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Author : Bjorn Larsen
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 39 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Bjorn Larsen
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Carbon dioxide
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Mr.David Coady,Ian Parry,Nghia-Piotr Le,Baoping Shang
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 39 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2019-05-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484393178
This paper updates estimates of fossil fuel subsidies, defined as fuel consumption times the gap between existing and efficient prices (i.e., prices warranted by supply costs, environmental costs, and revenue considerations), for 191 countries. Globally, subsidies remained large at $4.7 trillion (6.3 percent of global GDP) in 2015 and are projected at $5.2 trillion (6.5 percent of GDP) in 2017. The largest subsidizers in 2015 were China ($1.4 trillion), United States ($649 billion), Russia ($551 billion), European Union ($289 billion), and India ($209 billion). About three quarters of global subsidies are due to domestic factors—energy pricing reform thus remains largely in countries’ own national interest—while coal and petroleum together account for 85 percent of global subsidies. Efficient fossil fuel pricing in 2015 would have lowered global carbon emissions by 28 percent and fossil fuel air pollution deaths by 46 percent, and increased government revenue by 3.8 percent of GDP.
Author : Ian Parry,Mr. Simon Black,Nate Vernon
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2021-09-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513595405
This paper provides a comprehensive global, regional, and country-level update of: (i) efficient fossil fuel prices to reflect their full private and social costs; and (ii) subsidies implied by mispricing fuels. The methodology improves over previous IMF analyses through more sophisticated estimation of costs and impacts of reform. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $5.9 trillion in 2020 or about 6.8 percent of GDP, and are expected to rise to 7.4 percent of GDP in 2025. Just 8 percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for environmental costs and foregone consumption taxes (implicit subsidies). Efficient fuel pricing in 2025 would reduce global carbon dioxide emissions 36 percent below baseline levels, which is in line with keeping global warming to 1.5 degrees, while raising revenues worth 3.8 percent of global GDP and preventing 0.9 million local air pollution deaths. Accompanying spreadsheets provide detailed results for 191 countries.
Author : Merrill, Laura,Bassi, Andrea M.,Bridle, Richard,Christensen, Lasse T.
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 59 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2015-10-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789289343879
This report presents research on fossil fuel subsidy reform across 20 countries and reveals an average reduction in national GHG emissions of 11% by 2020 from potential reform, and savings of USD 93 per tonne of CO2. With modest recycling of resources to renewables and energy efficiency, reductions can be improved. Countries are including reforms in contributions towards a climate agreement. Authored by the Global Subsidies Initiative as part of the Nordic Prime Ministers' green growth initiative www.norden.org/greengrowth
Author : Merrill, Laura ,Bridle, Richard ,Klimscheffskij, Markus ,Tommila, Paula ,Lontoh, Lucky ,Sharma, Shruti ,Touchette, Yanick ,Gass, Phil ,Gagnon-Lebrun, Frédéric ,Sanchez, Lourdes ,Gerasimchuk, Ivetta
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2017-05-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789289350167
This report estimates fossil fuel subsidies to be around USD 425 billion. Such subsidies represent large lost opportunities for governments to invest in renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. Removal of consumer subsidies can lead to carbon emission reductions (6 to 8 per cent by 2050 globally), Reductions that can be improved further with a switch or a "SWAP" towards sustainable energy. This report describes the scale and impact of fossil fuel subsidies on sustainable development. It describes the SWAP concept to switch savings made from fossil fuel subsidy reform, towards sustainable energy, energy efficiency and safety nets. The report provides potential SWAP outlines for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. "Making the Switch" was written for the Nordic Council Ministers by the Global Subsidies Initiative of IISD and Gaia Consulting.
Author : Roth, Joachim,Bridle, Richard,Gerasimchuk, Ivetta,Merrill, Laura
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 51 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2020-08-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789289366328
Available online: https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1456194 In 2020, the long-term crisis of climate change has been temporarily overshadowed by the COVID-19 emergency, pushing many governments into deep budget deficits. As countries mobilize funds to fight the pandemic and bolster their economies, it cannot be ignored that whatever measures are put in place to recover from the current crisis must not undermine efforts to tackle the longer term threat of climate change. Article 2.1.c of the Paris Agreement on climate change: “making finance flows consistent with a pathway toward low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”, applies just as much now as before. This working paper explores how two fiscal tools, fossil fuel subsidies (FFS) and carbon pricing — putting a price on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through taxation or carbon markets, influence the signal sent to the market to align economic development with climate constraints. Fossil fuel subsidies act as a negative price on carbon and increase the risk of locking investment in fossil fuels that are incompatible with the low-carbon transition required to meet the Paris Agreement’s objectives. As we document in the report, the current coverage and levels of carbon pricing are also deeply insufficient to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement limiting the increase of the global average temperature to “well below 2°C” while “pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C. This Working Paper explores the interplay between FFS reform and carbon pricing at the international and national levels. We note that effective carbon pricing, promoted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Monetary Fund, is a valuable tool to send effective carbon mitigation signals to the market. However, without including the impact of fossil fuel subsidies, these analyses present only a partial picture. These findings highlight the importance of increasing implicit and explicit carbon prices and reforming fossil fuel subsidies. In the context of the COVID-19 emergency, it is essential that governments, in a hurry to take action to boost their economies, don’t overlook the need to keep recovery stimulus policies aligned with climate goals.
