Wave Optical Simulations Of X Ray Nano Focusing Optics
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Wave Optical Simulations of X-ray Nano-focusing Optics by Markus Osterhoff Pdf
Curved x-ray multilayer mirrors focus synchrotron beams down to tens of nano metres. A wave-optical theory describing propagation of two waves in an elliptically curved focusing multilayer mirror is developed in this thesis. Using numerical integration, the layer shapes can be optimised for reflectivity and aberrations. Within this framework, performance of both existing and currently upgraded synchrotron beamlines is simulated. Using a more theoretical model case, limits of the theory are studied. A significant part of this work is dedicated to partial spatial coherence, modelled using the method of stochastic superpositions. Coherence propagation and filtering by x-ray waveguides is shown analytically and numerically. This comprehensive model is put forward that shall help in development and testing of new algorithms for a variety of imaging techniques using coherent x-ray beams. Advanced simulations accounting for real structure effects are compared to experimental data obtained at the GINIX instrument at the coherence beamline P10 at PETRA III, DESY. This thesis presents results of a collaboration between the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) Grenoble.
X-ray waveguide optics by Sarah Hoffmann-Urlaub Pdf
Modern x-ray sources and analysis techniques such as lens less imaging combined with phase retrieval algorithms allow for resolving structure sizes in the nanometer range. For this purpose optics have to be employed, ensuring small focal spot dimensions simultaneously with high photon densities. Furthermore, the wave front behind the optics is required to be smooth enabling for high resolution imaging. Combining all these properties, x-ray waveguides are well suited to perform this task, since the intensity distribution behind the guide is restricted in two dimensions serving as a secondary quasi point-source without wave-front aberrations, showing also a high divergence, suitable for resolving fine features. Importantly, the radiation provided by the waveguide reveals a high degree of coherence, required by many imaging techniques. The waveguide itself consists of an air-filled channel embedded in a solid matrix; typical materials are silicon, germanium or quartz. While the entrance area is nano-sized, the channel length is in the millimeter-range, this way posing challenges to fabricate high aspect ratio geometries. Since the functioning of x-ray waveguides is based on the total reflection at small incident angles, the surface roughness of the channel walls must be as low as possible to avoid scattering and hence loss of intensity. To fulfill these demanding conditions, a process scheme involving spin-coating, electron beam lithography, wet development, reactive ion etching and wafer bonding is optimized within this work. To gain deeper insights into the principle of wave guiding finite difference simulations are performed, also opening access for advanced design considerations such as gratings, tapered and curved channels, or beamsplitters, enabling for constructing novel x-ray tools as for example time delay devices or interferometers. Waveguides in all geometries are tested at synchrotron sources, accomplishing new benchmarks in x-ray optical performance. Here, the x-ray beam leaving the channel, propagates out to a pixel array detector in the far-field region. From the recorded data the intensity distribution in the near-field directly behind the waveguide is reconstructed, revealing an outstanding agreement with the simulations and electron micrographs. Since the radiation field of the waveguide is well-characterized and also tunable to meet the requirements of both the measurement setup and the sample, they are suited of a broad field of applications in coherent x-ray imaging.
Nanoscale Photonic Imaging by Tim Salditt,Alexander Egner,D. Russell Luke Pdf
This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
X-Ray Near-Field Holography: Beyond Idealized Assumptions of the Probe by Johannes Hagemann Pdf
All images are flawed, no matter how good your lenses, mirrors etc. are. Especially in the hard X-ray regime it is challenging to manufacture high quality optics due to the weak interaction of multi-keV photons with matter. This is a tremendous challenge for obtaining high resolution quantitative X-ray microscopy images. In recent years lensless phase contrast imaging has become an alternative to classical absorptionbased imaging methods. Without any optics, the image is formed only by the free space propagation of the wave field. The actual image has to be formed posteriori by numerical reconstruction methods. Advanced phasing methods enable the experimentalist to recover a complex valued specimen from a single or a set of intensity measurement. This would be the ideal case - reality teaches us that there are no ideal imaging conditions. Describing, understanding and circumventing these non ideal imaging conditions and their effects on X-ray near-field holographic (NFH) imaging are the leitmotifs for this thesis. In NFH the non ideal conditions manifest themselves in the illuminating wave field or probe. The probe generally does not satisfy the canonical assumptions of fully coherent and monochromatic radiation emitted by a point source. The main results of this thesis are compiled as a collection of publications. An approach is shown to reconstruct the probe of a X-ray nano-focus setup by a series of measurements of the probe at varied Fresnel number. The following chapter presents a study concerning the reconstruction efficiency in terms of resolution for near- and far-field based lensless imaging. In the following, the reconstruction scheme for the probe is extended to incorporate the effects of partial coherence in the near field. This enables the recovery of the modal structure of the probe which yields a full description of its coherence properties. Giving up the assumption of temporal stability due to the stochastic pulses, delivered by X-ray free electron lasers, the reconstruction of probe and specimen must be achieved from a single shot. A suitable scheme for this purpose is proposed in this work.
