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Theory and Applications of Liquid Crystals by Jerald L. Ericksen,David Kinderlehrer Pdf
This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications AMORPHOUS POLYMERS AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS is in part the proceedings of a workshop which was an integral part of the 1984-85 IMA program on CONTINUUM PHYSICS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS We are grateful to the Scientific Committee: Haim Brezis Constantine Dafermos Jerry Eri cksen David Kinderlehrer for planning and implementing an exciting and stimulating year-long program. We espe cially thank the Program Organizers, Jerry Ericksen, David Kinderlehrer, Stephen Prager and Matthew Tirrell for organizing a workshop which brought together scientists and mathematicians in a variety of areas for a fruitful exchange of ideas. George R. Sell Hans Weinberger Preface The diversity of experimental phenomena and the range of applications of liquid crystals present timely and challenging questions for experimentalists, mechanists, and mathematicians. The scope of this workshop was to bring together research workers and practitioners in these areas from laboratories, industry, and universities to explore common issues. The contents of this volume vary from descriptions of experimental phenomena, of which our understanding is insufficient, to questions of a mathematical nature and of efficient computation.
This book reviews comprehensively the technological, scientific, artistic and medical applications of liquid crystals. It starts with the basics of liquid crystals and covers electro-optical, thermo-optical, colour, polymeric, lyotropic, and scientific applications of liquid crystalline materials. It discusses the fabrication and operational principles of a full range of liquid crystal displays including dynamic scattering, twisted nematic, supertwisted nematic, dichroic, smectic A, ferroelectric, polymer dispersed, light valve, active matrix, etc., in detail. It also covers the emerging applications of liquid crystals such as optical computing, nonlinear optics, decorative and visual arts. Classification, theory, chemical structure, physical properties and surface alignment of liquid crystals have detailed chapters to facilitate the basic understanding of the science behind LCDs and other uses of liquid crystals. The chapters, liquid crystal polymers and lyotropic liquid crystals, give deep insight into these areas. The potential uses and applications are also described in detail.
Liquid Crystal - Applications And Uses (Volume 1) by Birendra Bahadur Pdf
This book reviews comprehensively the technological, scientific, artistic and medical applications of liquid crystals. It starts with the basics of liquid crystals and covers electro-optical, thermo-optical, colour, polymeric, lyotropic, and scientific applications of liquid crystalline materials. It discusses the fabrication and operational principles of a full range of liquid crystal displays including dynamic scattering, twisted nematic, supertwisted nematic, dichroic, smectic A, ferroelectric, polymer dispersed, light valve, active matrix, etc., in detail. It also covers the emerging applications of liquid crystals such as optical computing, nonlinear optics, decorative and visual arts. The detailed chapters on classification, theory, chemical structure, physical properties and surface alignment of liquid crystals facilitate the basic understanding of the science behind LCDs and other uses of liquid crystals. The chapters on liquid crystal polymers and lyotropic liquid crystals, give deep insight into these areas. The potential uses and applications are also described in detail.
The Static and Dynamic Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals by Iain W. Stewart Pdf
Given the widespread interest in macroscopic phenomena in liquid crystals, stemming from their applications in displays and devices. The need has arisen for a rigorous yet accessible text suitable for graduate students, whatever their scientific background. This book satisfies that need. The approach taken in this text, is to introduce the basic continuum theory for nematic liquid crystals in equilibria, then it proceeds to simple application of this theory- in particular, there is a discussion of electrical and magnetic field effects which give rise to Freedericksz transitions, which are important in devices. This is followed by an account of dynamic theory and elementary viscometry of nemantics Discussions of backflow and flow-induced instabilities are also included. Smetic theory is also briefly introduced and summarised with some examples of equilibrium solutions as well as those with dynamic effects. A number of mathematical techniques, such as Cartesian tensors and some variational calculus, are presented in the appendices.
Liquid Crystals by Sergey V. Pasechnik,Vladimir G. Chigrinov,Dina V. Shmeliova Pdf
Covering numerous practical applications as yet not covered in any single source of information, this monograph discusses the importance of viscous and elastic properties for applications in both display and non-display technologies. The very well-known authors are major players in this field of research and pay special attention here to the use of liquid crystals in fiber optic devices as applied in telecommunication circuits.
Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst,Timothy J. Sluckin Pdf
In the nematic liquid crystal phase, rod-shaped molecules move randomly but remain essentially parallel to one another. Biaxial nematics, which were first predicted in 1970 by Marvin Freiser, have their molecules differentially oriented along two axes. They have the potential to create displays with fast switching times and may have applications in thin-film displays and other liquid crystal technologies. This book is the first to be concerned solely with biaxial nematic liquid crystals, both lyotropic and thermotropic, formed by low molar mass as well as polymeric systems. It opens with a general introduction to the biaxial nematic phase and covers: • Order parameters and distribution functions • Molecular field theory • Theories for hard biaxial particles • Computer simulation of biaxial nematics • Alignment of the phase • Display applications • Characterisation and identification • Lyotropic, thermotropic and colloidal systems together with material design With a consistent, coherent and pedagogical approach, this book brings together theory, simulations and experimental studies; it includes contributions from some of the leading figures in the field. It is relevant to students and researchers as well as to industry professionals working in soft matter, liquid crystals, liquid crystal devices and their applications throughout materials science, chemistry, physics, mathematics and display engineering.
Introduction to Liquid Crystals by E. Priestly Pdf
The existence of liquid crystals has been known for nearly a centu ry; yet it is only in the last ten years that their unique optical, electri cal, electro-optic, and thermal properties have been exploited to any significant extent in such technological applications as digital d~ plays and thermography. Digital watches equipped with liquid-crys tal displays (LCD's) have recently made their debut in the electronic watch market, and the large-scale use of LCD's in a variety of other applications requiring reliable, low-power digital displays is immi nent. There is good reason to believe that liquid crystals will be the first electro-optic materials to find widespread commercial use. Apart from applications, liquid crystals are unique among the phases of matter. Lurking beneath their garish display of color and texture is a great complexity of physical and chemical interaction that is only now beginning to unfold in the face of a decade-old resurgence in all aspects of liquid~rystal research. RCA Laboratories has participated in this resurgence from its beginning in the early 1960's and at present maintains active liquid-crystal programs both in basic re search and in device engineering. In view of the widespread interest in liquid crystals at RCA Labo ratories, an in-house weekly seminar devoted to the subject of liquid crystals was organized in the fall of 1973. The resulting lectures were subsequently published in three issues of the RCA Review and, with the incorporation of much additional material, eventually grew into the present volume.
Liquid crystals are partially ordered systems without a rigid, long-range structure. The study of these materials covers a wide area: chemical structure, physical properties and technical applications. Due to their dual nature -- anisotropic physical properties of solids and rheological behavior of liquids -- and easy response to externally applied electric, magnetic, optical and surface fields liquid crystals are of greatest potential for scientific and technological applications. The subject has come of age and has achieved the status of being a very exciting interdisciplinary field of scientific and industrial research. This book is an outgrowth of the enormous advances made during the last three decades in both our understanding of liquid crystals and our ability to use them in applications. It presents a systematic, self-contained and up-to-date overview of the structure and properties of liquid crystals. It will be of great value to graduates and research workers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, biology, materials science, chemical and electrical engineering, and technology from a materials science and physics viewpoint of liquid crystals.
Flexoelectricity in Liquid Crystals by Agnes Buka,Nándor Éber Pdf
The book intends to give a state-of-the-art overview of flexoelectricity, a linear physical coupling between mechanical (orientational) deformations and electric polarization, which is specific to systems with orientational order, such as liquid crystals. Chapters written by experts in the field shed light on theoretical as well as experimental aspects of research carried out since the discovery of flexoelectricity. Besides a common macroscopic (continuum) description the microscopic theory of flexoelectricity is also addressed. Electro-optic effects due to or modified by flexoelectricity as well as various (direct and indirect) measurement methods are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the role of flexoelectricity in pattern-forming instabilities. While the main focus of the book lies in flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals, peculiarities of other mesophases (bent-core systems, cholesterics, and smectics) are also reviewed. Flexoelectricity has relevance to biological (living) systems and can also offer possibilities for technical applications. The basics of these two interdisciplinary fields are also summarized.
Applications of Liquid Crystals by Gerhard Meier,E. Sackmann,Erich Sackmann,J. G. Grabmaier Pdf
Over the past ten years liquid crystals have attracted much interest and considerable progress has been made with respect to our knowledge in this field. The recent development was initiated mainly by the work of J. L. Fergason and G. H. Heilmeier, who pointed out the importance of liquid crystals for thermographic and electro optic applications. The first part of this book is a brief introduction to the physics of liquid crystals. The structures and properties of the three basic types of liquid crystals are discussed. A special paragraph is devoted to electric-field effects, which are important in display applications. The chapter on Scientific Applications gives an insight into the potential applications of liquid crystals in fundamental research, with special emphasis on explaining the principles involved. Two groups of potential applications are discussed in detail: 1. the use of liquid crystals as anisotropic solvent for the determination of molecular properties by means of spectroscopy, and 2. their use in analytical chemistry, particularly in gas chromatography. The reverse process involves the use of the dissolved molecules as microscopic probes in the investigation of the dynamical molecular structure of anisotropic fluid systems (e.g. biological membranes). This extremely important technique is also described.
