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Author : Robert R. Leonhard
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Counterinsurgency
ISBN : UCSD:31822038368338
Examines the anatomy of undergrounds in various insurgencies of recent history. -- Preface.
Author : Us Army Special Operations Command
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 206 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2017-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1976000955
Since the original publication of Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare in 1963, much has changed, but much remains relevant. The Internet, the globalization of media, the demise of Soviet Communism and the Cold War, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism have all impacted the nature and functionality of undergrounds. The original study's observation, however, that for every guerilla fighter, there are from two to twenty-seven underground members is still true. Likewise, the report's main thesis--that the underground part of an insurgency is the sine qua non of all such movements--is demonstrably accurate today. This book examines the anatomy of undergrounds in various insurgencies of recent history. Our goal is to continue the groundbreaking work performed in the original study and update it with insights from the post-Cold War world. Primary source material for this book comes from the Tier I and Tier II Case Studies written as part of the Assessing Revolutionary and Insurgent Strategies project. Hence, these case studies should be used as companion documents for this study.
Author : Paul J. Tompkins,U. S. Army Special Operations Command
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2013-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 178266498X
Author : Paul Tompkins,U. S. Army U.S. Army Special Operations Command
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10-21
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1493637533
From the preface: "Since the original publication of Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare in 1963, much has changed, and much remains relevant. The Internet, the globalization of media, the demise of Soviet Communism and the Cold War, and the rise ofIslamic fundamentalism have all impacted the nature and functionality of undergrounds. The original study's observation, however, thatfor every guerilla fighter, there are from two to twenty-seven underground members is still true. Likewise, the report's main thesis-that the underground part of an insurgency is the sine qua non of all such movements-is demonstrably accurate today. This book examines the anatomy of undergrounds in various insurgencies of recent history. Our goal is to continue the groundbreaking work performed in the original study and update it with insights from the post-Cold War world. Primary source material for this book comes from the Tier I and Tier II Case Studies written as part of the Assessing Revolutionary and Insurgent Strategies project. Hence, these case studies should be used as companion documents for this study.
Author : American University (Washington, D.C.). Special Operations Research Office
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 388 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 1963
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : UOM:39015055448511
Author : Aris Project
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2024-02-21
Category : History
ISBN : 1925907163
Since the original publication of Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare in 1963, much has changed, but much remains relevant. The Internet, the globalization of media, the demise of Soviet Communism and the Cold War, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism have all impacted the nature and functionality of undergrounds. The original study's observation, however, that for every guerilla fighter, there are from two to twenty-seven underground members is still true. Likewise, the report's main thesis-that the underground part of an insurgency is the sine qua non of all such movements-is demonstrably accurate today. This book examines the anatomy of undergrounds in various insurgencies of recent history. Our goal is to continue the groundbreaking work performed in the original 1963 SORO study and update it with insights from the post-Cold War world. Primary source material for this book comes from the Tier I and Tier II Case Studies written as part of the ARIS project. Hence, these case studies should be used as companion documents for this study. This edition is part of a new series of publications published by the Conflict Research Group which encompass the full lrange of unclassified USASOC ARIS project publications as well as original 1960s Special Operations Research Office volumes.
Author : Special Operations Research Office
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2024-02-28
Category : History
ISBN : 1925907279
This groundbreaking work, Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare, was written in response to the communist insurgency in South Vietnam. It sought to categorize underground movements encountered during the previous 30 years in fine detail so that the establishment and operations of subsequent underground arms of guerrilla forces railed against Free World Forces could be anticipated, located and disrupted or destroyed. Its secondary aim was to doctinalize tactics, techniques and procedures for the establishment of underground organizations in any given country in support of US Special Forces or Intelligence Community operations. One of the most important, and yet least known aspects of unconventional warfare is the underground. An underground is a clandestine arm of the unconventional warfare organization which sits out of sight of the general public and strives to remain as invisible to enemy security forces for as long as possible. For every guerrilla fighter, this report surmises that there are a minimum of seven underground operatives working to support the guerrilla's mission through providing logistics, communications, recruitment, intelligence, safe havens, medical support or covert operations. Conflict Research Group is proud to bring this book back into print as it should form a keystone of the research library of any practitioner or scholar in the unconventional warfare or security policy fields.
