Thinking And Reasoning A Very Short Introduction

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Thinking and Reasoning

Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198787259

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Thinking and Reasoning by Jonathan St. B. T. Evans Pdf

Our extraordinary capacity to reason and solve problems sets us aside from other animals, but our evolved thinking processes also leave us susceptible to bias and error. The study of thinking and reasoning goes back to Aristotle, and was one of the first topics to be studied when psychology separated from philosophy. In this Very Short Introduction Jonathan Evans explores cognitive psychological approaches to understanding the nature of thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. He shows how our problem solving capabilities are hugely dependent on also having the imagination to ask the right questions, and the ability to see things from a completely new perspective. Beginning by considering the approaches of the behaviorists and the Gestalt psychologists, he moves on to modern explorations of thinking, including hypothetical thinking, conditionals, deduction, rationality, and intuition. Covering the role of past learning, IQ, and cognitive biases, Evans also discusses the idea that there may be two different ways of thinking, arising from our evolutionary history. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Thought: A Very Short Introduction

Tim Bayne
Thought A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Tim Bayne
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2013-01-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191642531

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Thought: A Very Short Introduction by Tim Bayne Pdf

There is no denying that thinking comes naturally to human beings. But what are thoughts? How is thought realized in the brain? Does thinking occur in public or is it a purely private affair? Do young children and non-human animals think? Is human thought the same everywhere, or are there culturally specific modes of thought? What is the relationship between thought and language? What kind of responsibility do we have for our thoughts? In this compelling Very Short Introduction, Tim Bayne looks at the nature of thought. Beginning with questions about what thought is and what distinguishes it from other kinds of mental states, he goes on to examine various interpretations of thought from philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology. By exploring the logical structures of thought and the relationship between thought and other mental phenomena, as well as the mechanisms that make thought possible and the cultural variations that may exist in our thought processes, Bayne looks at what we know - and don't know - about our great capacity for thought. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction

Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Thinking and Reasoning A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2017-09-21
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780191091131

Get Book

Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction by Jonathan St B. T. Evans Pdf

Our extraordinary capacity to reason and solve problems sets us aside from other animals, but our evolved thinking processes also leave us susceptibile to bias and error. The study of thinking and reasoning goes back to Aristotle, and was one of the first topics to be studied when psychology separated from philosophy. In this Very Short Introduction Jonathan Evans explores cognitive psychological approaches to understanding the nature of thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. He shows how our problem solving capabilities are hugely dependent on also having the imagination to ask the right questions, and the ability to see things from a completely new perspective. Beginning by considering the approaches of the behaviourists and the Gestalt psychologists, he moves on to modern explorations of thinking, including hypothetical thinking, conditionals, deduction, rationality, and intuition. Covering the role of past learning, IQ, and cognitive biases, Evans also discusses the idea that there may be two different ways of thinking, arising from our evolutionary history. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction

Jennifer Nagel
Knowledge A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Jennifer Nagel
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2014-09-25
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191637315

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Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction by Jennifer Nagel Pdf

What is knowledge? How does it differ from mere belief? Do you need to be able to justify a claim in order to count as knowing it? How can we know that the outer world is real and not a dream? Questions like these are ancient ones, and the branch of philosophy dedicated to answering them - epistemology - has been active for thousands of years. In this thought-provoking Very Short Introduction, Jennifer Nagel considers these classic questions alongside new puzzles arising from recent discoveries about humanity, language, and the mind. Nagel explains the formation of major historical theories of knowledge, and shows how contemporary philosophers have developed new ways of understanding knowledge, using ideas from logic, linguistics, and psychology. Covering topics ranging from relativism and the problem of scepticism to the trustworthiness of internet sources, Nagel examines how progress has been made in understanding knowledge, using everyday examples to explain the key issues and debates ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Psychology: A Very Short Introduction

Gillian Butler,Freda McManus
Psychology A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Gillian Butler,Freda McManus
Publisher : Oxford Paperbacks
Page : 205 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2000-02-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780191606403

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Psychology: A Very Short Introduction by Gillian Butler,Freda McManus Pdf

Psychology is part of everyone's experience: it influences the way we think about everything from education and intelligence, to relationships and emotions, advertising and criminality. People readily behave as amateur psychologists, offering explanations for what people think, feel, and do. But what exactly are psychologists trying to do? What scientific grounding do they have for their approach? This book provides an understanding of some of psychology's leading ideas and their practical relevance, making it a stimulating introduction for anyone interested in understanding the human mind. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Thought: A Very Short Introduction

Tim Bayne
Thought A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Tim Bayne
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2013-01-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780199601721

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Thought: A Very Short Introduction by Tim Bayne Pdf

"In this lively Very Short Introduction, Tim Bayne explores the nature of thought. Drawing on research from philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology, he examines what we know--and what we don't know--about one of the defining features of human nature: our capacity for thought."--P. [2] of cover.

