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Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : PURD:32754071558716
Author : United States. President (1981-1989 : Reagan)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : PSU:000013383282
Author : Paul Kerr
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2013-01-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1482075873
India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401's requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. 110-369, which approved the agreement, into law October 8, 2008. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and India's then-External Affairs Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee signed the agreement two days later, and it entered into force December 6, 2008. Additionally, the United States and India signed a subsequent arrangement in July 2010 which governs "arrangements and procedures under which" India may reprocess U.S.-origin nuclear fuel in two new national reprocessing facilities, which New Delhi has not yet constructed. The NSG, at the behest of the Bush Administration, agreed in September 2008 to exempt India from some of its export guidelines. That decision has effectively left decisions regarding nuclear commerce with India almost entirely up to individual governments. Since the NSG decision, India has concluded numerous nuclear cooperation agreements with foreign suppliers. However, U.S. companies have not yet started nuclear trade with India and may be reluctant to do so if New Delhi does not resolve concerns regarding its policies on liability for nuclear reactor operators and suppliers. Taking a step to resolve such concerns, India signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, which has not yet entered into force, October 27, 2010. However, many observers have argued that Indian nuclear liability legislation adopted in August 2010 is inconsistent with the Convention. The Obama Administration has continued with the Bush Administration's policy regarding civil nuclear cooperation with India. According to a November 8, 2010, White House fact sheet, the United States "intends to support India's full membership" in the NSG, as well as other multilateral export control regimes.
Author : Robert J. Einhorn,Rose Gottemoeller,Fred McGoldrick
Publisher : CSIS
Page : 102 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Law
ISBN : 0892065354
Author : Christopher M. Blanchard
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 21 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2010-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781437924428
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has embarked on a program to build civilian nuclear power plants and is seeking cooperation and technical assistance from the U.S. and others. Contents of this report: (1) The UAE: Background and U.S Relations; (2) The UAE Nuclear Program: Rationale; Development Plans; Current Infrastructure and Regulatory Regime; (3) Proposed U.S.-UAE Cooperation; Memorandum of Understanding; Proposed Bilateral Agreement; Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, Approval Process, and Proposed Changes; (4) Issues for Congress: Congressional Concerns; Export Control Concerns; Non-Proliferation Concerns; Human Rights Concerns; Diplomatic Implications. Illustrations.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1050580607
On July 18, 2005, President Bush announced he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader, global partnership with India to promote stability, democracy, prosperity, and peace. India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all nuclear material in peaceful nuclear activities, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. Nonproliferation experts have argued that the potential costs of nuclear cooperation with India to U.S. and global nonproliferation policy may far exceed the benefits. At a time when the United States has called for all states to strengthen their domestic export control laws and for tighter multilateral controls, U.S. nuclear cooperation with India would require loosening its own nuclear export legislation, as well as creating a NSG exception. This is at odds with nearly three decades of U.S. nonproliferation policy and practice. Some believe the proposed agreement undercuts the basic bargain of the NPT, could undermine hard-won restrictions on nuclear supply, and could prompt some suppliers, like China, to justify supplying other states outside the NPT regime, like Pakistan. Others contend that allowing India access to the international uranium market will free up its domestic uranium sources to make more nuclear weapons. Appendix A contains Frequently Asked Questions about U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation.
Author : Congressional Research Congressional Research Service
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2014-12-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1505587212
U.S. civil nuclear cooperation agreements ("123" agreements), which are bilateral agreements with other governments or multilateral organizations, have several important goals, including promoting the U.S. nuclear industry, which is increasingly dependent on foreign customers and suppliers, and preventing nuclear proliferation. Increased international interest in nuclear power has generated concern that additional countries may obtain fuel-making technology that could also be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. Ensuring the peaceful use of transferred nuclear technology has long been a major U.S. objective, and Congress has played a key role. For example, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, which amended the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954, added new requirements for nuclear cooperation with the United States. Moreover, the United States has been a longtime proponent of restrictive international nuclear export policies. In recent years, some observers and Members of Congress have advocated that the United States adopt new conditions for civil nuclear cooperation. These would include requiring potential recipients of U.S. civil nuclear technology to forgo fuel-making enrichment and reprocessing technologies and to bring into force an Additional Protocol to their International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreements. Such protocols augment the IAEA's legal authority to inspect nuclear facilities. The near-term proliferation threat posed by civil nuclear commerce, particularly reactor transfers, is far from clear: All but three states (India, Israel, and Pakistan, all of which have nuclear weapons) are parties to the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT); all legitimate transfers of nuclear technology to NPT non-nuclear-weapon states are subject to IAEA safeguards; and no country with comprehensive safeguards in place and a record in good standing with the IAEA has used declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for weapons. Further, the international community has multiple mechanisms to dissuade countries from developing domestic enrichment or reprocessing facilities. States such as India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan did acquire enrichment or reprocessing technology, but did so either clandestinely or prior to the establishment of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in the mid-1970s.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Nuclear nonproliferation
ISBN : OCLC:82374944
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has the dual role of promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and verifying that nuclear materials under its supervision are not diverted to military purposes (safeguards). Since 1958, in promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy through its technical cooperation program, IAEA has provided technical assistance to its member states by supplying equipment, expert services, and training that support the upgrading or establishment of nuclear techniques and facilities. Although the United States does not receive technical assistance, it has been the leading financial donor to IAEA'5 technical cooperation program. In March 1997, we reported to you on IAEA's technical assistance for Cuba, including assistance for the partially completed Cuban nuclear power reactors whose construction is suspended. As requested, this report examines (1) the purpose and effectiveness of IAEA's technical cooperation program, (2) the cost of U.S. participation in IAEA'5 technical cooperation program, and (3) whether the United States ensures that the activities of IAEA's technical cooperation program do not conflict with U.S. nuclear nonproliferation and safety goals.
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCR:31210016411165
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Security and Scientific Affairs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Middle East
ISBN : UCR:31210011074596
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of India and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
ISBN : PSU:000065526842
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 108 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : STANFORD:36105050682496
Author : Daniel H. Joyner
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-13
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780191648786
The 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty has proven the most complicated and controversial of all arms control treaties, both in principle and in practice. Statements of nuclear-weapon States from the Cold War to the present, led by the United States, show a disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty, and an unwarranted underprioritization of the civilian energy development and disarmament pillars of the treaty. This book argues that the way in which nuclear-weapon States have interpreted the Treaty has laid the legal foundation for a number of policies related to trade in civilian nuclear energy technologies and nuclear weapons disarmament. These policies circumscribe the rights of non-nuclear-weapon States under Article IV of the Treaty by imposing conditions on the supply of civilian nuclear technologies. They also provide for the renewal and maintaintenance, and in some cases further development of the nuclear weapons arsenals of nuclear-weapon States. The book provides a legal analysis of this trend in treaty interpretation by nuclear-weapon States and the policies for which it has provided legal justification. It argues, through a close and systematic examination of the Treaty by reference to the rules of treaty interpretation found in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, that this disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty leads to erroneous legal interpretations in light of the original balance of principles underlying the Treaty, prejudicing the legitimate legal interests of non-nuclear-weapon States.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 712 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : UCR:31210012290233
Author : United States. Department of Energy
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 1982
Category : Energy policy
ISBN : OSU:32435031379340