Thinking And Reasoning

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Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction

Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Thinking and Reasoning A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Jonathan St B. T. Evans
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2017-09-21
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780191091131

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Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction by Jonathan St B. T. Evans Pdf

Our extraordinary capacity to reason and solve problems sets us aside from other animals, but our evolved thinking processes also leave us susceptibile to bias and error. The study of thinking and reasoning goes back to Aristotle, and was one of the first topics to be studied when psychology separated from philosophy. In this Very Short Introduction Jonathan Evans explores cognitive psychological approaches to understanding the nature of thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. He shows how our problem solving capabilities are hugely dependent on also having the imagination to ask the right questions, and the ability to see things from a completely new perspective. Beginning by considering the approaches of the behaviourists and the Gestalt psychologists, he moves on to modern explorations of thinking, including hypothetical thinking, conditionals, deduction, rationality, and intuition. Covering the role of past learning, IQ, and cognitive biases, Evans also discusses the idea that there may be two different ways of thinking, arising from our evolutionary history. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Thinking and Reasoning

K. I. Manktelow
Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781841697413

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Thinking and Reasoning by K. I. Manktelow Pdf

This completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field of Thinking and Reasoning in recent years.

The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison
The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 880 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2005-04-18
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0521824176

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The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning by Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison Pdf

The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is the first comprehensive and authoritative handbook covering all the core topics of the field of thinking and reasoning. Written by the foremost experts from cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience, individual chapters summarize basic concepts and findings for a major topic, sketch its history, and give a sense of the directions in which research is currently heading. The volume also includes work related to developmental, social and clinical psychology, philosophy, economics, artificial intelligence, linguistics, education, law, and medicine. Scholars and students in all these fields and others will find this to be a valuable collection.

The Psychology of Thinking

John Paul Minda
The Psychology of Thinking Book PDF

Author : John Paul Minda
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2015-09-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781473933941

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The Psychology of Thinking by John Paul Minda Pdf

How do we define thinking? Is it simply memory, perception and motor activity or perhaps something more complex such as reasoning and decision making? This book argues that thinking is an intricate mix of all these things and a very specific coordination of cognitive resources. Divided into three key sections, there are chapters on the organization of human thought, general reasoning and thinking and behavioural outcomes of thinking. These three overarching themes provide a broad theoretical framework with which to explore wider issues in cognition and cognitive psychology and there are chapters on motivation and language plus a strong focus on problem solving, reasoning and decision making – all of which are central to a solid understanding of this field. The book also explores the cognitive processes behind perception and memory, how we might differentiate expertise from skilled, competent performance and the interaction between language, culture and thought.

The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison
The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 865 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199313792

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The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning by Keith J. Holyoak,Robert G. Morrison Pdf

The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available.

The Development of Thinking and Reasoning

Pierre Barrouillet,Caroline Gauffroy
The Development of Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Pierre Barrouillet,Caroline Gauffroy
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135083953

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The Development of Thinking and Reasoning by Pierre Barrouillet,Caroline Gauffroy Pdf

Thinking and reasoning are key activities for human beings. In this book a distinguished set of contributors provides a wide readership with up-to-date scientific advances in the developmental psychology of thinking and reasoning, both at the theoretical and empirical levels. The first part of the book illustrates how modern approaches to the study of thinking and reasoning have gone beyond the Piagetian legacy: through the investigation of avenues previously not explored, and by demonstrating that young children have higher capacities than was assumed within the Piagetian tradition. The second part focuses upon theoretical and empirical investigations of the interplay between logic and intuition in reasoning and decision making, and how these forms of thinking evolve with age, through the general framework of what is known as dual-process theories. Contrary to Piaget’s claim, it becomes apparent that elaborate adult reasoning could rely on some form of intuition. The Development of Thinking and Reasoning provides psychologists, educators and everyone interested in child development with an integrated and up-to-date series of chapters, written by prominent specialists in the areas of thinking, reasoning, and decision making.

Thinking and Reasoning

Alan Garnham,Jane Oakhill
Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Alan Garnham,Jane Oakhill
Publisher : Blackwell Publishing
Page : 389 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1994-06-06
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0631170030

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Thinking and Reasoning by Alan Garnham,Jane Oakhill Pdf

This textbook covers a broad range of research on the psychology of thinking and reasoning. In particular, the authors focus on the question of when thinking is best characterized as the following of abstract rules and when as the building and manipulation of mental models of concrete situations.

