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Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Campanian Volcanism by Benedetto De Vivo,Harvey E. Belkin,Giuseppe Rolandi Pdf
Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Campanian Volcanism communicates the state-of-the-art scientific knowledge on past and active volcanism in an area characterized by elevated risk due to high-density population. Eruptions, lahars and poisonous gas clouds have killed many thousands of people over recorded history, but volcanoes have given people some of the most fertile soil known in agriculture. The research presented in this book is useful for policymakers and researchers from these and other countries who are looking for risk assessment and volcanic evolution models they can apply to similar situations around the world. Naples and its surrounding area, in particular, the area situated between Vesuvius and the Campi Flegrei volcanic area has a population in excess of 4 million people. The volcanic areas that have similarly large populations in proximity to dormant, but hazardous volcanoes, i.e., Indonesia and Central America can also benefit from this work. Covers the fundamental science of volcanoes, including new developments in the last decade relating to the use of crystals and melt inclusions to model the nature and evolution of volatiles Includes the latest research on volcanism in Southern Italy that is presented as a case study for active and inactive volcanoes across the globe Presents research that is applicable around the world, for people, scientists and policymakers living on, or near, active volcanoes
The book deals with the study of three important volcanisms in the Campania Plain: Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ignimbrites. The knowledge of the volcanic evolution of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei has a particular relevance because of the hazards that these volcanoes pose to the about 1.5 million people living in the Neapolitan area. The contributors to the volume bring new data (experiments on volatile solubility, fluid-melt inclusions, tectonic, geophysical, isotope, geochronology), which are helpful in the creation of new models for a better understanding of the behaviour of the volcanic systems. In particular a hydrothermal model is used to explain the ground movements (bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei. To develop such a model, the authors use an analogue for the evolving Campi Flegrei sub-volcanic system, the model of the porphyry mineralized systems. For Campanian Ignimbrite the authors highlight the impact crystal-liquid separation has on melt compositional evolution and particularly focus on trace element and Th isotope evidence for open-system processes in the magma body associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite. The authors, for their interpretations, utilize thermodynamic and quantitative mass balance modelling of major and trace element data and semi-quantitative limits on Th and Sr isotopes to evaluate the role of crytal-melt separation, magma-fluid interaction, and assimilation of wallrock on the geochemical evolution of the Campamian Ignimbrite.
This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area's volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
Vesuvius Campi Flegrei Ischia by Roberto Scandone,Lisetta Giacomelli Pdf
Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei or Ischia in the region of Naples in Italy will return to activity because they are still active volcanoes that have not exhausted their eruptive capacity and, therefore, they will surely have other eruptions. We do not know when or even how, because the times of a volcano are not comparable to ours and a rest period of a few hundred, or even thousands of years, is nothing but a blink of an eye in the development of volcanic activity. The Neapolitan volcanoes have an age that varies from a few tens of thousands of years for the younger Vesuvius, to the hundred thousand years for the older Ischia and during their life they alternated long periods of quiescence with equally long periods studded with eruptions. As for how, each eruption makes history in itself and forecasts can only cover a range of possibilities. However from the fury of the volcanoes we can save ourselves, it is important to know that this will be possible only if we know our opponent and if we know how to behave even in the worst case. In this short book we expose our knowledge on Neapolitan volcanoes, on the intervention plans foreseen in case of early warning and also on the general rules of self-behavior to adopt, should the evacuation plans fail or there is no way to put them into practice.