The Static and Dynamic Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals by Iain W. Stewart Pdf
Given the widespread interest in macroscopic phenomena in liquid crystals, stemming from their applications in displays and devices. The need has arisen for a rigorous yet accessible text suitable for graduate students, whatever their scientific background. This book satisfies that need. The approach taken in this text, is to introduce the basic continuum theory for nematic liquid crystals in equilibria, then it proceeds to simple application of this theory- in particular, there is a discussion of electrical and magnetic field effects which give rise to Freedericksz transitions, which are important in devices. This is followed by an account of dynamic theory and elementary viscometry of nemantics Discussions of backflow and flow-induced instabilities are also included. Smetic theory is also briefly introduced and summarised with some examples of equilibrium solutions as well as those with dynamic effects. A number of mathematical techniques, such as Cartesian tensors and some variational calculus, are presented in the appendices.
Liquid Crystals - Self-Organized Soft Functional Materials for Advanced Applications is focused on both theoretical models and experimental results, pointing out the chemical and physical properties (thermodynamics, electro-optic switching behavior, and non-linear optic phenomena) of liquid crystals used in a wide range of devices. In this respect, the chapters cover the following topics: chemical structure and phase transitions in bent-core liquid crystals, phase and structural behavior of liquid crystals used to align carbon nanotubes, molecular alignment, and photorefractive effect in the ferroelectric phase, which has the potential to be used as transistors, for image storage, and in optical signal processing. It is expected that the book will be of interest to researchers in academia and industries, as well as advanced students.
This is a new and greatly revised edition of Professor Chandrasekhar's classic book Liquid Crystals, first published in 1977. The subject of liquid crystals has grown into an exciting interdisciplinary research field with important practical applications. This book presents a systematic and self-contained treatment of the physics of the different types of thermotropic liquid crystals - the three classical types, nematic, cholesteric and smectic, and the newly discovered discotic type. Included is a description of the structures of these four main types and their polymorphic modifications, their thermodynamical, optical and mechanical properties and their behaviour under external fields. The basic principles underlying the major applications of liquid crystals in display technology and in thermography are also discussed. This book will be of great value to advanced students and researchers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, materials science and technology with an interest in the physics, chemistry and applications of liquid crystals.
Liquid Crystals — Applications and Uses by B Bahadur Pdf
This book reviews comprehensively the technological, scientific, artistic and medical applications of liquid crystals. It starts with the basics of liquid crystals and covers electro-optical, thermo-optical, colour, polymeric, lyotropic, and scientific applications of liquid crystalline materials. It discusses the fabrication and operational principles of a full range of liquid crystal displays including dynamic scattering, twisted nematic, supertwisted nematic, dichroic, smectic A, ferroelectric, polymer dispersed, light valve, active matrix, etc., in detail. It also covers the emerging applications of liquid crystals such as optical computing, nonlinear optics, decorative and visual arts. The detailed chapters on classification, theory, chemical structure, physical properties and surface alignment of liquid crystals facilitate the basic understanding of the science behind LCDs and other uses of liquid crystals. The chapters on liquid crystal polymers and lyotropic liquid crystals, give deep insight into these areas. The potential uses and applications are also described in detail. Contents:Surface Alignment of Liquid Crystals (T Uchida & H Seki)Dichroic Liquid Crystal Displays (B Bahadur)Applications of Liquid Crystals in Optical Computing (N A Clark & K M Johnson)Other Types of LCDs (S Kobayashi & A Mochizuki)Thermochromic Liquid Crystals in Devices (I Sage)Liquid Crystal Polymers (H Finkelmann, W Meier & H Scheuermann) Readership: Applied scientists, materials scientists, chemists, physicists, liquid crystal researchers and display systems engineers. keywords:Liquid Crystal Display;Liquid Crystal;LCD;Displays;Active Matrix LCD;Electro-Optical Devices;Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals;Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals;Applications of Liquid Crystals;Light Valve;Human Factors;Reliability and Failure of LCDs;Display Measurements;Lyotropic Liquid Crystal;Liquid Crystal in Arts;Physics Of Liquid Crystal Devices;Thermal Sensors;Liquid Crystal Polymers;Dichroic LCDs;Thermochromic Liquid Crystals; “… consists of three volumes with a total of twenty seven chapters which present in depth discussions of topics related to liquid crystals. The chapters are written by authorities in each topic. This set of book is an impressive undertaking and Bahadur has done an excellent job of selecting topics of interest in the field of liquid crystals. In summary, Bahadur has taken on a large task and made a real accomplishment. As