Author : Aris Project
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2024-02-22
Category : History
ISBN : 1925907198
This book, Human Factors Considerations of Undergrounds in Insurgencies, is the second edition to the 1966 book of the same name. The first edition of this book was produced by the Special Operations Research Office (SORO) at American University in Washington, DC. SORO was established by the U.S. Army in 1956. During the 1950s through the mid-1960s, SORO social scientists and military personnel researched relevant political, cultural, social, and behavioral issues occurring within the emerging nations within Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The researchers conducted analyses, sometimes for the first time, on the effects of propaganda and psychological operations and the roles of the military in developing countries, and provided large bibliographies of unclassified materials related to counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare. The Army had a particular interest in understanding the processes of violent social change in order to be able to cope directly or indirectly through assistance and advice with revolutionary actions. In 1962, SORO published the Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare; in 1963, it published Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare; and in 1966, it published Human Factors Considerations of Undergrounds in Insurgencies-each of these publications remained in the Special Operations training curricula for subsequent generations. Most of the text in this edition is new. Some large sections of the first edition are retained verbatim, mostly in Chapter 3's study of Communist organizations and sections of Chapter 5 on recruitment and retention, but also in smaller sections of the other chapters as well. The ARIS project team preserved much of the overall structure, although not the specific chapters, and strove to answer many of the same underlying questions. Material from the first edition is used without citation. Material from other SORO studies is referenced like any other source. Intended as a complement to the second edition of Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare, this book delves deeper into theory and further into background materials and focuses less on operational details. The ARIS project team provides numerous chapter cross-references to the second edition of Undergrounds. They also drew heavily on the new, second edition of the Casebook; these cases are cited in the normal way. They also provide a table of contents at the beginning of every chapter to make the book more useful as a reference. The first edition of Human Factors was an important synthesis of a poorly understood topic and has proved to have some remarkable staying power, with much still relevant even in the edition's fifth and sixth decades. An update to the first edition is needed, however, simply because the world has changed profoundly since the 1960s and with it the Unconventional Warfare ecosystem.
Author : Andrew R. Molnar,Jerry M. Tinker,John D. LeNoir
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 1987-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 146353969X
Human Factors:Undergrounds in Insurgencies Considerations of is the second product of SORO research on undergrounds. The first, Under-grounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary and Resistance Warfare, was a generalized description of the organization and operations of underground movements, with seven illustrative cases. The present study provides more detailed information, with special attention to human motivation and behavior, the relation between the organizational structure of the under-ground and the total insurgent movement, and Communist-dominated insurgencies. Because an understanding of the general nature of undergrounds is necessary to more detailed considerations, some of the information from the earlier study of undergrounds has been included in this report. Wherever possible, material from insurgency situations since World War II has been used. Occasionally, however, it was necessary to use information from studies of World War II underground movements in order to fill gaps about certain operations. In the methodological approach it was assumed that confidence could be placed in the conclusions if data on underground operations and missions and similar data could be found in other insurgencies. An attempt was made to base conclusions on empirical information and actual accounts rather than theoretical discussions, and upon data from two or more insurgencies. An effort was made to find internal consistencies within the information sources. For example, if units were organized and trained to use coercive techniques for recruiting, and defectors described having been recruited in this manner, the conclusion that people were coerced into the movement can be made. Because of this approach there is a good deal of redundancy within and among the various chapters.* While the main emphasis in this report has been on underground organization, many characteristics can be understood only in relation to overt portions of the subversive organization. Therefore, discussions of guerrilla forces, the visible outgrowth of undergrounds, and of Communist structures, which often inspire, instigate, and support subversive under-grounds, have been included. The report is designed to provide the military user with a text to complement existing training materials and manuals in counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare, and to provide helpful background information for the formulation of counterinsurgency policy and doctrine. As such, it should be particularly useful for training courses related to the counterinsurgency mission. The authors wish to express thanks to a number of persons whose expertise and advice assisted substantially in the preparation of this report. Mr. Slavko N. Bjelajac, Director of Special Operations for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Department of the Army, on the basis of his personal experiences and special interest in the study of under-ground movements, contributed guidelines and concepts to the study. Four men reviewed the entire report: Dr. George K. Tanham, Special Assistant to the President of the Rand Corporation of Santa Monica, California, made many helpful suggestions based upon his firsthand experiences and study of Communist insurgency; Dr. Jan Karski, Professor of Government at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., whose personal experience as a former underground worker is combined with a talent for thorough, constructive criticism, also helped the final manuscript; Dr. Ralph Sanders of the staff of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington, D.C., offered a careful and useful critique of the manuscript and helpful suggestions; Lt. Col. Arthur J. Halligan of the U.S. Army Intelligence School, Fort Holabird, Maryland, provided valuable suggestions based upon his experience in Vietnam.
Author : American University (Washington, D.C.). Special Operations Research Office,Andrew R. Molnar
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 310 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1966
Category : Communist strategy
ISBN : UIUC:30112065085158
"The study is the second product of SORO (CRESS) research on undergrounds and describes, on the basis of existing empirical information and current state of knowledge, the organizational, motivational, and behavioral characteristics of undergrounds in insurgent movements and relates thise characteristics to the total revolutionary structure, mission, and operations. There are six parts to the study: Organization; Paramilitary Operations; Government Countermeasures. Three appendices give details on the methodological approach, offer an analysis of 24 insurgencies, and summarize World War II underground rules of clandestine behavior."--Report documentation page.