Rhetoric: A Very Short Introduction

Richard Toye
Rhetoric A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Richard Toye
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2013-03-28
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780191653728

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Rhetoric: A Very Short Introduction by Richard Toye Pdf

Rhetoric is often seen as a synonym for shallow, deceptive language, and therefore as something negative. But if we view rhetoric in more neutral terms, as the 'art of persuasion', it is clear that we are all forced to engage with it at some level, if only because we are constantly exposed to the rhetoric of others. In this Very Short Introduction, Richard Toye explores the purpose of rhetoric. Rather than presenting a defence of it, he considers it as the foundation-stone of civil society, and an essential part of any democratic process. Using wide-ranging examples from Ancient Greece, medieval Islamic preaching, and modern cinema, Toye considers why we should all have an appreciation of the art of rhetoric. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Galileo: A Very Short Introduction

Stillman Drake
Galileo A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Stillman Drake
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 161 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2001-02-22
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780191606663

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Galileo: A Very Short Introduction by Stillman Drake Pdf

In a startling reinterpretation of the evidence, Stillman Drake advances the hypothesis that Galileo's trial and condemnation by the Inquisition was caused not by his defiance of the Church, but by the hostility of contemporary philosophers. Galileo's own beautifully lucid arguments are used to show how his scientific method was utterly divorced from the Aristotelian approach to physics in that it was based on a search not for causes but for laws. Galileo's method was of overwhelming significance for the development of modern physics, and led to a final parting of the ways between science and philosophy. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Intelligence

Ian J. Deary
Intelligence Book PDF

Author : Ian J. Deary
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 185 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198796206

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Intelligence by Ian J. Deary Pdf

Some people appear to be smarter than others, but how do we measure intelligence? Why do some people have better thinking powers than others? What does intelligence predict about people's health and social outcomes? This "Very Short Introduction" uses the best, large-scale psychological data to answer important questions about intelligence, such as how environment, genes, brain structure, gender, and age affect people's thinking skills. It asks whether intelligence increased over the 20th century. Ian Deary also considers the new field of cognitive epidemiology, which discovers links between higher intelligence and better health, lower rates of illness, and longer life. -- From publisher's description.

Logic: A Very Short Introduction

Graham Priest
Logic A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Graham Priest
Publisher : Oxford Paperbacks
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2000-10-12
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 0192893203

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Logic: A Very Short Introduction by Graham Priest Pdf

Logic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. Graham Priest explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic addresses many issues.

Consciousness

Susan Blackmore
Consciousness Book PDF

Author : Susan Blackmore
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 169 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780198794738

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Consciousness by Susan Blackmore Pdf

Consciousness, the last great mystery for science, remains a hot topic. How can a physical brain create our experience of the world? What creates our identity? Do we really have free will? Could consciousness itself be an illusion? Exciting new developments in brain science are continuing the debates on these issues, and the field has now expanded to include biologists, neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers. This controversial book clarifies the potentially confusing arguments, and the major theories, whilst also outlining the amazing pace of discoveries in neuroscience. Covering areas such as the construction of self in the brain, mechanisms of attention, the neural correlates of consciousness, and the physiology of altered states of consciousness, Susan Blackmore highlights our latest findings. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Causation: A Very Short Introduction

Stephen Mumford,Rani Lill Anjum
Causation A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Stephen Mumford,Rani Lill Anjum
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2013-11-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191507380

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Causation: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Mumford,Rani Lill Anjum Pdf

Causation is the most fundamental connection in the universe. Without it, there would be no science or technology. There would be no moral responsibility either, as none of our thoughts would be connected with our actions and none of our actions with any consequences. Nor would we have a system of law because blame resides only in someone having caused injury or damage. Any intervention we make in the world around us is premised on there being causal connections that are, to a degree, predictable. It is causation that is at the basis of prediction and also explanation. This Very Short Introduction introduces the key theories of causation and also the surrounding debates and controversies. Do causes produce their effects by guaranteeing them? Do causes have to precede their effects? Can causation be reduced to the forces of physics? And are we right to think of causation as one single thing at all? ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Perception

Brian J. Rogers
Perception Book PDF

Author : Brian J. Rogers
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 185 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : PSYCHOLOGY
ISBN : 9780198791003

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Perception by Brian J. Rogers Pdf

Perception is one of the oldest and most deeply investigated topics in psychology, and it raised some profound philosophical questions. It is concerned with how we use the information reaching our senses to inform our behaviour, and to create our subjective experience of the surrounding world. Brian Rogers discusses the philosophical question of what it means to perceive, and describes how we are able to perceive the particular characteristics of objects and scenes such as their lightness, colour, form, depth, and motion. He argues that perception should not be seen as a separate process but rather as part of a 'perceptual system', involving both the extraction ofperceptual information and the control of action--Amazon.com.

Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction

David Miller
Political Philosophy A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : David Miller
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2003-06-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191577864

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Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction by David Miller Pdf

This book introduces readers to the concepts of political philosophy. It starts by explaining why the subject is important and how it tackles basic ethical questions such as 'how should we live together in society?' It looks at political authority, the reasons why we need politics at all, the limitations of politics, and whether there are areas of life that shouldn't be governed by politics. It explores the connections between political authority and justice, a constant theme in political philosophy, and the ways in which social justice can be used to regulate rather than destroy a market economy. David Miller discusses why nations are the natural units of government and whether the rise of multiculturalism and transnational co-operation will change this: will we ever see the formation of a world government? ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Languages: A Very Short Introduction

Stephen Anderson
Languages A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Stephen Anderson
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2012-06-28
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780191642319

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Languages: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Anderson Pdf

How many languages are there? What differentiates one language from another? Are new languages still being discovered? Why are so many languages disappearing? The diversity of languages today is varied, but it is steadily declining. In this Very Short Introduction, Stephen Anderson answers the above questions by looking at the science behind languages. Considering a wide range of different languages and linguistic examples, he demonstrates how languages are not uniformly distributed around the world; just as some places are more diverse than others in terms of plants and animal species, the same goes for the distribution of languages. Exploring the basis for linguistic classification and raising questions about how we identify a language, as well as considering signed languages as well as spoken, Anderson examines the wider social issues of losing languages, and their impact in terms of the endangerment of cultures and peoples. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.