manufacturer of liquid crystal displays, we find the volumes to be good references and while the volumes are not textbooks, some chapters should be required reading for engineers in the liquid crystal display business. These volumes will be valuable references for years to come. In preface to volume 3, Bahadur wondered if the sacrifices and burning of midnight oil was worth it. Only he can answer that question for himself, but he certainly has performed a valuable service to the liquid crystal field, and I, for one, am grateful that he did.” Journal of the Society for Information Display “Professor B Bahadur, the editor and the author of three chapters, has done a marvelous job assimilating contributions from different fields of liquid crystal applications. Finally, a book has been published that gives the reader a comprehensive review of technological applications of liquid crystals and an overview of how they are related to medicine, biology, and art … the book can be recommended not only to specialists in the field of liquid crystalline applications but also to anyone interested in liquid crystals research.” Condensed Matter News “The book provides a good, practical overview of the many liquid crystal devices that were discovered until about 1989. Their operating principles and their pros and cons are well presented … Moreover, the book provides a very useful insight into some of the manufacturing techniques required to realize LCDs. These aspects are not only of interest to device engineers but also to scientists who are engaged in electro-optical research.” Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals “This excellent book provides a timely and up-to-date review of materials, devices and displays based on liquid crystals … The editor is to be congratulated on obtaining contributions from, without exception, internationally recognized experts on the topics discussed … It must be concluded that this is a first-class publication and, when it is combined with Volume 2 and the promised Volume 3, it will become a well used reference book for those workers who are involved in the many aspects of the rapidly developing area of liquid-crystal technology.” Displays “Liquid Crystals consists of 20 chapters in two volumes (with a third volume planned). The volumes cover topics ranging from the types and classifications of liquid crystals to the nonlinear response of liquid crystals and liquid crystals in the decorative and visual arts. Appropriately, over half the chapters are related to LCDs. For the chapters, Bahadur selected authors who are prominent in the field … each chapter includes an extensive list of references and each volume has a good index. The technical chapters on cell fabrication and display parameters and requirements are a welcome addition to the chapters on liquid-crystal physics and chemistry. These volumes provide extensive and quickly accessed information and references for liquid-crystal applications in displays, art biology, and chromatography. I have found them useful in my research and can recommend them to researchers already familiar with the field … the breadth and depth of coverage in these two volumes will make them useful references for years to come. They are worth the price.” Information Display “Volume 2 of the book by Birendra Bahadur fills — like already vol. 1 — a gap in liquid crystal literature in that it reviews the multitude and rapidly expanding applications of liquid crystals in a concise and interesting way. The list of references attached to each of the very diverse chapters makes it a useful tool for experts in individual LC-fields as well as for students and educated laymen who attempt to get an overview over the immensely broad field of liquid crystals and their applications. To find in one and the same volume LC-display-related chapters as well as chapters on LC-art and biological LC-systems is fascinating.” Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals “The authors for the subjects covered are of the best in their field. They were selected from many areas and allow the fields covered in the books to be seen from several viewpoints … the different viewpoints make the books more well rounded and easier for a novice reader to appreciate … Bahadur has done an excellent job in bringing together some of the best people working in the area of applications of LCs. The quality of the individual contributions is very high and in many cases I think they may be considered definitive reviews of the application areas they consider.” Optical Engineering “The contents is sound and the volume completes an ambitious and useful survey of liquid crystals.” Physics World “The third volume of the three volume series ‘Applications and Uses of Liquid Crystals’ by Birendra Bahadur complements volume 1 and 2 by reviewing additional applications not covered there. Each of the chapters is written in an interesting manner with up-to-date references until about 1991. This renders the series suitable as a work of reference for those working in the field and as a text book for students interested in applications.” Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals “Each chapter of this book provides a review of a specific field, therefore it will be of use and interest to both established liquid crystal engineers and scientists and those just entering this very broad area of science and technology … this book, together with the two previous volumes, provides a timely and useful contribution to the literature on liquid crystals, which will be used by both scientists and engineers.” Displays
