The Value Of Vaccination

Author : Robert Black,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Marleen Temmerman,Neff Walker
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2016-04-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781464803680

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Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) by Robert Black,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Marleen Temmerman,Neff Walker Pdf

The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on the Evaluation of Vaccine Purchase Financing in the United States
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2003-12-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309133258

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Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on the Evaluation of Vaccine Purchase Financing in the United States Pdf

The national immunization system has achieved high levels of immunization, particularly for children. However, this system faces difficult challenges for the future. Significant disparities remain in assuring access to recommended vaccines across geographic and demographic populations. These disparities result, in part, from fragmented publicâ€"private financing in which a large number of children and adults face limited access to immunization services. Access for adults lags well behind that of children, and rates of immunizations for those who are especially vulnerable because of chronic health conditions such as diabetes or heart and lung disease, remain low. Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability addresses these challenges by proposing new strategies for assuring access to vaccines and sustaining the supply of current and future vaccines. The book recommends changes to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-the entity that currently recommends vaccines-and calls for a series of public meetings, a post-implementation evaluation study, and development of a research agenda to facilitate implementation of the plan.

Author : Barry R. Bloom,Paul-Henri Lambert
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 664 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2016-06-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128054000

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The Vaccine Book by Barry R. Bloom,Paul-Henri Lambert Pdf

The Vaccine Book, Second Edition provides comprehensive information on the current and future state of vaccines. It reveals the scientific opportunities and potential impact of vaccines, including economic and ethical challenges, problems encountered when producing vaccines, how clinical vaccine trials are designed, and how to introduce vaccines into widespread use. Although vaccines are now available for many diseases, there are still challenges ahead for major diseases, such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This book is designed for students, researchers, public health officials, and all others interested in increasing their understanding of vaccines. It answers common questions regarding the use of vaccines in the context of a rapidly expanding anti-vaccine environment. This new edition is completely updated and revised with new and unique topics, including new vaccines, problems of declining immunization rates, trust in vaccines, the vaccine hesitancy, and the social value of vaccines for the community vs. the individual child’s risk. Provides insights into diseases that could be prevented, along with the challenges facing research scientists in the world of vaccines Gives new ideas about future vaccines and concepts Introduces new vaccines and concepts Gives ideas about challenges facing public and private industrial investors in the vaccine area Discusses the problem of declining immunization rates and vaccine hesitancy

Author : Philip Stevens
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 324 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351519915

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Fighting the Diseases of Poverty by Philip Stevens Pdf

Public discussion of global healthcare issues is dominated by those who believe that top-down, government-driven interventions are the solution to the myriad health problems suffered by people in less developed countries. This thinking is responsible for a plethora of harmful policies, ranging from a drive towards socialized healthcare systems, to calls for the centralization and semi-nationalization of pharmaceutical research and development, to impractical but grandiose UN-sponsored schemes for tackling HIV/AIDS and malaria.In spite of the abysmal track record of top-down approaches, non-governmental organizations and UN agencies continue to promote them, to the detriment of the private sector, economic development, and human health. The resulting politicization of diseases such as HIV/AIDS has led to a diversion of resources away from more easily treatable diseases that affect more people. Meanwhile, cost-effective and simple interventions such as vaccination are being subordinated to other more politically correct diseases.This centralizing mindset has also resulted in many governments in less developed countries attempting to plan and control universal healthcare systems, which has encouraged rationing, inequitable access, and entrenched corruption. It has also seriously undermined the effectiveness of overseas development aid. Moreover, the politicization of diseases such as HIV/AIDS has led to a diversion of resources away from more easily treatable diseases that affect more people. As a result, cost-effective and simple interventions are neglected by donors.There has to date been little public discussion of the role of markets and their underlying institutions--property rights and the rule of law--in improving human health. Economic growth and globalization has led to unprecedented improvements in human health. The challenge is to enable the poorest countries to take part more fully in this process. This work demonstrates how current

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2022-01-29
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0309461561

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The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats Pdf

Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

Author : J. M. Maurice,Sheila Davey,World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2009-07-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789241563864

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State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization by J. M. Maurice,Sheila Davey,World Health Organization Pdf

This casebook collects 64 case studies each of which raises an important and difficult ethical issue connected with planning, reviewing or conducting health-related research. The book's purpose is to contribute to thoughtful analysis of these issues by researchers and members of research ethics committees (REC's known in some places as ethical review committees or institutional review boards) particularly those involved with studies that are conducted or sponsored internationally. . This collection is envisioned principally as a tool to aid educational programs from short workshops on research.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1997-08-10
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309057905

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Risk Communication and Vaccination by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Pdf

Author : Jennifer Hamborsky, MPH, MCHES,Andrew Kroger, MD, MPH,Charles (Skip) Wolfe
Publisher : Public Health Foundation
Page : 512 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-19
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9780990449126

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Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition E-Book by Jennifer Hamborsky, MPH, MCHES,Andrew Kroger, MD, MPH,Charles (Skip) Wolfe Pdf

The Public Health Foundation (PHF) in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is pleased to announce the availability of Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition or “The Pink Book” E-Book. This resource provides the most current, comprehensive, and credible information on vaccine-preventable diseases, and contains updated content on immunization and vaccine information for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, health educators, pharmacists, nurses, and others involved in administering vaccines. “The Pink Book E-Book” allows you, your staff, and others to have quick access to features such as keyword search and chapter links. Online schedules and sources can also be accessed directly through e-readers with internet access. Current, credible, and comprehensive, “The Pink Book E-Book” contains information on each vaccine-preventable disease and delivers immunization providers with the latest information on: Principles of vaccination General recommendations on immunization Vaccine safety Child/adult immunization schedules International vaccines/Foreign language terms Vaccination data and statistics The E-Book format contains all of the information and updates that are in the print version, including: · New vaccine administration chapter · New recommendations regarding selection of storage units and temperature monitoring tools · New recommendations for vaccine transport · Updated information on available influenza vaccine products · Use of Tdap in pregnancy · Use of Tdap in persons 65 years of age or older · Use of PCV13 and PPSV23 in adults with immunocompromising conditions · New licensure information for varicella-zoster immune globulin Contact [email protected] for more information. For more news and specials on immunization and vaccines visit the Pink Book's Facebook fan page

Author : Nigel Curtis,Adam Finn,Andrew J. Pollard
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2010-12-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781441971852

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Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VII by Nigel Curtis,Adam Finn,Andrew J. Pollard Pdf

Course covers topics in infectious diseases in children and is intended for Pediatric Infectious disease trainees, trainers, and all those who manage children with infections.