Advancing the Characterization of Neuronal Cyto-Architecture by X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography by Marina Eckermann Pdf
To bring physiology and pathology of the human brain into better micro-anatomical and histological context, studies with different methodologies are required. Established techniques such as electron microscopy or histology show limitations in view of invasiveness, labor-intense and artifact-prone sample preparation, as well as an adequate ratio between resolution and volume throughput. For this reason, X-ray phase-contrast tomography (PC-CT) has been proposed as a three-dimensional non-destructive imaging technique, which requires less effort in sample preparation and can assess larger volumes. Furthermore, it offers quantitative electron density based contrast even for unstained tissue. Up to now, however, PC-CT studies fell short in number of samples, so that structural alterations caused by neurodegenerative diseases cannot be distinguished from physiological inter-subject variations. In this thesis, the scalability of PC-CT with respect to the required number of samples and resolution-to-volume-throughput is demonstrated, and the methodology is advanced with respect to data acquisition, processing and segmentation. In addition to the human cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus are studied. Concerning quantification and analysis of PC-CT data, this work introduces optimal transport analysis to obtain quantitative metrics of the cyto-architecture and to identify changes due to neurodegenerative diseases. For the case of Alzheimer’s disease, this workflow reveals a yet undescribed compactification of granular cells in the human hippocampus. This thesis also provides optimized configurations to study neural tissues with laboratory instrumentation, and – finally – provides new correlative imaging approaches, in particular with scanning electron microscopy.
Cone-beam x-ray phase-contrast tomography for the observation of single cells in whole organs by Martin Krenkel Pdf
X-ray imaging enables the nondestructive investigation of interior structures in otherwise opaque samples. In particular the use of computed tomography (CT) allows for arbitrary virtual slices through the object and 3D information about intricate structures can be obtained. However, when it comes to image very small structures like single cells, the classical CT approach is limited by the weak absorption of soft-tissue. The use of phase information, encoded in measureable intensity images by free-space propagation of coherent x-rays, allows a huge increase in contrast, which enables 3D reconstructions at higher resolutions. In this work the application of propagation-based phase-contrast tomography to lung tissue samples is demonstrated in close to in vivo conditions. Reconstructions of the lung structure of whole mice at down to 5 μm resolution are obtained at a selfbuilt CT setup, which is based on a liquid-metal jet x-ray source. To reach even higher resolutions, synchrotron radiation in combination with suitable holographic phase-retrieval algorithms is employed. Due to optimized cone-beam geometry, field of view and resolution can be varied over a wide range of parameters, so that information on different length scales can be achieved, covering several millimeters field of view down to a 3D resolution of 50 nm. Thus, the sub-cellular 3D imaging of single cells embedded in large pieces of tissue is enabled, which paves the way for future biomedical research.
Contemporary optics is the foundation of many of today’s technologies including various focusing and defocusing devices, microscopies and imaging techniques. Light and X-ray Optis for Materials Scientists and Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers trained in different disciplines. The text links the fundamentals of optics to modern applications, especially for promotion of nanotechnology and life science, such as conventional, near-field, confocal, phase-contrast microscopies and imaging schemes based on interference and diffraction phenomena. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented. The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including reflection, refraction, and focusing phenomena, wave polarization and birefringence in crystals, optics in negative materials, metamaterials, and photonic structures, holography, light and X-ray interferometry, extensive description of diffraction optics, including dynamical X-ray diffraction, and more.
Modern Developments in X-Ray and Neutron Optics by Alexei Erko,Mourad Idir,Thomas Krist,Alan G. Michette Pdf
This volume describes modern developments in reflective, refractive and diffractive optics for short wavelength radiation. It also covers recent theoretical approaches to modelling and ray-tracing the x-ray and neutron optical systems. It is based on the joint research activities of specialists in x-ray and neutron optics, working together under the framework of the European Programme for Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST, Action P7) in the period 2002-2006.
