Agricultural Price Distortions Inequality And Poverty

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Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty

Kym Anderson,John Cockburn,Will Martin
Agricultural Price Distortions Inequality and Poverty Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson,John Cockburn,Will Martin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 540 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2010-03-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0821381857

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Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty by Kym Anderson,John Cockburn,Will Martin Pdf

The prices of farm products are crucial determinants of the extent of poverty and inequality in the world. The vast majority of the world s poorest households depend to a considerable extent on farming for their incomes, while food represents a large component of the consumption of all poor households. For generations, food prices have been heavily distorted by government policies in high-income and developing countries. Many countries began to reform their agricultural price and trade policies in the 1980s, but government policy intervention is still considerable and still favors farmers in high-income countries at the expense of many farmers in developing countries. What would be the poverty and inequality consequences of the removal of the remaining distortions to agricultural incentives? This question is of great relevance to governments in evaluating ways to engage in multilateral and regional trade negotiations or to improve their own policies unilaterally. 'Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty' analyzes the effects of agricultural and trade policies around the world on national and regional economic welfare, on income inequality among and within countries, and on the level and incidence of poverty in developing countries. The studies include economy-wide analyses of the inequality and poverty effects of own-country policies compared with rest-of-the-world policies for 10 individual developing countries in three continents. This book also includes three chapters that each use a separate global economic model to examine the effects of policies on aggregate poverty and the distribution of poverty across many identified developing countries. This study is motivated by two policy issues: first, the World Trade Organization s struggle to conclude the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, in which agricultural policy reform is, again, one of the most contentious topics in the talks and, second, the struggle of the developing countries to achieve their Millennium Development Goals by 2015 notably the alleviation of hunger and poverty which depends crucially on policies that affect agricultural incentives.

Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives

Kym Anderson
Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Agribusiness
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives by Kym Anderson Pdf

Most of the world's poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Earnings from farming in low-income countries are depressed partly due to a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, and partly because richer countries (including some developing countries) favor their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth and add to inequality and poverty in developing countries. Acknowledgement of that since the 1980s has given rise to greater pressures for reform, both internal and external. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while many high-income countries continue with protectionist policies that harm developing country exports of farm products. Recent research suggests that the agricultural protectionist policies of high-income countries reduce welfare in many developing countries. Most of those studies also suggest that full global liberalization of merchandise trade would raise value added in agriculture in developing country regions, and that much of the benefit from global reform would come not just from reform in high-income countries but also from liberalization among developing countries, including in many cases own-country reform. These findings raise three key questions that are addressed in this paper: To what extent have the reforms of the past two decades succeeded in reducing distortions to agricultural incentives? Do current policy distortions still discriminate against farmers in low-income countries? And what are the prospects for further reform in the next decade or so?

Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives

Kym Anderson
Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290703697

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Reducing Distortions to Agricultural Incentives by Kym Anderson Pdf

Most of the world's poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Earnings from farming in low-income countries are depressed partly due to a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, and partly because richer countries (including some developing countries) favor their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth and add to inequality and poverty in developing countries. Acknowledgement of that since the 1980s has given rise to greater pressures for reform, both internal and external. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while many high-income countries continue with protectionist policies that harm developing country exports of farm products. Recent research suggests that the agricultural protectionist policies of high-income countries reduce welfare in many developing countries. Most of those studies also suggest that full global liberalization of merchandise trade would raise value added in agriculture in developing country regions, and that much of the benefit from global reform would come not just from reform in high-income countries but also from liberalization among developing countries, including in many cases own-country reform. These findings raise three key questions that are addressed in this paper: To what extent have the reforms of the past two decades succeeded in reducing distortions to agricultural incentives? Do current policy distortions still discriminate against farmers in low-income countries? And what are the prospects for further reform in the next decade or so?