Author : Alberto Giubilini
Publisher : Springer
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2018-12-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783030020682

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The Ethics of Vaccination by Alberto Giubilini Pdf

This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book will appeal to philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination.

Author : Mark Navin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2015-09-16
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317653196

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Values and Vaccine Refusal by Mark Navin Pdf

Parents in the US and other societies are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, even though popular anti-vaccine myths – e.g. ‘vaccines cause autism’ – have been debunked. This book explains the epistemic and moral failures that lead some parents to refuse to vaccinate their children. First, some parents have good reasons not to defer to the expertise of physicians, and to rely instead upon their own judgments about how to care for their children. Unfortunately, epistemic self-reliance systematically distorts beliefs in areas of inquiry in which expertise is required (like vaccine immunology). Second, vaccine refusers and mainstream medical authorities are often committed to different values surrounding health and safety. For example, while vaccine advocates stress that vaccines have low rates of serious complications, vaccine refusers often resist vaccination because it is ‘unnatural’ and because they view vaccine-preventable diseases as a ‘natural’ part of childhood. Finally, parents who refuse vaccines rightly resist the utilitarian moral arguments – ‘for the greater good’ – that vaccine advocates sometimes make. Unfortunately, vaccine refusers also sometimes embrace a pernicious hyper-individualism that sanctions free-riding on herd immunity and that cultivates indifference to the interpersonal and social harms that unvaccinated persons may cause.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 476 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2001-02-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309174988

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Vaccines for the 21st Century by Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development Pdf

Vaccines have made it possible to eradicate the scourge of smallpox, promise the same for polio, and have profoundly reduced the threat posed by other diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and meningitis. What is next? There are many pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and cancers that may be promising targets for vaccine research and development. This volume provides an analytic framework and quantitative model for evaluating disease conditions that can be applied by those setting priorities for vaccine development over the coming decades. The committee describes an approach for comparing potential new vaccines based on their impact on morbidity and mortality and on the costs of both health care and vaccine development. The book examines: Lessons to be learned from the polio experience. Scientific advances that set the stage for new vaccines. Factors that affect how vaccines are used in the population. Value judgments and ethical questions raised by comparison of health needs and benefits. The committee provides a way to compare different forms of illness and set vaccine priorities without assigning a monetary value to lives. Their recommendations will be important to anyone involved in science policy and public health planning: policymakers, regulators, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, and researchers.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Immunization Safety Review Committee
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2002-07-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309169882

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Immunization Safety Review by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Immunization Safety Review Committee Pdf

By two years of age, healthy infants in the United States can receive up to 20 vaccinations to protect against 11 diseases. Although most people know that vaccines effectively protect against serious infectious diseases, approximately one-quarter of parents in a recent survey believe that infants get more vaccines than are good for them, and that too many immunizations could overwhelm an infant's immune system. The Immunization Safety Review Committee reviewed the evidence regarding the hypothesis that multiple immunizations increase the risk for immune dysfunction. Specifically, the committee looked at evidence of potential biological mechanisms and at epidemiological evidence for or against causality related to risk for infections, the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, and allergic disorders.

Author : Heidi J. Larson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2020-07-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780190077266

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Stuck by Heidi J. Larson Pdf

Vaccine reluctance and refusal are no longer limited to the margins of society. Debates around vaccines' necessity -- along with questions around their side effects -- have gone mainstream, blending with geopolitical conflicts, political campaigns, celebrity causes, and "natural" lifestyles to win a growing number of hearts and minds. Today's anti-vaccine positions find audiences where they've never existed previously. Stuck examines how the issues surrounding vaccine hesitancy are, more than anything, about people feeling left out of the conversation. A new dialogue is long overdue, one that addresses the many types of vaccine hesitancy and the social factors that perpetuate them. To do this, Stuck provides a clear-eyed examination of the social vectors that transmit vaccine rumors, their manifestations around the globe, and how these individual threads are all connected.

Author : Varun Gauri,Peyvand Khaleghian
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Immunization in Developing Countries by Varun Gauri,Peyvand Khaleghian Pdf

The authors use cross-national social, political, economic, and institutional data to explain why some countries have stronger immunization programs than others, as measured by diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles vaccine coverage rates and the adoption of the hepatitis B vaccine. After reveiwing the existing literature on demand- and supply-side side factors that affect immunization programs, the authors find that the elements that most affect immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries involve broad changes in the global policy environment and contact with international agencies. Democracies tend to have lower coverage rates than autocracies, perhaps because bureaucratic elites have an affinity for immunization programs and are granted more autonomy in autocracies, althought this effect is not visible in low-income countries. The authors also find that the quality of a nation's institutions and its level of development are strongly related to immunization rate coverage and vaccine adoption, and that coverage rates are in general more a function of supply-side than demand effects. there is no evidence that epidemics or polio eradication campaigns affect immunization rates one way or another, or that average immunization rates increase following outbreaks of diphtheria, pertussis, or measles.