Strain and Dislocation Gradients from Diffraction by Rozaliya Barabash,Gene Ice Pdf
This book highlights emerging diffraction studies of strain and dislocation gradients with mesoscale resolution, which is currently a focus of research at laboratories around the world. While ensemble-average diffraction techniques are mature, grain and subgrain level measurements needed to understand real materials are just emerging. In order to understand the diffraction signature of different defects, it is necessary to understand the distortions created by the defects and the corresponding changes in the reciprocal space of the non-ideal crystals. Starting with a review of defect classifications based on their displacement fields, this book then provides connections between different dislocation arrangements, including geometrically necessary and statistically stored dislocations, and other common defects and the corresponding changes in the reciprocal space and diffraction patterns. Subsequent chapters provide an overview of microdiffraction techniques developed during the last decade to extract information about strain and dislocation gradients. X-ray microdiffraction is a particularly exciting application compared with alternative probes of local crystalline structure, orientation and defect density, because it is inherently non-destructive and penetrating. Contents:Diffraction Analysis of Defects: State of the Art (Rozaliya I Barabash and Gene E Ice)X-ray Laue Diffraction Microscopy in 3D at the Advanced Photon Source (Wenjun Liu and Gene E Ice)High-Energy Transmission Laue (HETL) Micro-Beam Diffraction (Felix Hofmann and Alexander M Korsunsky)XMAS: A Versatile Tool for Analyzing Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction Data (Nobumichi Tamura)Laue Microdiffraction at the ESRF (Odile Robach, Christoph Kirchlechner, Jean-Sébastien Micha, Olivier Ulrich, Xavier Biquard, Olivier Geaymond, Olivier Castelnau, Michel Bornert, Johann Petit, Sophie Berveiller, Olivier Sicardy, Julie Villanova and François Rieutord)3D X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy (Henning Friis Poulsen, Søren Schmidt, Dorte Juul Jensen, Henning Osholm Sørensen, Erik Mejdal Lauridsen, Ulrik Lund Olsen, Wolfgang Ludwig, Andrew King, Jonathan Paul Wright and Gavin B M Vaughan)Grain Centre Mapping — 3DXRD Measurements of Average Grain Characteristic (Jette Oddershede, Søren Schmidt, Allan Lyckegaard, Erik Mejdal Lauridsen, Jonathan Paul Wright and Grethe Winther)Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction (3DXRD) Imaging Techniques (Wolfgang Ludwig, Andrew King and Péter Reischig)High-Resolution Reciprocal Space Mapping for Characterizing Deformation Structures (Wolfgang Pantleon, Christian Wejdemann, Bo Jakobsen, Henning Friis Poulsen and Ulrich Lienert)Reconstructing 2D and 3D X-ray Orientation Maps from White-Beam Laue (Jonathan Z Tischler)Energy-Variable X-ray Diffraction for Studying Polycrystalline Materials with High Depth Resolution (Emil Zolotoyabko)Microstructure Detail Extraction via EBSD: An Overview (David Fullwood, Brent Adams, Jay Basinger, Timothy Ruggles, Ali Khosravani, Caroline Sorensen and Joshua Kacher)High-Pressure Studies with Microdiffraction (Wenge Yang) Readership: Researchers in X-ray science, materials science, applied physics, and mechanical engineering. Keywords:Diffraction;Microdiffraction;Laue Diffraction;Strain;Dislocations;Geometrically Necessary Dislocations;Dislocation Density;Plastic Deformation;Lattice RotationsKey Features:The book addresses the following three questions: what is the current state-of-the-art in this field; what are the advantages, capabilities and limitations of competing methods; what are the practical tools needed for spatially-resolved diffraction methods
Towards Synthesis of Micro-/Nano-systems by Fumihiko Kimura,Kenichiro Horio Pdf
This collection of papers, presented at the 11th International Conference on Precision Engineering, offers a broader global perspective on the challenges and opportunities ahead. The discussion encompasses leading-edge technologies and forecasts future trends. Coverage includes advanced manufacturing systems; ultra-precision- and micro-machining; nanotechnology for fabrication and measurement; rapid prototyping and production technology; new materials and advanced processes; computer-aided production engineering; manufacturing process control; production planning and scheduling, and much more.
Nanofinishing Science and Technology by Vijay Kumar Jain Pdf
Finishing is the final operation after a part is sized and shaped. Currently in high tech industries, there is a demand for nano level surface finishing of components. This process is done to improve the surface finish, to remove the recast layer, or to remove surface and sub-surface defects. The result is low friction, longer product life, and low power requirements. Equally important is the aesthetic aspect of the product. This subject is growing very fast from the technology as well as a science point of view. Books on this subject are very limited, particularly those ones that deal with both the science as well as the technology aspects.
Laser-generated, Synchrotron, and Other Laboratory X-ray and EUV Sources, Optics, and Applications II by George A. Kyrala Pdf
Proceedings of SPIE present the original research papers presented at SPIE conferences and other high-quality conferences in the broad-ranging fields of optics and photonics. These books provide prompt access to the latest innovations in research and technology in their respective fields. Proceedings of SPIE are among the most cited references in patent literature.
X-ray optics is undergoing a renaissance, which may be paralleled to that experienced by visible-light optics following the invention of the laser. The associated surge of activity in "coherent" x-ray optics has been documented in this monograph, the first of its type in the field.