Campi Flegrei by Lisetta Giacomelli,Roberto Scandone Pdf
In the Campanian territory called Campi Flegrei in Italy, volcanic activity determines the area of greatest risk in Europe, both due to the violence of the eruptions that took place and to the high number of people who live there. The lack of eruptions for about 3000 years has allowed its jagged coasts to become safe anchorages and has favored the development of the rich Greek colonies of Cuma and Dicearchia, in the VII century BC, followed by the construction of the port of Puteoli, in the I century BC, the most important commercial and military port of the Roman Empire. However, the volcanic nature of the territory continued to manifest itself with the subsidence of the ground which led to the submersion of the port structures and accelerated the economic decline of the area. The inversion of the movement of the ground, which began in the 1400s and ended with the eruption of Monte Nuovo in 1538, dealt the final blow to the economy and interrupted the frequentation of many thermal springs. Since then, the soil has begun to move downwards, creating new problems for human activities, tackled since the end of the 1800s with industrialization. From 1950, a slow uplift has resumed, with two phases of greater intensity, in 1970-72 and 1982-84, which reminded the community, established around the Gulf for 2500 years, of living in a fragile and dangerous environment. Cohabitation with a territory rich in natural resources, as well as dangers, continues thanks to the resilience of citizens and the improved understanding of volcanic phenomena.
The volcano that has fascinated scientists, writers, and poets for two millennia Capricious, vibrant, and volatile, Vesuvius has been and remains one of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. In its rage, it has destroyed whole cities and buried thousands alive. In its calm, its ashes have fertilized the soil, providing for the people who have lived in its shadows. For over two millennia, the dynamic presence of this volcano has fascinated scientists, artists, writers, and thinkers, and inspired religious fervor, Roman architecture, and Western literature. In Vesuvius, Alwyn Scarth draws from the latest research, classical and eyewitness accounts, and a diverse range of other sources to tell the riveting story of this spectacular natural phenomenon. Scarth follows Vesuvius across time, examining the volcano's destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 A.D., its eruptions during the Counter-Reformation that were viewed as God's punishment of sinners, and the building of the world's first volcano observatory on Vesuvius in the 1840s. Scarth explores the volcano's current position overlooking a population of more than three million people and the complex attitudes maintained by the residents, at once reverent, protective, and fearful. He also considers the next major eruption of Vesuvius, which experts have indicated could be the most powerful since 1631. The longer Vesuvius remains dormant, the more violent its reawakening will be, and despite scientific advances for predicting when this might occur, more people are vulnerable than ever before. Exploring this celebrated wonder from scientific, historical, and cultural perspectives, Vesuvius provides a colorful portrait of a formidable force of nature.
Author : Christopher R. J. Kilburn,Bill McGuire Publisher : Liverpool University Press Page : 182 pages File Size : 46,8 Mb Release : 2001 Category : Science ISBN : STANFORD:36105112208850
Italian Volcanoes by Christopher R. J. Kilburn,Bill McGuire Pdf
Richly illustrated with maps and photographs, this guide is ideal for all geologists, amateur and professional, and also for visitors to Italy who have been captivated by some of the world's most spectacular volcanoes.
Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure by Giuliano Panza,Vladimir G. Kossobokov,Efraim Laor,Benedetto DeVivo Pdf
Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure: Neodeterministic (NDSHA) Approach Guarantees Prevention Rather Than Cure communicates in one comprehensive volume the state-of-the-art scientific knowledge on earthquakes and related risks. Earthquakes occur in a seemingly random way and, in some cases, it is possible to trace seismicity back to the concept of deterministic chaos. Therefore, seismicity can be explained by a deterministic mechanism that arises as a result of various convection movements in the Earth’s mantle, expressed in the modern movement of lithospheric plates fueled by tidal forces. Consequently, to move from a perspective focused on the response to emergencies to a new perspective based on prevention and sustainability, it is necessary to follow this neodeterministic approach (NDSHA) to guarantee prevention, saving lives and infrastructure. This book describes in a complete and consistent way an effective explanation to complex structures, systems, and components, and prescribes solutions to practical challenges. It reflects the scientific novelty and promises a feasible, workable, theoretical and applicative attitude. Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure serves a “commentary role” for developers and designers of critical infrastructure and unique installations. Commentary-like roles follow standard, where there is no standard. Mega-installations embody/potentiate risks; nonetheless, lack a comprehensive classic standard. Every compound is unique, one of its kind, and differs from others even of similar function. There is no justification to elaborate a common standard for unique entities. On the other hand, these specific installations, for example, NPPs, Naval Ports, Suez Canal, HazMat production sites, and nuclear waste deposits, impose security and safety challenges to people and the environment. The book offers a benchmark for entrepreneurs, designers, constructors, and operators on how to compile diverse relevant information on site-effects and integrate it into the best-educated guess to keep safe and secure, people and environment. The authors are eager to convey the entire information and explanations to our readers, without missing either accurate information or explanations. That is achieved by “miniaturization,” as much is possible, not minimization. So far, the neodeterministic method has been successfully applied in numerous metropolitan areas and regions such as Delhi (India), Beijing (China), Naples (Italy), Algiers (Algeria), Cairo (Egypt), Santiago de Cuba (Cuba), Thessaloniki (Greece), South-East Asia (2004), Tohoku, Japan (2011), Albania (2019), Bangladesh, Iran, Sumatra, Ecuador, and elsewhere. Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure includes case studies from these areas, as well as suggested applications to other seismically active areas around the globe. NDSHA approaches confirm/validate that science is looming to warn. Concurrently, leaders and practitioners have to learn to use rectified science in favor of peoples' safety. State-of-the-art science does have the know-how to reduce casualties and structural damage from potential catastrophes to a bearable incident. The only book to cover earthquake prediction and preparation from a neo-deterministic (NDSHA) approach Includes case studies from metropolitan areas where the neo-deterministic method has been successfully applied Editors and authors include top experts in academia, disaster prevention, and preparedness management
Progresses in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Systems by Anna Esposito,Marcos Faundez-Zanuy,Francesco Carlo Morabito,Eros Pasero Pdf
This book provides an overview of the current advances in artificial intelligence and neural nets. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have shown great capabilities in modelling, prediction and recognition tasks supporting human–machine interaction. At the same time, the issue of emotion has gained increasing attention due to its relevance in achieving human-like interaction with machines. The real challenge is taking advantage of the emotional characterization of humans’ interactions to make computers interfacing with them emotionally and socially credible. The book assesses how and to what extent current sophisticated computational intelligence tools might support the multidisciplinary research on the characterization of appropriate system reactions to human emotions and expressions in interactive scenarios. Discussing the latest recent research trends, innovative approaches and future challenges in AI from interdisciplinary perspectives, it is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry.
Stratigraphy and Geology of Volcanic Areas by Gianluca Groppelli,Lothar Viereck-Goette Pdf
Accompanying CD-ROM, entitled Supplementary materials to Stratigraphy and geology of volcanic areas, includes three geologic maps in Adobe Acrobat PDF files.
The Solfatara Magmatic-Hydrothermal System by Luigi Marini,Claudia Principe,Matteo Lelli Pdf
This book includes innovative gas-geothermometers and geobarometers, which are urgently needed to estimate the increasingly higher temperatures and pressures present at depth below the Solfatara volcano, owing to its on-going unrest. Therefore, in this book, new gas geoindicators, applicable up to ca. 1000°C and 3 kbar, have been implemented and applied to Solfatara fluids. The innovations of this book include: methane, having a sluggish behavior, was treated separately from fast-reacting carbon monoxide; deviations from the ideal gas behavior were considered; the effects of reaction kinetics were taken into account. This was possible because a dataset including many geochemical parameters and extending from 1983 to 2020 with a good sampling frequency is available for Solfatara, making it a case history probably unique worldwide. Nevertheless, the gas geoindicators described in this book can be applied to other similar systems. Thus, this book is of interest to many scientists studying gas geochemistry, geothermometry, and geobarometry for volcanic surveillance and the mitigation of the volcanic risk.
Author : Sean Cocco Publisher : University of Chicago Press Page : 335 pages File Size : 51,7 Mb Release : 2013 Category : History ISBN : 9780226923710
This work explores the question of Vesuvius as an object of study in the early modern science of volcanism from the investigations and opinions of humanists and naturalists in the late Renaissance to the early 18th-century philosophizing on volcanoes and the development of geology later in the century.
