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In the fall of 1999 the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) killed 7 people in the NY City area and made dozens more very sick. It was initially misidentified as a different, related mosquito-borne virus often found in the U.S. The outbreak serves as a source of lessons about how public health (PH) officials can be better prepared in responding to potential crises involving uncertain causes, and how they can detect and respond to an act of biological terrorism. This report reviews the WNV outbreak and the response to it, focusing on establishing a chronological account of the events that occurred; and identifying lessons learned for PH and bioterrorism preparedness.
United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
Author : United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Publisher : Unknown Page : 60 pages File Size : 40,6 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Climatology ISBN : UCSD:31822035369974
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 397 pages File Size : 47,8 Mb Release : 2016-10-21 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309377591
Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Global Health,Forum on Microbial Threats Pdf
Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases â€" including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague â€" together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author : Charles H. Calisher,Diane E. Griffin Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 242 pages File Size : 43,5 Mb Release : 2013-12-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9783709105726
Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitides by Charles H. Calisher,Diane E. Griffin Pdf
In this period of obvious natural emergence of viral and other diseases, it is unclear as to what diseases are emerging, why they are emerging, and what, if anything, can be done to prevent or diminish their impact. This book, a compendium of presentations made at an international meeting of experts, provides summaries of areas of concern and details as to how disease agents such as Nipah and Hendra viruses in Australasia and West Nile virus in the Americas might have suddenly appeared. Either by alterations in natural habitats and diversity or by chance, pathogens emerge from time to time. This book addresses various aspects of such emergences, such as pathogenetic mechanisms of viruses, diagnosis of viral infections, viral host-management strategies, viral genetics, vaccine development and application. It is especially valuable for laboratory virologists, disease ecologists, physicians, and those who want to understand the complexities of viral characteristics.
Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses by John Mackenzie,A.D.T. Barrett,V. Deubel Pdf
Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses are members of the Japanese encephalitis serological group of the genus Flavivirus and therefore closely related genetically and antigenically. They share a number of properties, including the use of birds as their major wildlife maintenance host and Culicine mosquitoes for transmission, and they are both associated with severe human disease, as well as fatal infections in horses. The emergence of these two viruses, and their well-established propensity to colonise new areas, make it timely to re-examine their ecology, biology, molecular structure, replication and epidemiology, and these therefore provide the focus of this volume.
West Nile Virus by Jeffrey N. Sfakianos,Alan Hecht Pdf
In 1999, a deadly strain of West Nile virus struck parts of the northeastern United States. Caused by a virus from the family Flaviridae, genus Flavivirus, the disease was common in Africa and the Middle East. Today, it can be found across North America, Europe, and Asia. West Nile can cause serious illness, and in severe cases, lead to encephalitis, a swelling of the brain, which can be fatal. This revised edition of ""West Nile Virus"" contains new illustrations and up-to-date information, and takes a look at the origins of this disease, how it is transmitted, how it is treated, and what measures are being taken to combat it. Updates to this edition include expanded information on West Nile virus strains and genetic sequencing of the virus, as well as the latest outbreak statistics and a section discussing recent efforts to create a West Nile virus vaccine. Chapters of this title include: The West Nile Panic; A Virus Transmitted by Mosquitoes; How West Nile Virus Causes Disease; Diagnosis and Treatment of West Nile Virus; and Vaccines and Prevention.
For years, scientists have been warning us that a pandemic was all but inevitable. Now it's here, and the rest of us have a lot to learn. Fortunately, science writer Carl Zimmer is here to guide us. In this compact volume, he tells the story of how the smallest living things known to science can bring an entire planet of people to a halt--and what we can learn from how we've defeated them in the past. Planet of Viruses covers such threats as Ebola, MERS, and chikungunya virus; tells about recent scientific discoveries, such as a hundred-million-year-old virus that infected the common ancestor of armadillos, elephants, and humans; and shares new findings that show why climate change may lead to even deadlier outbreaks. Zimmer’s lucid explanations and fascinating stories demonstrate how deeply humans and viruses are intertwined. Viruses helped give rise to the first life-forms, are responsible for many of our most devastating diseases, and will continue to control our fate for centuries. Thoroughly readable, and, for all its honesty about the threats, as reassuring as it is frightening, A Planet of Viruses is a fascinating tour of a world we all need to better understand.
