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Author : Ger Vertogen,Wim H. de Jeu Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 326 pages File Size : 40,5 Mb Release : 2012-12-06 Category : Science ISBN : 9783642831331
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals by Ger Vertogen,Wim H. de Jeu Pdf
The aim of this book is to give a unified and critical account of the fundamental aspects of liquid crystals. Preference is given to discussing the assumptions made in developing theories and analyzing experimental data rather than to attempting to compile all the latest results. The book has four parts. Part I is quite descriptive in character and gives a general overview of the various liquid crystalline phases. Part II deals with the macroscopic continuum theory of liquid crystals and gives a systematic development of the theory from a tensorial point of view thus emphasizing the relevant symmetries. Part III concentrates on experiments that provide microscopic information on the orientational behaviour of the molecules. Finally Part IV discusses the theory of the various phases and their attendant phase transitions from both a Landau and a molecular-statistical point of view. Simplifying the various models as far as possible, it critically examines the merits of a molecular-statistical approach.
Liquid crystals are partially ordered systems without a rigid, long-range structure. The study of these materials covers a wide area: chemical structure, physical properties and technical applications. Due to their dual nature -- anisotropic physical properties of solids and rheological behavior of liquids -- and easy response to externally applied electric, magnetic, optical and surface fields liquid crystals are of greatest potential for scientific and technological applications. The subject has come of age and has achieved the status of being a very exciting interdisciplinary field of scientific and industrial research. This book is an outgrowth of the enormous advances made during the last three decades in both our understanding of liquid crystals and our ability to use them in applications. It presents a systematic, self-contained and up-to-date overview of the structure and properties of liquid crystals. It will be of great value to graduates and research workers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, biology, materials science, chemical and electrical engineering, and technology from a materials science and physics viewpoint of liquid crystals.
Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals by Dietrich Demus Pdf
The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals. The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors. The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with a selection of the volumes. Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above. Volume 2 concentrates on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. This volume is therefore by far the most detailed reference source on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field. Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field.
Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set by John W. Goodby,Peter J. Collings,Takashi Kato,Carsten Tschierske,Helen Gleeson,Peter Raynes,Volkmar Vill Pdf
Much more than a slight revision, this second edition of the successful "Handbook of Liquid Crystals" is completely restructured and streamlined, with updated as well as completely new topics, 100% more content and a new team of editors and authors. As such, it fills the gap for a definitive, single source reference for all those working in the field of organized fluids and will set the standard for the next decade. The Handbook's new structure facilitates navigation and combines the presentation of the content by topic and by liquid-crystal type: A fundamentals volume sets the stage for an understanding of the liquid crystal state of matter, while individual volumes cover the main types and forms, with a final volume bringing together the diverse liquid crystal phases through their applications. This unrivaled, all-embracing coverage represents the undiluted knowledge on liquid crystals, making the Handbook a must-have wherever liquid crystals are investigated, produced or used, and in institutions where their science and technology is taught. Also available electronically on Wiley Online Library, www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/holc Volume 1: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals Volume 2: Physical Properties and Phase Behavior of Liquid Crystals Volume 3: Nematic and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals Volume 4: Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals Volume 5: Non-Conventional Liquid Crystals Volume 6: Nanostructured and Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals Volume 7: Supermolecular and Polymeric Liquid Crystals Volume 8: Applications of Liquid Crystals
Liquid crystals exhibit amazingly interesting properties that make them indispensable for several technological applications. The book Liquid Crystals - Recent Advancements in Fundamental and Device Technologies is aimed to focus on various aspects of research and development that liquid crystal mediums have come across in recent years. This would be ranging from the physical and chemical properties to the important applications that the liquid crystals have in our everyday life. It is expected that the book will make the expert researchers to be abreast of recent research advancements, whereas the novice researchers will benefit from both the conceptual understanding and the recent developments in the area. Multitudes of research themes and directions pivoted to liquid crystals remain the essence, which the readers would get the glimpse of and move ahead for further investigations.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy Pdf
This book covers developments in the field of thermotropic liquid crystals and their functional importance. It also presents advances related to different sub-areas pertinent to this interdisciplinary area of research. This text brings together research from synthetic scientists and spectroscopists and attempts to bridge the gaps between these areas. New physical techniques that are powerful in characterizing these materials are discussed.