Author : Rachael Jonassen,Mikael Skou Andersen,Jacqueline Cottrell,Sandeep Bhattacharya
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
Page : 127 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2023-07-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789292702199
This tool kit offers a step-by-step guide for economies in Asia and the Pacific looking to design, build, and implement emission trading systems (ETS) to help speed up their transition to a greener, more inclusive future. Using case studies to illustrate best practices and lessons learned by countries including Viet Nam and India, it explains the need to design robust legal frameworks before setting up ETSs. It outlines carbon taxes, analyzes fossil fuel subsidy rationalization, and shows why securing support from stakeholders is key for countries planning to implement ETS programs to help meet their climate targets.
Author : Richard Bridle,Laura Merrill,Mikki Halonen,Anna Zinecker,Markus Klimscheffskij,Paula Tommila
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 77 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2018-12-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789289359115
Underpricing of fossil fuels, caused by subsidies, drives carbon intensive consumption. Reforming fossil fuel subsidies and allocating some of the savings to sustainable energy could accelerate a transition to fairer, safer, cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. This report outlines the Nordic Council of Ministers’ work to promote these swaps through the development of a business model and description of the link between fossil fuel subsidies, reforms and carbon emissions. The report evaluates potential swaps to increase industrial energy efficiency in the mining sector, in the context of energy sector reforms in Zambia; and the replacement of butane subsidies with solar investments in Morocco. The report also presents an outline of how Nordic countries are supporting reforms and driving the swaps agenda as part of Nordic Solutions to Global Challenges.
Author : Vernon JC Rive
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781785360893
This much-needed book provides an empirically-grounded, and theoretically informed account of international law sources, mechanisms, initiatives and institutions which address and affect the practice of subsidising fossil fuel consumption and production. Drawing on recent scholarship on emerging international governance mechanisms, ‘informal’ international law-making and regime interaction, it offers suggestions, and critiques suggestions of others, for how the international law framework could be employed more effectively and appropriately to respond to environmentally and fiscally harmful fossil fuel subsidies.
Author : Anwar Shah,Bjorn Larsen
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 59 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 1992
Category : Air
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
A universal case cannot be made for national carbon taxes. Nevertheless, such taxes make eminent sense for many developing countries - on the grounds of equity, efficiency, ease of tax administration, and an improved local environment, even ignoring the potential benefits from controlling global carbon emissions.
Author : Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Mr.David Coady,Ms.Stefania Fabrizio,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Mr.Trevor Serge Coleridge Alleyne,Mr.Carlo A Sdralevich
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2013-09-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484339169
Energy subsidies are aimed at protecting consumers, however, subsidies aggravate fiscal imbalances, crowd out priority public spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector. This book provides the most comprehensive estimates of energy subsidies currently available for 176 countries and an analysis of “how to do” energy subsidy reform, drawing on insights from 22 country case studies undertaken by the IMF staff and analyses carried out by other institutions.
Author : Jakob Skovgaard,Harro van Asselt,Harro Dirk Asselt
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 349 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2018-08-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781108416795
This comprehensive volume provides the first book-length account on the politics of fossil fuel subsidies. This title is also available as Open Access.
Author : Mr. Simon Black,Antung A. Liu,Ian W.H. Parry,Nate Vernon
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2023-08-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400249006
This paper provides a comprehensive global, regional, and country-level update of: (i) efficient fossil fuel prices to reflect supply and environmental costs; and (ii) subsidies implied by charging below efficient fuel prices. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $7 trillion in 2022 or 7.1 percent of GDP. Explicit subsidies (undercharging for supply costs) have more than doubled since 2020 but are still only 18 percent of the total subsidy, while nearly 60 percent is due to undercharging for global warming and local air pollution. Differences between efficient prices and retail fuel prices are large and pervasive, for example, 80 percent of global coal consumption was priced at below half of its efficient level in 2022. Full fossil fuel price reform would reduce global carbon dioxide emissions to an estimated 43 percent below baseline levels in 2030 (in line with keeping global warming to 1.5-2oC), while raising revenues worth 3.6 percent of global GDP and preventing 1.6 million local air pollution deaths per year. Accompanying spreadsheets provide detailed results for 170 countries.
Author : Nordic Council of Ministers,Laura Merrill,Global Subsidies Initiative,GAIA (firma)
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2024-07-03
Category : Electronic books
ISBN : 9789289347396