Type Token Ratios

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Type/Token Ratios

Jorn Piontek
Type Token Ratios Book PDF

Author : Jorn Piontek
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 41 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2011-03
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640867813

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Type/Token Ratios by Jorn Piontek Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, University of Münster (Englisches Seminar), course: Computational Text Analysis, language: English, abstract: In this paper I will show how it is possible to compute the type/token ratio of a text by using the programming language Perl. First of all an overview about the topic will be given, including the definition of both the terms type and token and how they are used in the context of this program. Then I will explain how the program works and give further rationale for its shortcomings. Although the program is rather simple, some knowledge of the programming language Perl will be needed for the respective parts in this paper. Then I will proceed to do a short analysis of different texts and their respective type/token ratios. These texts were taken from the British National Corpus and Project Gutenberg. The results will show the need for a different measure of lexical density. One example of such a measure is the mean type/token ratio which I will go into shortly. In the Conclusion there will be a short critique of the expressiveness of type/token ratios as well as a short overview about current research on this topic.

(Mean) type/token ratios

Jörn Piontek
Mean type token ratios Book PDF

Author : Jörn Piontek
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2011-03-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783640867271

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(Mean) type/token ratios by Jörn Piontek Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, University of Münster (Englisches Seminar), course: Computational Text Analysis, language: English, abstract: In this paper I will show how it is possible to compute the type/token ratio of a text by using the programming language Perl. First of all an overview about the topic will be given, including the definition of both the terms type and token and how they are used in the context of this program. Then I will explain how the program works and give further rationale for its shortcomings. Although the program is rather simple, some knowledge of the programming language Perl will be needed for the respective parts in this paper. Then I will proceed to do a short analysis of different texts and their respective type/token ratios. These texts were taken from the British National Corpus and Project Gutenberg. The results will show the need for a different measure of lexical density. One example of such a measure is the mean type/token ratio which I will go into shortly. In the Conclusion there will be a short critique of the expressiveness of type/token ratios as well as a short overview about current research on this topic.

Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis

Paul Baker
Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis Book PDF

Author : Paul Baker
Publisher : A&C Black
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2006-06-23
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 0826477259

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Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis by Paul Baker Pdf

Examines approaches to carrying out discourse analysis (DA) using techniques that are grounded in corpus linguistics. This book evaluates a variety of corpus-based methodologies including: collocations, keyness, concordances, dispersion plots, and building and annotating corpora.

Language Change in English Newspaper Editorials

Ingrid Westin
Language Change in English Newspaper Editorials Book PDF

Author : Ingrid Westin
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2016-08-09
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789004334007

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Language Change in English Newspaper Editorials by Ingrid Westin Pdf

This work is a corpus-based study of the language of English up-market (“quality”) newspaper editorials, covering the period 1900–1993. CENE, the Corpus of English Newspaper Editorials, was compiled for the purposes of this study and comprises editorials from the Daily Telegraph, the Guardian, and The Times chosen to represent periods at ten-year intervals. The language of the editorials was investigated with regard to features that previous research had proved to be markers of such types of discourse as might be of interest to an investigation of the development of the language of newspaper editorials. To begin with, sets of features associated with the empirically defined dimensions of linguistic variation presented in Biber (1988) were compared across decades and newspapers; these dimensions included personal involvement and information density, narrative discourse, argumentative discourse, abstract discourse, and explicit reference. However, since the study showed that the features within each set often developed in diverging directions, the old sets were broken up and new ones formed on the basis of change and continuity as well as of shared linguistic/stylistic functions, specific for newspaper editorials, among the features involved. It then became apparent that, during the 20th century, the language of the editorials developed towards greater information density and lexical specificity and diversity but at the same time towards greater informality, in so far as the use of conversational features increased. The narrative quality of the editorials at the beginning of the century gradually decreased whereas their reporting and argumentative functions remained the same over the years. When the features were compared across the newspapers analyzed, a clear distinction was noticed between The Times and the Guardian. The language of the Guardian was the most informal and the most narrative while that of The Times was the least so. The information density was the highest inThe Times and the lowest in the Guardian. In these respects, the Daily Telegraph took an intermediate position. The editorials of the Guardian were more argumentative than those of both the Daily Telegraph and The Times. As regards lexical specificity and diversity as well as sentence complexity, the Daily Telegraph scored the highest and The Times the lowest while the results obtained for the Guardian were in between the two.