Dielectric Properties Of Liquid Crystals by Zbigniew Galewski Pdf
Introduction - This book, consisting of 10 chapters, should be treated as a complement that brings the reader up to date with the latest contributions to the rich literature on liquid crystals. A prominent place in this literature is occupied by the dielectric properties which are important in estimation of usefulness of these materials and in understanding the molecular processes determining various mesophases. In the field of dielectrics in general, and in connection with the structure and phase transitions the entries in references [1-14] can be recommended. With respect to general aspects of liquid-crystalline properties and molecular dynamics one can point out the references [15-36]. Most of them contain as well chapters on dielectric properties. In addition there is a number of books and monographs related strictly to the dielectric properties of liquid crystals, in particular references [37-45]. For the readers less familiar with this topic and interested in the basic knowledge of dielectric aspects of liquid crystals one can suggest the reviews [46-48]. Basic difference between properties of isotropic liquid and liquid crystal lies in the existence in the latter case of at least one degree of order. The ordering can be also considered with respect to a crystalline phase. Thus introducing at least one degree of disorder (rotational or translational) causes the occurrence of a mesophase which, however, is not identical with the liquid-crystalline phase. If the mesophase is to be liquid-crystalline, it should possess at least one translational degree of disorder. The disorder connected with further degrees of freedom leads to rich polymorphism. The most characteristic feature of liquid-crystalline phases is a precisely defined degree of disorder of molecules building these phases and their anisotropy which is exhibited in molecular structure and all measurable physical parameters such as polarizability. This is the reason why such phases are also called anisotropic liquids. The insertion into the molecules that form mesophases of fragments either chiral or influencing antagonistically already present fragments (e.g. by replacing one alkyl group by perfluorinated chain) leads to additional interactions which compete with interactions responsible for the stability of liquid-crystalline phases. This causes the frustration phenomena, i.e. the mutual overlapping of interactions frequently responsible for opposite effects. These induced phenomena conduce to unexpected structures (banana-type or columnar-type mesophases) and properties such as helicity, ferroelectricity or antiferroelectricity. Of particular interest seem to be ferroelectric liquid crystals (chiral tilted smectics such as SmC*, SmI* and others) showing collective modes: tilt fluctuations (soft modes) and phase fluctuations (Goldstone mode). Unusual progress observed in the last half-century has occurred due to use of some additional interacting fragments and structural details. Liquid crystalline polymers and metalomesogens present rapidly growing branches of knowledge of liquid crystal. Ferromagnetism and superconductivity of liquid crystals still pose a challenge. In this monograph we present different aspects of dielectric properties of mesogens. Chapter 1 presented by Otowski is dedicated to general problems of the molecular dipole s motion in electric field. Based on the broadband dielectric studies results of a few liquid-crystalline substances, their dielectric behavior is discussed by means of Nordio-Rigatti-Segre theory. The pretransitional anomalies observed in isotropic phase close to the phase transitions by means of dielectric measurements are described by Drozd-Rzoska, Rzoska and Janik in Chapter 2. An extended part of this book is devoted to chiral liquid crystals, the importance of which for applications and expectations for them are continuously increasing. The principles of the dielectric behavior of chiral liquid-crystalline compounds based on general considerations applying for other dipolar systems as well is presented by Hoffmann in Chapter 3. In general considerations based