Reasoning and Thinking

K. I. Manktelow
Reasoning and Thinking Book PDF

Author : K. I. Manktelow
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0863777082

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Reasoning and Thinking by K. I. Manktelow Pdf

This undergraduate textbook reviews psychological research in the major areas of reasoning and thinking: deduction, induction, hypothesis testing, probability judgement, and decision making. It also covers the major theoretical debates in each area, and devotes a chapter to one of the liveliest issues in the field: the question of human rationality. Central themes that recur throughout the book include not only rationality, but also the relation between normative theories such as logic, probability theory, and decision theory, and human performance, both in experiments and in the world outside the laboratory. No prior acquaintance with formal systems is assumed, and everyday examples are used throughout to illustrate technical and theoretical points. The book differs from others in the market firstly in the range of material covered: other tend to focus primarily on on either reasoning or thinking. It is also the first student-level text to survey an imporatant new theoretical perspective, the information-gain or rational analysis approach, and to review the rationality debate from the standpoint of psuchological research in a wide range of areas.

International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

Linden J. Ball,Valerie A. Thompson
International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Linden J. Ball,Valerie A. Thompson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 646 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2017-11-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317534761

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International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning by Linden J. Ball,Valerie A. Thompson Pdf

The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is an authoritative reference work providing a balanced overview of current scholarship spanning the full breadth of the rapidly developing and expanding field of thinking and reasoning. It contains 35 chapters written by leading international researchers, covering foundational issues as well as state-of-the-art developments in thinking and reasoning research. Topics covered range across all sub-areas of thinking and reasoning, including deduction, induction, abduction, judgment, decision making, argumentation, problem solving, expertise, creativity and rationality. The contributors engage with cutting-edge debates such as the status of dual-process theories of thinking, the role of unconscious, intuitive, emotional and metacognitive processes in thinking, and the importance of probabilistic conceptualisations of thinking and reasoning. Authors also examine the importance of neuroscientific findings in informing theoretical developments, and explore the situated nature of thinking and reasoning across a range of real-world contexts such as mathematics, medicine and science. The Handbook provides a clear sense of the way in which contemporary ideas are challenging traditional viewpoints as "new paradigm of the psychology of reasoning" emerges. This paradigm-shifting research is paving the way toward a richer and more inclusive understanding of thinking and reasoning, where important new questions drive a forward-looking research agenda. It is essential reading for both established researchers in the field of thinking and reasoning as well as advanced students wishing to learn more about both the historical foundations and latest developments in this rapidly growing field.

Working Memory and Thinking

Kenneth Gilhooly,Robert H. Logie
Working Memory and Thinking Book PDF

Author : Kenneth Gilhooly,Robert H. Logie
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2004-08-02
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135471880

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Working Memory and Thinking by Kenneth Gilhooly,Robert H. Logie Pdf

Thinking and memory are inextricably linked. However, a "divide and rule" approach has led cognitive psychologists to study these two areas in relative isolation. With contributions from some of the leading international researchers on working memory and thinking, the present volume aims to break down the scientific divisions and foster scientific integration in the connections between these two core functions of cognition. Broadly defined, thinking comprises mentally driven change in current representations. The processes involved in such change include application of logical rules, heuristics, problem solving strategies, decision making, planning and comprehension of complex material. Memory involves the encoding, retention and retrieval of information, and the retention may be temporary or in a long-term knowledge base.; Thinking cannot occur in a vacuum; it relies on the long-term memory base and a temporary mental workspace. Despite the apparent limitations on mental workspace, humans can drive a car and hold a conversation, or store partial solutions while tackling other aspects of a problem. So too, some aspects of thinking are relatively resilient in the face of quite extensive brain damage, yet other aspects are remarkably vulnerable to neuroanatomical insults. Humans can solve complex problems with many alternative choice points and yet seem to be able to consider only a few hypotheses at any one time. These apparent paradoxes present significant scientific challenges as to how humans can be such successful thinkers despite their very limited working memory. The chapters herein represent a diversity of views as regards the nature or working memory and forms of human thinking. The links between working memory and thinking are directly addressed and made explicit, and in so doing this volume offers an increasingly integrated understanding of human thinking and memory.

The Art of Logical Thinking Or The Laws of Reasoning

William Walker Atkinson
The Art of Logical Thinking Or The Laws of Reasoning Book PDF

Author : William Walker Atkinson
Publisher : BEYOND BOOKS HUB
Page : 103 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2023-08-20
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Art of Logical Thinking Or The Laws of Reasoning by William Walker Atkinson Pdf

In this volume we hope to be able to point out the methods and principles of correctly using the reasoning faculties of the mind, in a plain, simple manner, devoid of useless technicalities and academic discussion. We shall adhere, in the main, to the principles established by the best of the authorities of the old school of psychology, blending the same with those advanced by the best authorities of the New Psychology. No attempt to make of this book a school text-book shall be made, for our sole object and aim is to bring this important subject before the general public composed of people who have neither the time nor inclination to indulge in technical discussion nor academic hair-splitting, but who desire to understand the underlying working principles of the Laws of Reasoning...FROM THE BOOKS.