From First Words to Grammar

Elizabeth Bates,Inge Bretherton,Lynn Sebestyen Snyder
From First Words to Grammar Book PDF

Author : Elizabeth Bates,Inge Bretherton,Lynn Sebestyen Snyder
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1991-09-27
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 052142500X

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From First Words to Grammar by Elizabeth Bates,Inge Bretherton,Lynn Sebestyen Snyder Pdf

This book is a comprehensive study of the passage from first words to grammar in a sample of children large enough to permit systematic analysis of individual differences in style and rate of development. The authors provide a large body of information about first words and early grammatical development in qualitative and quantitative patterns that are useful not only for researchers in the field, but for speech/language pathologists and early childhood educators interested in the assessment of early language. The results support a unified functionalist approach to language development, and have implications for the way we think about the structure and breakdown of language under normal and abnormal conditions.

Lexical Diversity and Language Development

D. Malvern,B. Richards,N. Chipere,P. Durán
Lexical Diversity and Language Development Book PDF

Author : D. Malvern,B. Richards,N. Chipere,P. Durán
Publisher : Springer
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2004-05-28
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780230511804

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Lexical Diversity and Language Development by D. Malvern,B. Richards,N. Chipere,P. Durán Pdf

Vocabulary richness, including lexical diversity and use of rare words, has an important role in assessing proficiency, diagnosing progress and testing theory in the study of language development. This book reviews different methods for quantifying how vocabulary is deployed in spontaneous speech and writing, before introducing an alternative approach which can assess overall lexical diversity, measure morphology development and compare the development of different word classes. The new approach is illustrated by its application to first and second language learners.

Language, Text, and Knowledge

Lita Lundquist,Robert J. Jarvella
Language Text and Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Lita Lundquist,Robert J. Jarvella
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
Page : 337 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-12-14
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783110826005

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Language, Text, and Knowledge by Lita Lundquist,Robert J. Jarvella Pdf

The series serves to propagate investigations into language usage, especially with respect to computational support. This includes all forms of text handling activity, not only interlingual translations, but also conversions carried out in response to different communicative tasks. Among the major topics are problems of text transfer and the interplay between human and machine activities.

Early Syntactic Development

Melissa Bowerman
Early Syntactic Development Book PDF

Author : Melissa Bowerman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 324 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1973-06-21
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 0521200199

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Early Syntactic Development by Melissa Bowerman Pdf

First published in 1973, this important work was the first systematic attempt to apply theoretical and methodological tools developed in America to the acquisition of a language other than English. Dr Bowerman presents and analyses data from a longitudinal investigation of the early syntactic development of two Finnish children, and compares their speech at two stages of development with that of American, Samoan and Luo children. The four language families (Finno-Ugric, Indo-European, Malayo-Polynesian and Nilotic respectively) with very different structures, and this is the first systematic comparison of the acquisition of several types of native language within a common analysis. Similarities in the linguistic behaviour of children learning these four different languages are used to evaluate hypotheses about universals of language, and to generate new proposals.

Corpora and Language Learners

Guy Aston,Silvia Bernardini,Dominic Stewart
Corpora and Language Learners Book PDF

Author : Guy Aston,Silvia Bernardini,Dominic Stewart
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2004-01-01
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9027222886

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Corpora and Language Learners by Guy Aston,Silvia Bernardini,Dominic Stewart Pdf

Corpus-aided language pedagogy is one of the central application areas of corpus methodologies, and a test bed for theories of language and learning. This volume provides an overview of current trends, offering methodological and theoretical position statements along with results from empirical studies. The relationship between corpora and learning is examined from complementary perspectives — the study of learner language, the didactic use of corpus findings, and the interaction between corpora and their users. Reflections on current theory and technology open and close the volume.With its focus on the learner and the learning setting, Corpora and Language Learners is addressed to corpus linguists with an interest in learner language, applied linguists wishing to expand their understanding of corpora and their pedagogic potential, and language teachers wishing to critically assess the relevance of work in this field. This volume grew out of selected presentations at the 5th Teaching and Language Corpora conference in Bertinoro, Italy.