on the example of 12 selected substances showing extremely rich polymorphism Marzec, Mikulko, Wróbel and Haase analyze impressive behaviors of collective modes (Chapter 4). The problem of non-linear dielectric effects constitutes an important part of this book. A general introduction to the non-linear dielectric spectroscopy is contained in Chapter 5 elaborated by Kedziora, who concentrates himself on the isotropic phase, solutions and precritical phenomena. The problem of molecular properties of smectic materials and relaxation in ferroelectric liquid crystals with particular attention paid to electrooptic phenomena are discussed by Kuczynski in Chapter 6. Advantages of electrooptic methods applied to chiral tilted smectic liquid crystals with either ferroelectric or antiferroelectric dipole order are known. However, less popular problem of so called organic glass formers presented by Massalska-Arodz, Sciesinska, Sciesinski, Krawczyk, Inoba and Zielinski in Chapter 7 deserved attentions. Properties of these materials are discussed by using the results of complementary methods such as INS, QENS, adiabatic calorimetry and far-infrared spectra. Chapter 8, presented by Rózanski, is devoted to the dielectric properties of liquid crystals confined in porous matrices or dispersed throughout solid matrices. Such systems seem to be fascinating not only from the point of view of surface interactions but also due to attractive properties of dispersed systems in nanoscale. Of great value is also Chapter 9 by Kocot, Merkel, Sufin, Vij and Mehl describing dendrimeric liquid crystals built of molecules containing siloxane or carbosilazane cores. The problems of dynamics and ordering are discussed in terms of IR and dielectric spectroscopy results. Chapter 10, written by Urban, is committed to the relaxation processes in calamitic liquid crystals with emphasis on pressure and temperature effects. Finally let us direct readers attention to general references relating to the new liquid crystalline compounds [49] and IUPAC classification of these systems [50]. 1. Boettcher C. J. F., van Belle O.C., Bordewijk P. and Rip A., 1973, Theory of Electric Polarization, Vol.I: Dielectrics in Static Fields, 2nd revised edition, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam. 2. Boettcher C.J.F. and Bordewijk, 1978, Theory of Electric Polarization, Vol.II. Dielectrics in Time-dependent Fields, 2nd revised edition, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam. 3. Hill N., Vaughan W.E., Price A.H. and Davies M., 1969, Dielectric Properties and Molecular Behaviour, van Nostrand, London. 4. Froehlich H., 1958, Theory of Dielectrics, Oxford University Press, London. 5. von Hippel A.R., 1995, Dielectric Materials and Applications, Artech House Publishers. 6. Davies M., 1965, Some Electrical and Optical Aspects of Molecular Behaviour, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 7. Scaife B.K.P., 1998, Principle of Dielectrics, Revised edition, Oxford University Press, Clarendon, Oxford. 8. Riande E. and Diaz-Calleja R., 2004, Electrical Properties of Polymers, Marcel Dekker, NY. 9. Jonscher A.K., 1996, Universal Relaxation Law, Chelsea Dielectric Press Ltd, London. 10. Grigas J., 1996, Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials, Series: Ferroelectricity and Related Phenomena, Volume 9, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Philadelphia. 11. Runt J.P. and Fitzgerald J.J.(Eds.), 1997, Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymeric Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 12. Havriliak S. and Havriliak S.J., 1996, Dielectric and Mechanical Relaxation in Materials, Hanser Verlag, München. 13. Gaiduk V.I. and McConnel J.R., 1999, Dielectric Relaxation and Dynamics of Polar Molecules, World Scientific Pub. Co.Inc., Singapore. 14. Kremer F. and Schönhals A. (Eds) 2002, Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy, Springer, NY. 15. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), 1998, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 4-Volume Set, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 16. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V (Eds.), 1999, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 17. Stegemeyer H. (Ed.), 1994, Liquid Crystals, Steinkopff, Darmstadt and Springer, NY. 18. Buka A. (Ed.), 1993, Modern Topics in Liquid Crystals. From Neutron Scattering to Ferroelectricity, World Scientific, Singapore. 19. Dierking I., 2003. Texture of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 20. Luckhurst G.R. and Gray G.W. (Eds.), 1979, The Molecular Physics of Liquid Crystals, Academic Press, London. 21. de Gennes P.G. and Prost J., 1993, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 22. Gray G.W. and Goodby J.W., 1984, Smectic Liquid Crystals. Textures and Structures, Leonard Hill, Glasgow. 23. Martellucci S. and Chester A.N. (Eds.), 1992, Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals, NATO ASI Series, Vol.B290, Plenum Press, NY. 24. Luckhurst G.R. and Veracini C.A. (Eds.), 1994. The Molecular Dynamics of Liquid Crystals, NATO ASI Series, Vol.C431, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 25. Priestley E.B., Wojtowicz P.J. and Sheng P. (Eds.), 1975, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Plenum Press, NY. 26. Lagerwall S.T., 1999, Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 27. Baus M., Rull L.F. and Ryckaert J.P. (Eds.), 1995, Observation, Prediction and Simulation of Phase Traansitions in Complex Fluids, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 28. Anisimov M.A., 1991, Critical Phenomena in Liquids and Liquid Crystals, Gordon & Breach, Philadelphia 29. Vertogen G. and de Jeu W.H., 1986, Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals, Springer, Berlin 30. de Jeu W.H., 1980, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystalline Materials, Gordon & Breach, NY 31. Helfrich W. and Heppke G., (Eds.), 1980, Liquid Crystals of One and Two Dimensional Order, Springer, Berlin. 32. Goodby J.W., Blinc R., Clark N.A., Lagerwall S.T., Osipov M.A., Pikin S.A., Sakurai T., Yoshino K. and }eka B., 1991, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Principles, Properties and Applications, Series: Ferroelectricity and Related Phenomena, Volume 7. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 33. Pikin S.A., 1991, Structural Transformations in Liquid Crystals, Gordon and Breach, NY. 34. Haberlandt R., Michel D., Poppel A. and Stannarius R., 2005, Molecules in interaction with surfaces and interfaces, Springer NY. 35. Crawford G.P. and }umer S., (Eds), Liquid Crystals in Complex Geometries, 1996, Taylor & Francis, London. 36. Muaevic I., Blinc R. and }eka B., 2000, The Physics of Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, World Scientific, Singapore. 37. Haase W. and Wróbel S. (Eds.), 2003, Relaxation Phenomena. Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems, Polymers, High-TC Superconductors, Metallic Glasses., Springer, NY. 38. Kresse H., 1983, in: Advances in Liquid Crystals, Vol.6, Brown G.H. (ed.), Academic Press, NY. 39. Coffey W.T. and Kalmykov Y.P. 2000, Adv.Chem.Phys. 111, 487. 40. de Jeu W.H., 1978, in: Solid State Physics, Supplement 14. Liebert L. (ed.), Academic Press. 41. Rzoska S.J. and Zhelezny V.P., (Eds), 2004, Nonlinear Dielectric Phenomena in Complex Liquids, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 42. Urban S. and Wuerflinger A., 1979, Adv.Chem.Phys., 98, 143. 43. Kresse H., 1982, Fortschrifte der Physik, 80, 507. 44. Urban S., 2001, in: Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals: Nematics, Dunmur D., Fukuda A. and Luckhurst G. (Eds.), Inspec, London, p.267. 45. Blinov L.M. and Chigrinov V.G., 1994, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials, Springer, NY. 46. Meier G. and Saupe A., 1966, in: Liquid Crystals, Brown G.H., Dines G.J. and Labes M.M. (Eds.), Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 47. Kresse H., 1998, in: Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), Vol.2, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 48. Dunmur D and Toriyama K., 1998, in: Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), Vol. 1, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 49. Vill V., 2006, LiqCryst 4.6. Data Base, Fujitsu. 50. Byron M. et al. 2001, Pure Appl.Chem., 73, 845.