Author : Aris Project
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2024-03
Category : History
ISBN : 1925907325
The modern use of the word resistance was first based on the domestic insurgent movements of Europe against Axis occupying powers in World War Two, especially the French Resistance. The conception of resistance as a domestic effort against an encroaching foreign force had a lasting impact on definitions of the term throughout the US military as communist regimes were understood as politically executed occupations. In the original 1963 publication of the seminal Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare (also republished in its entirety by Conflict Research Group in 2024), the Special Operations Research Office (SORO) cited a 1949 text, defining resistance as distinct from revolutions and insurgencies: "operations directed against an enemy, behind his lines, by discontented elements among the enemy or enemy occupied population." This conception of resistance as inherently insurgent in nature remains influential. The 2012 Guide to the Analysis of Insurgency (also republished by Conflict Research Group in 2024) defines resistance as a type of insurgency (distinct from revolutionary, separatist, and other variants) that "seek[s] to compel an occupying power to withdraw from a given territory." The definitions rely on describing resistance as corollary of interstate war and as a product resulting from armed violence. Alternatively, there has also been a broadening strain of thought on the nature of resistance in two regards: first, that resistance does not need to be against a foreign occupier, and second, that it does not need to be carried out through the predominant use of violent tactics. Resistance is a science and The Science of Resistance demystifies that science.
Author : Paul J. Tompkins,U. S. Army Special Operations Command
Publisher : Military Bookshop
Page : 396 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1782664971
Author : Paul Tompkins
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 396 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2013-10-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1493638211
From the prefaceL The 1966 Human Factors edition focused on the contemporary threatof Maoist insurgencies, particularly in Southeast Asia, and also drew extensively on World War II resistance movements in Europe. Much ofthis information is still relevant and has been retained and integrated. In the post-Cold War world, the most important insurgencies tend to beethnic and religious. Long-simmering conflicts, sometimes with roots in colonial policies, have become prominent; examples include the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom or ETA) in Spain, the Hutu-Tutsigenocides, the Ushtia Çlirimtare e Kosovës (Kosovo Liberation Army, or KLA), and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Battle lines in these conflicts are often drawn along ethnic lines, even when land or politics are the immediate issues in contention. The other important new category is extremist religious movements, most prominently Islamic groups, including regional insurgent movements like Hizbollah and Harakat al-Muqawamah al'Isla¯miyyah (Islamic Resistance Movement,or HAMAS) and global movements like Al Qaeda. These present a different profile of ideology, organizational forms, and psychology than either Cold War Maoists or post-colonial ethnic insurgencies (although the Palestinian cause could be considered a post-colonial issue). Globalization has also changed underground operations in numerous ways. Insurgencies, enabled by low-cost transportation, Internet based communications, and other information technologies, can more easily recruit, communicate, and operate across borders. It is correspondingly much more difficult to contain an insurgency in a region. Global media has led to development of new tactics, in particular newtypes of terrorism, designed to capture worldwide attention. Compared with what was available in the 1960s, there are orders of magnitude more academic research available relevant to this study's topics. We were able to draw on more recent work in psychology, political science, economics, sociology, organizational studies, and communications studies. Readers of this edition will, over the course of eleven chapters, get a wide exposure to basic concepts from a number of disciplines".
Author : Seth G. Jones
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : History
ISBN : 9780190600860
An analysis of insurgent warfare, looking at factors that contribute to insurgency.
Author : Mark T. Berger,Douglas A. Borer
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317990925
The rise and fall of the Cold War coincided with the universalization and consolidation of the modern nation-state as the key unit of the wider international system. A key characteristic of the post-Cold War era, in which the US has emerged as the sole superpower, is the growing number of collapsing or collapsed states. A growing number of states are, or have become, mired in conflict or civil war, the antecedents of which are often to be found in the late-colonial and Cold War era. At the same time, US foreign policy (and the actions of other organizations such as the United Nations) may well be compounding state failure in the context of the post-9/11 Global War on Terror (GWOT) or what is also increasingly referred to as the ‘Long War’. The Long War is often represented as a ‘new’ era in warfare and geopolitics. This book acknowledges that the Long War is new in important respects, but it also emphasizes that the Long War bears many similarities to the Cold War. A key similarity is the way in which insurgency and counterinsurgency were and continue to be seen primarily in the context of inter-state rivalry in which the critical local or regional dynamics of revolution and counter-revolution are marginalized or neglected. In this context American policy-makers and their allies have again erroneously applied a ‘grand strategy’ that suits the imperatives of conventional military and geo-political thinking rather than engaging with what are a much more variegated array of problems facing the changing global order. This book provides a collection of well-integrated studies that shed light on the history and future of insurgency, counterinsurgency and collapsing states in the context of the Long War. This book was previously published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.