Word Frequency Distributions

R. Harald Baayen
Word Frequency Distributions Book PDF

Author : R. Harald Baayen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2002-09-30
Category : Computers
ISBN : 1402009275

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Word Frequency Distributions by R. Harald Baayen Pdf

This book is a comprehensive introduction to the statistical analysis of word frequency distributions, intended for computational linguists, corpus linguists, psycholinguists, and researchers in the field of quantitative stylistics. It aims to make these techniques more accessible for non-specialists, both theoretically, by means of a careful introduction to the underlying probabilistic and statistical concepts, and practically, by providing a program library implementing the main models for word frequency distributions.

Language, Usage and Cognition

Joan Bybee
Language Usage and Cognition Book PDF

Author : Joan Bybee
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 263 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2010-04-01
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781139487023

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Language, Usage and Cognition by Joan Bybee Pdf

Language demonstrates structure while also showing considerable variation at all levels: languages differ from one another while still being shaped by the same principles; utterances within a language differ from one another while exhibiting the same structural patterns; languages change over time, but in fairly regular ways. This book focuses on the dynamic processes that create languages and give them their structure and variance. It outlines a theory of language that addresses the nature of grammar, taking into account its variance and gradience, and seeks explanation in terms of the recurrent processes that operate in language use. The evidence is based on the study of large corpora of spoken and written language, what we know about how languages change, as well as the results of experiments with language users. The result is an integrated theory of language use and language change which has implications for cognitive processing and language evolution.

Variation across Speech and Writing

Douglas Biber
Variation across Speech and Writing Book PDF

Author : Douglas Biber
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 1991-12-19
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781316582329

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Variation across Speech and Writing by Douglas Biber Pdf

Similarities and differences between speech and writing have been the subject of innumerable studies, but until now there has been no attempt to provide a unified linguistic analysis of the whole range of spoken and written registers in English. In this widely acclaimed empirical study, Douglas Biber uses computational techniques to analyse the linguistic characteristics of twenty three spoken and written genres, enabling identification of the basic, underlying dimensions of variation in English. In Variation Across Speech and Writing, six dimensions of variation are identified through a factor analysis, on the basis of linguistic co-occurence patterns. The resulting model of variation provides for the description of the distinctive linguistic characteristics of any spoken or written text andd emonstrates the ways in which the polarization of speech and writing has been misleading, and thus enables reconciliation of the contradictory conclusions reached in previous research.

Statistics in Corpus Linguistics

Vaclav Brezina
Statistics in Corpus Linguistics Book PDF

Author : Vaclav Brezina
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2018-09-20
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 9781107125704

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Statistics in Corpus Linguistics by Vaclav Brezina Pdf

A comprehensive and accessible introduction to statistics in corpus linguistics, covering multiple techniques of quantitative language analysis and data visualisation.

Poetic Castles in Spain

Diego Saglia
Poetic Castles in Spain Book PDF

Author : Diego Saglia
Publisher : Rodopi
Page : 372 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9042004096

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Poetic Castles in Spain by Diego Saglia Pdf

Saglia, a scholar of some sort whose academic affiliations are not noted, charts the various ways in which, between the 1810s and 1820s, Spain figured in British literary culture. Mainly concerned with narrative versions of Spain, specifically metrical tales and verse romances, he traces the contours of the Spanish "imaginary" in British Romanticism, offering a cultural geography of Romantic Spain as a space of war involving not only France and Britain or the Spanish and Moorish armies, but ideological conflicts between public and private; republicanism, nationalism, and imperialism; and competing models of masculinity and femininity. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.

Discourse as Data

Simeon Yates,Margaret Wetherell,Stephanie Taylor,Simeon J Yates
Discourse as Data Book PDF

Author : Simeon Yates,Margaret Wetherell,Stephanie Taylor,Simeon J Yates
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2001-05-25
Category : Education
ISBN : 0761971580

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Discourse as Data by Simeon Yates,Margaret Wetherell,Stephanie Taylor,Simeon J Yates Pdf

Discourse as Data uses a step-by-step approach to introduce the principal range of methods for discourse analysis, and offers the reader practical opportunities to try out analytic concepts on new data. The contributors come from across the social sciences - each an expert in a different core method in discourse analysis.