Everyday Thinking

Stanley Woll
Everyday Thinking Book PDF

Author : Stanley Woll
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 658 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2001-07-01
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135693787

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Everyday Thinking by Stanley Woll Pdf

Appropriate as a textbook for courses in cognitive psychology or social cognition, Everyday Thinking reviews the rapidly growing literature on cognition in naturalistic settings. It differs from other textbooks in that, where possible, it focuses on thinking in real-world settings rather than in controlled laboratory settings and provides detailed treatments of each of the following topics: * how we form impressions of and represent persons in memory; * how we recognize and represent faces; * how we reason in our day-to-day lives and go about solving everyday problems; * how we make judgments and decisions; * how we encode memories of events--both for future action and for our own life histories; and * what are some of the implications of everyday knowledge and cognition for education and instruction. This book presents the theoretical positions and research evidence on each of these topics and examines the generally unexplored connections among them. As a result, this book presents the study of cognition in a more relevant form and in a context that readers can more readily apply to their own lives.

The Psychology of Proof

Lance J. Rips
The Psychology of Proof Book PDF

Author : Lance J. Rips
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 465 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2003-01-01
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262517218

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The Psychology of Proof by Lance J. Rips Pdf

Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life. In this provocative book, Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life. Rips argues that certain inference principles are so central to our notion of intelligence and rationality that they deserve serious psychological investigation to determine their role in individuals' beliefs and conjectures. Asserting that cognitive scientists should consider deductive reasoning as a basis for thinking, Rips develops a theory of natural reasoning abilities and shows how it predicts mental successes and failures in a range of cognitive tasks. In parts I and II of the book, Rips builds insights from cognitive psychology, logic, and artificial intelligence into a unified theoretical structure. He defends the idea that deduction depends on the ability to construct mental proofs—actual memory units that link given information to conclusions it warrants. From this base Rips develops a computational model of deduction based on two cognitive skills: the ability to make suppositions or assumptions and the ability to posit sub-goals for conclusions. A wide variety of original experiments support this model, including studies of human subjects evaluating logical arguments as well as following and remembering proofs. Unlike previous theories of mental proof, this one handles names and variables in a general way. This capability enables deduction to play a crucial role in other thought processes, such as classifying and problem solving. In part III, Rips compares the theory to earlier approaches in psychology which confined the study of deduction to a small group of tasks, and examines whether the theory is too rational or too irrational in its mode of thought.

Development and Reasoning

Pierre Barrouillet,Henry Markovits
Development and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Pierre Barrouillet,Henry Markovits
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2019-05-07
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1138372374

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Development and Reasoning by Pierre Barrouillet,Henry Markovits Pdf

The study of deductive reasoning is one of the key areas in cognitive psychology. Much of the initial impetus for studies in this field came from a developmental perspective, in particular as a consequence of Piaget's theory of formal operations. Subsequent research that examined some of the predictions of this theory has led to what appear to be quite contradictory conclusions. On the one hand, reasoning is held to be a very precociously acquired, if not innate, competence, such that very young children can reason 'logically'. On the other hand, reasoning in adults has been found to be so convincingly 'illogical' that the very notion of logical competence, even in educated adults has been put into question. Clearly, these two conclusions cannot both be true, and their continuing existence reflects the increasing fragmentation of studies of children and of adults. In this context, developmental studies appear to be critical to an integrative approach to reasoning that considers both children and adults within a single theoretical and empirical perspective. This issue presents some of the more important developmental perspectives on the development of reasoning.

Critical Thinking

Robert Arp,Jamie Carlin Watson
Critical Thinking Book PDF

Author : Robert Arp,Jamie Carlin Watson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 457 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-22
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781472595690

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Critical Thinking by Robert Arp,Jamie Carlin Watson Pdf

'You shouldn't drink too much. The Earth is round. Milk is good for your bones.' Are any of these claims true? How can you tell? Can you ever be certain you are right? For anyone tackling philosophical logic and critical thinking for the first time, Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Reasoning Well provides a practical guide to the skills required to think critically. From the basics of good reasoning to the difference between claims, evidence and arguments, Robert Arp and Jamie Carlin Watson cover the topics found in an introductory course. Now revised and fully updated, this Second Edition features a glossary, chapter summaries, more student-friendly exercises, study questions, diagrams, and suggestions for further reading. Topics include: the structure, formation, analysis and recognition of arguments deductive validity and soundness inductive strength and cogency inference to the best explanation truth tables tools for argument assessment informal and formal fallacies With real life examples, advice on graduate school entrance exams and an expanded companion website packed with additional exercises, an answer key and help with real life examples, this easy-to-follow introduction is a complete beginner's tool set to good reasoning, analyzing and arguing. Ideal for students in basic reasoning courses and students preparing for graduate school.