In 1959, about 1400 compounds forming liquid crystalline phases were known; by 1992, this number had increased to about 50 000. In portable devices like wristwatches, pocket caculators, measuring instruments, and laptop computers the liquid crystal display technology has gained total acceptance and is on the way to encompass the market of colour TV screens. This development makes a volume devoted to liquid crystals in the series Topics in Physical Chemistry desirable. Following the concept of this series, an easy introduction to liquid crystals is given, enabling the reader to understand the basic problems of liquid crystals research and application. Because of the widespread field of different research activities in liquid crystals and applications, various competent authors have been involved in writing chapters on: - Phase types, structures, and chemistry of liquid crystals; - Thermodynamical behavior and physical properties of thermotropic liquid crystals; - Liquid crystalline polymers; - Lyotropic liquid crystals; - Application of liquid crystals in spectroscopy; - Application of liquid crystals in display technology.
Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals by George W. Gray,Volkmar Vill,Hans W. Spiess,Dietrich Demus,John W. Goodby Pdf
This handbook is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of the physics of liquid crystals. In over 500 pages it provides detailed information on the physical properties of liquid crystals as well as the recent theories and results on phase transitions, defects and textures of different types of liquid crystals. An in-depth understanding of the physical fundamentals is a prerequisite for everyone working in the field of liquid crystal research. With this book the experts as well as graduate students entering the field get all the information they need.
This book reviews comprehensively the technological, scientific, artistic and medical applications of liquid crystals. It starts with the basics of liquid crystals and covers electro-optical, thermo-optical, colour, polymeric, lyotropic, and scientific applications of liquid crystalline materials. It discusses the fabrication and operational principles of a full range of liquid crystal displays including dynamic scattering, twisted nematic, supertwisted nematic, dichroic, smectic A, ferroelectric, polymer dispersed, light valve, active matrix, etc., in detail. It also covers the emerging applications of liquid crystals such as optical computing, nonlinear optics, decorative and visual arts. Classification, theory, chemical structure, physical properties and surface alignment of liquid crystals have detailed chapters to facilitate the basic understanding of the science behind LCDs and other uses of liquid crystals. The chapters, liquid crystal polymers and lyotropic liquid crystals, give deep insight into these areas. The potential uses and applications are also described in detail.
Dietrich Demus,John W. Goodby,George W. Gray,Hans W. Spiess,Volkmar Vill
Author : Dietrich Demus,John W. Goodby,George W. Gray,Hans W. Spiess,Volkmar Vill Publisher : John Wiley & Sons Page : 530 pages File Size : 48,6 Mb Release : 2011-09-22 Category : Technology & Engineering ISBN : 9783527620562
Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Volume 2A by Dietrich Demus,John W. Goodby,George W. Gray,Hans W. Spiess,Volkmar Vill Pdf
The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals. The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors. The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with one or two of the volumes. Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above. Volumes 2A and 2B concentrate on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. These volumes are therefore by far the most detailed reference sources on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field. Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field.
Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices by Shin-Tson Wu,Deng-Ke Yang Pdf
From laptop computers and mobile phones to digital cinema, Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are integral components in an increasing array of highly desirable consumer electronics and communication devices, and are already the predominant technology used in flat panel displays. This inter-disciplinary book is intended as an introductory guide to the fundamental properties of liquid crystals and their applications in display and photonic devices, providing a basic understanding of the physics, optics, electro-optics, and material aspects for state-of-the-art display and photonic devices. Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices includes: A comprehensive overview of LCDs including liquid crystal physics, electro-optical properties, simulation techniques and display and photonic applications. Numerous examples and case studies, solved problems and challenging homework conundrums starting with basic physics and gradually introducing advanced device concepts and structures. The principles for designing advanced specialist transmissive, reflective, and transflective liquid crystal displays. Chapters on emerging technologies such as tuneable liquid crystal photonic devices including laser beam steering, light switches for telecommunication and tunable-focus lenses. Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students following display systems courses, who will benefit from its systematic approach. The introduction of advanced device concepts and structures means that display engineers, scientists, and technicians active in the field can also utilise this unique resource, as can developers of a wide range of systems and applications. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics
