, and most significantly, the Battle of Tohopeka (also known as Horseshoe Bend)—the final great battle of the war. There, an American army crushed Creek resistance and made a national hero of Andrew Jackson. New attention to material culture and documentary and archaeological records fills in details, adds new information, and helps disabuse the reader of outdated interpretations. Contributors Susan M. Abram / Kathryn E. Holland Braund/Robert P. Collins / Gregory Evans Dowd / John E. Grenier / David S. Heidler / Jeanne T. Heidler / Ted Isham / Ove Jensen / Jay Lamar / Tom Kanon / Marianne Mills / James W. Parker / Craig T. Sheldon Jr. / Robert G. Thrower / Gregory A. Waselkov

Author : Howard T. Weir
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Creek Indians
ISBN : 1594161933

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A Paradise of Blood by Howard T. Weir Pdf

Beginning with conquistador Ferdinand DeSoto's fateful encounter with Indians of the southeast in the 1500s, A Paradise of Blood: The Creek War of 1813-14 by Howard T. Weir, III, narrates the complete story of the cultural clash and centuries-long struggle for this landscape of stunning beauty. Using contemporary letters, military reports, and other primary sources, the author places the Creek War in the context of Tecumseh's fight for Native American independence and the ongoing war between the United States and European powers for control of North America.

Author : Christopher D. Haveman
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
Page : 834 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2018-02
Category : History
ISBN : 9781496204141

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Bending Their Way Onward by Christopher D. Haveman Pdf

Between 1827 and 1837 approximately twenty-three thousand Creek Indians were transported across the Mississippi River, exiting their homeland under extreme duress and complex pressures. During the physically and emotionally exhausting journey, hundreds of Creeks died, dozens were born, and almost no one escaped without emotional scars caused by leaving the land of their ancestors. Bending Their Way Onward is an extensive collection of letters and journals describing the travels of the Creeks as they moved from Alabama to present-day Oklahoma. This volume includes documents related to the “voluntary” emigrations that took place beginning in 1827 as well as the official conductor journals and other materials documenting the forced removals of 1836 and the coerced relocations of 1836 and 1837. This volume also provides a comprehensive list of muster rolls from the voluntary emigrations that show the names of Creek families and the number of slaves who moved west. The rolls include many prominent Indian countrymen (such as white men married to Creek women) and Creeks of mixed parentage. Additional biographical data for these Creek families is included whenever possible. Bending Their Way Onward is the most exhaustive collection to date of previously unpublished documents related to this pivotal historical event.