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Presents the six villages where field work was conducted on the role of land and labour in forming the basis of the livelihoods of rural households. Considers the interrelationship among the indigenous land tenure systems, customary inheritance rules, increasing land scarcity, and people's strategies to obtain land rights. Discusses the types of agricultural labour, consisting of family workers and hired workers, and the significance of major crops grown, namely maize and tobacco. Depicts features of female-headed households.
Rural Communities Under Stress by Jonathan Barker Pdf
African Society Today: Peasant farmers and the state in Africa: Disaster in rural sub-Saharan Africa has become a regular, almost annual event in recent years. In 1985 it was estimated that 10 million Africans left their homes and fields because they were unable to support themselves and that an additional 20 million were reported to be at risk of debilitating hunger.
Rural Livelihoods by Henry Bernstein,Ben Crow,Hazel Johnson Pdf
This book is concerned with the question of how people in developing countries survive, and how their lives have been affected by the great changes since the Second World War. Throughout large parts of the developing world rural livelihoods are in crisis. Even in those parts of the third world where there has been growth of food output, that growth has rarely been translated into a commensurate expansion of livelihoods. Frequently, both economic stagnation and economic growth are translated into suffering for those who live in the countryside. Many people are aware that there is a crisis of livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa, but the understanding of that crisis rarely transcends simple conceptions of food or environmental crisis or the inadequacy of states: the ubiquity of crisis is rarely comprehended. This book addresses the pressing question of rural poverty. It examines the diverse human implications of rural change, the various crises of rural livelihoods which arise from change, and the survival strategies of individuals and households. It describes the great processes of agrarian transformation which have fundamentally altered rural livelihoods in developing countries and identifies some of the dilemmas for public action which arise from agrarian transformation and the crises of rural livelihoods. The contributors draw upon a range of disciplinary approaches to the subject, including anthropology, sociology, economics, political economy, agricultural science, and development studies.
Africa's Land Rush by Ruth Hall,Ian Scoones,Dzodzi Tsikata Pdf
Interrogates the narratives of land grabbing and agricultural investment through detailed local studies that illuminate how these are experienced on the ground and the implications for Africa's land and agricultural economy.
Livelihoods in rural Africa are changing in response to disappearing job prospects, falling agricultural output and collapsing infrastructure. This book explains why the responses to these challenges are so different in different parts of Africa. Making a Living uses case studies from commercial farming regions in Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe and from much poorer areas within eastern and southern Africa.to give a broad comparative study of rural livelihoods. These case studies reveal how household relations, poverty and gender all play a part in the changing political economy of rural Africa.
Adapting African Agriculture to Climate Change by Walter Leal Filho,Anthony O. Esilaba,Karuturi P.C. Rao,Gummadi Sridhar Pdf
This book summarizes the evidence from different African countries about the local impacts of climate change, and how farmers are coping with current climate risks. The different contributors show how agricultural systems in developing countries are affected by climate changes and how communities prepare and adapt to these changes.
Rural Resources and Local Livelihoods in Africa by NA NA Pdf
Top scholars examine issues which lead readers to better understand environmental change in the African continent and its effects on rural African livelihoods. Each of the studies in this book concerns four main issues: conservation, biodiversity, and environment; land use and livelihoods; environmental change; and policies for conservation and development. The volume looks closely at the details of rural resource use, access and control, the social institutions which shape this, and the effects on African environments. It is not possible to understand livelihoods in Africa - a central issue for all social and economic questions - without grasping the interplay between environmental change and the sustainability of rural livelihoods. The volume is groundbreaking in its detailed examination of this interplay, and its importance in grasping the roots of poverty and potential for its alleviation, and for its unique combination of natural and social science methods.
Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy by John G. McPeak,Peter D. Little,Cheryl R. Doss Pdf
Pastoralists’ role in contemporary Africa typically goes underappreciated and misunderstood by development agencies, external observers, and policymakers. Yet, arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL), which are used predominantly for extensive livestock grazing, comprise nearly half of the continent’s land mass, while a substantial proportion of national economies are based on pastoralist activities. Pastoralists use these drylands to generate income for themselves through the use of livestock and for the coffers of national trade and revenue agencies. They are frequently among the continent’s most contested and lawless regions, providing sanctuary to armed rebel groups and exposing residents to widespread insecurity and destructive violence. The continent’s millions of pastoralists thus inhabit some of Africa’s harshest and most remote, but also most ecologically, economically, and politically important regions. This study summarizes the findings of a multi-year interdisciplinary research project in pastoral areas of Kenya and Ethiopia. The cultures and ecology of these areas are described, with a particular focus on the myriad risks that confront people living in these drylands, and how these risks are often triggered by highly variable rainfall conditions. The authors examine the markets used by residents of these areas to sell livestock and livestock products and purchase consumer goods before turning to an analysis of evolving livelihood strategies. Furthermore, they focus on how well-being is conditioned upon access to livestock and access to the cash economy, gender patterns within households and the history of development activities in the area. The book concludes with a report on how these activities are assessed by people in the area and what activities they prioritize for the future. Policy in pastoral areas is often formulated on the basis of assumptions and stereotypes, without adequate empirical foundations. This book provides evidence on livelihood strategies being followed in pastoral areas, and investigates patterns in decision making and well being. It indicates the importance of livestock to the livelihoods of people in these areas, and identifies the critical and widespread importance of access to the cash economy, concluding that future development activities need to be built on the foundation of the livestock economy, instead of seeking to replace it.
Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries by Frank Ellis Pdf
Rural families in developing countries make a living by engaging in diverse activities. These range from farming, to rural trade, to migration to distant cities and even abroad. This book explores the implications of rural livelihood diversity for key topics in development studies and for poverty reduction policies. The livelihoods approach is gaining momentum, and this is the first book to set it out in detail.
Integrated Water Resources Management, Institutions and Livelihoods under Stress by Collin C. Mabiza Pdf
The majority of people in Limpopo river basin depend on rainfed agriculture. Unfortunately the Limpopo is water scarce, and parts of the basin, such as Zimbabwe's Mzingwane catchment, are under stress in terms of agro-ecological and socio-politicoeconomic conditions. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has been adopted in the river basin i
Rural Resources and Local Livelihoods in Africa by NA NA Pdf
Top scholars examine issues which lead readers to better understand environmental change in the African continent and its effects on rural African livelihoods. Each of the studies in this book concerns four main issues: conservation, biodiversity, and environment; land use and livelihoods; environmental change; and policies for conservation and development. The volume looks closely at the details of rural resource use, access and control, the social institutions which shape this, and the effects on African environments. It is not possible to understand livelihoods in Africa - a central issue for all social and economic questions - without grasping the interplay between environmental change and the sustainability of rural livelihoods. The volume is groundbreaking in its detailed examination of this interplay, and its importance in grasping the roots of poverty and potential for its alleviation, and for its unique combination of natural and social science methods.
Climate Change Perception and Changing Agents in Africa & South Asia by Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa Pdf
‘Climate Change Perception and Changing Agents in Africa & South Asia’ presents first-hand experiences of climate change perception. Now more than ever understanding public perceptions of climate change is fundamental in creating effective climate policies, especially within countries that are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Striving to present a comprehensive study of climate perception in Africa and South Asia, this volume presents seven in-depth case studies from Cameroon, the Eastern Himalayas, Kenya, Nepal, and Zimbabwe. In order to combat climate change, effective communication is essential in order to educate, persuade, warn and mobilize the masses. Therefore, climate change communication is shaped not only by our different experiences and beliefs but also by the underlying cultural and politic values of a country. Within this volume, climate change communication is examined from Cameroonian, Kenyan and Zimbabwean perspectives. From the role of stakeholders to practical field experiences, the individual case studies present an interesting and informative portrait of climate change communication. It is often the poorest and most vulnerable people who are most affected by the impacts of climate change. Therefore, community-based adaptation is an approach that is aimed at empowering communities in the process of planning for and coping with climate change. In this book, this progressive and innovative approach is examined from a grass-roots perspective that looks to both the Eastern Himalayas and Zimbabwe. Readers are presented with case-studies that investigate the importance of indigenous knowledge, community-based research and the role of social workers in climate change mitigation. This high-quality resource puts forward a well-informed and accessible discussion of climate change perception that will be of interest to both students and scholars, alike.
Contribution of Farm Power to Smallholder Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa by Clare Bishop-Sambrook Pdf
At the beginning of the new millennium, rural livelihoods in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa are under considerable strain. The economies and political environment in many countries are experiencing a period of significant transformation, and endemic poverty remains common. Agriculture, which forms the core of rural livelihoods, has a major influence on livelihood outcomes. Farm power (from human, animal and engine driven sources) is a crucial input in the agricultural production process. Shortages of farm power compromise the ability of families to cultivate sufficient land and have long been recognized as a major contributory factor to the increasing prevalence of poverty in the region. This study discusses the farm-power theme through the livelihoods philosophy. It highlights the overall problem of the availability of farm power and its interrelationships with socio-economic parameters of rural life. The report illustrates the great complexity of farm-power interrelations and problem areas that are clustered around the farm-power theme. It makes clear that farm-power availability is not simply a matter of promoting a certain technology or equipment. It shows that all aspects of the livelihoods of a rural household are connected to and affected by the available farm-power base.