As new cases of West Nile Virus begin to appear across the United States, this book offers a timely discussion of this potentially devastating disease. Author Melissa Abramovitz outlines the mechanics of virus transmission and how mosquitoes and disease-carrying birds have played a key role in the West Nile Virus epidemic. This book covers basic information about the virus and its possible effects, as well as a discussion of personal and governmental prevention plans. The last chapter focuses on treatments currently in development.
The Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases by Nicholas Johnson Pdf
The Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases presents what is currently known about the role of animals in the emergence or re-emergence of viruses including HIV-AIDS, SARS, Ebola, avian flu, swine flu, and rabies. It presents the structure, genome, and methods of transmission that influence emergence and considers non-viral factors that favor emergence, such as animal domestication, human demography, population growth, human behavior, and land-use changes. When viruses jump species, the result can be catastrophic, causing disease and death in humans and animals. These zoonotic outbreaks reflect several factors, including increased mobility of human populations, changes in demography and environmental changes due to globalization. The threat of new, emerging viruses and the fact that there are no vaccines for the most common zoonotic viruses drive research in the biology and ecology of zoonotic transmission. In this book, specialists in 11 emerging zoonotic viruses present detailed information on each virus's structure, molecular biology, current geographic distribution, and method of transmission. The book discusses the impact of virus emergence by considering the ratio of mortality, morbidity, and asymptomatic infection and assesses methods for predicting, monitoring, mitigating, and controlling viral disease emergence. Analyzes the structure, molecular biology, current geographic distribution and methods of transmission of 10 viruses Provides a clear perspective on how events in wildlife, livestock, and even companion animals have contributed to virus outbreaks and epidemics Exemplifies the "one world, one health, one medicine" approach to emerging disease by examining events in animal populations as precursors to what could affect humans
Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics by Yongwan Chun,Daniel A Griffith Pdf
"Ideal for anyone who wishes to gain a practical understanding of spatial statistics and geostatistics. Difficult concepts are well explained and supported by excellent examples in R code, allowing readers to see how each of the methods is implemented in practice" - Professor Tao Cheng, University College London Focusing specifically on spatial statistics and including components for ArcGIS, R, SAS and WinBUGS, this book illustrates the use of basic spatial statistics and geostatistics, as well as the spatial filtering techniques used in all relevant programs and software. It explains and demonstrates techniques in: spatial sampling spatial autocorrelation local statistics spatial interpolation in two-dimensions advanced topics including Bayesian methods, Monte Carlo simulation, error and uncertainty. It is a systematic overview of the fundamental spatial statistical methods used by applied researchers in geography, environmental science, health and epidemiology, population and demography, and planning. A companion website includes digital R code for implementing the analyses in specific chapters and relevant data sets to run the R codes.
West Nile fever: Global Status by Gideon Informatics, Inc.,Stephen Berger, MD Pdf
West Nile fever: Global Status is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which explore all individual infectious diseases, drugs, vaccines, outbreaks, surveys and pathogens in every country of the world. Data are based on the GIDEON web application (www.gideononline.com) which relies on standard text books, peer-review journals, Health Ministry reports and ProMED, supplemented by an ongoing exhaustive search of the medical literature. Chapters are arranged alphabetically, by disease. Each chapter includes: 1. Descriptive epidemiology 2. Summary of clinical features 3. Potential use in Bioterrorism 4. References
Zika Virus provides an authoritative account of one of most fascinating viruses of the 21st century, covering all the main points. It includes coverage of clinical manifestations, such as fever and fatigue, but also delves into neurological manifestations like acute demyelinating neuropathy. In addition, the book discusses new evidence that suggests that Zika fever in pregnant women can cause abnormal brain development in fetuses by mother-to-child transmission. The Zika virus infection has become one of the first where women are actively discouraged from getting pregnant. Readers will find this book to be a comprehensive resource on the topic. Covers every important aspect of the Zika virus disease, from biological, to social and economic impacts Focuses on women’s health issues that have surfaced, including birth defects in newborns Written in an easy to comprehend manner, with technical terms clearly defined in chapters that highlight genetics