The Political Economy of Agricultural Price Distortions

Kym Anderson
The Political Economy of Agricultural Price Distortions Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2010-08-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781139491020

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The Political Economy of Agricultural Price Distortions by Kym Anderson Pdf

Despite numerous policy reforms since the 1980s, farm product prices remain heavily distorted in both high-income and developing countries. This book seeks to improve our understanding of why societies adopted these policies, and why some but not other countries have undertaken reforms. Drawing on recent developments in political economy theories and in the generation of empirical measures of the extent of price distortions, the present volume provides both analytical narratives of the historical origins of agricultural protectionism in various parts of the world and a set of political econometric analyses aimed at explaining the patterns of distortions that have emerged over the past five decades. These new studies shed much light on the forces affecting incentives and those facing farmers in the course of national and global economic and political development. They also show how those distortions might change in the future.

Would Freeing Up World Trade Reduce Poverty and Inequality?

Kym Anderson
Would Freeing Up World Trade Reduce Poverty and Inequality Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Agriculture
ISBN : OCLC:656835023

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Would Freeing Up World Trade Reduce Poverty and Inequality? by Kym Anderson Pdf

Trade policy reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions that were harming agriculture in developing countries, yet global trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. Those distortions reduce some forms of poverty and inequality but worsen others, so the net effects are unclear without empirical modeling. This paper summarizes a series of new economy-wide global and national empirical studies that focus on the net effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade on poverty and inequality globally and in various developing countries. The global LINKAGE model results suggest that removing those remaining distortions would reduce international inequality, largely by boosting net farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and would reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model for a sample of 15 countries, and ten stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue.

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives

Kym Anderson
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 682 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821376669

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Distortions to Agricultural Incentives by Kym Anderson Pdf

This volume in the 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives' series focus on distortions to agricultural incentives from a global perspective.

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia

Kym Anderson,Will Martin
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson,Will Martin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 608 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2009-02-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0821376632

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Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia by Kym Anderson,Will Martin Pdf

The vast majority of the world's poorest households depend on farming for their livelihoods. During the 1960s and 1970s, most developing countries imposed pro-urban and anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Although progress has been made over the past two decades to reduce those policy biases, many trade- and welfare-reducing price distortions remain between agriculture and other sectors and within the agricultural sector of both rich and poor countries. Comprehensive empirical studies of the disarray in world agricultural markets appeared approximately 20 years ago. Since then, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development had provided estimates each year of market distortions in high-income countries, but there have been no comparable estimates for the world's developing countries. This volume is the third in a series (other volumes cover Africa, Europe's transition economices, and Latin America and the Caribbean) that not only fills that void for recent years but extends the estimates in a consistent and comparable way back in time and provides analytical narratives for scores of countries that shed light on the evolving nature and extent of policy interventions over the past half-century. 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia' provides an overview of the evolution of distortions to agricultural incentives caused by price and trade policies in the 12 largest economies of East and South Asia. Together these countries constitute more than 95 percent of the region's population, agricultural output, and overall GDP. Sectoral, trade, and exchange rate policies in the region have changed greatly since the 1950s, and there have been substantial reforms since the 1980s, most notably in China and India. Nonetheless, numerous price distortions in this region remain and others have added in recent years. The new empirical indicators in these country studies provide a strong evidence-based foundation for assessing the successes and failures of the past and for evaluating policy options for the years ahead.

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America

Kym Anderson,Alberto Valdes
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson,Alberto Valdes
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2008-10-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0821375148

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Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America by Kym Anderson,Alberto Valdes Pdf

The vast majority of the world's poorest households depend on farming for their livelihood. During the 1960s and 1970s, most developing countries imposed pro-urban and anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Although progress has been made over the past two decades to reduce those policy biases, many trade- and welfare-reducing price distortions remain between agriculture and other sectors as well as within the agricultural sector of both rich and poor countries. Comprehensive empirical studies of the disarray in world agricultural markets first appeared approximately 20 years ago. Since then the OECD has provided estimates each year of market distortions in high-income countries, but there has been no comparable estimates for the world's developing countries. This volume is the second in a series (other volumes cover Africa, Asia, and Europe's transition economies) that not only fills that void for recent years but extends the estimates in a consistent and comparable way back in time and provides analytical narratives for scores of countries that shed light on the evolving nature and extent of policy interventions over the past half-century. 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America' provides an overview of the evolution of distortions to agricultural incentives caused by price and trade policies in the economies of South America, plus the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Mexico. Together these countries constitute about 80 percent of the region's population, agricultural output, and overall GDP. Sectoral, trade, and exchange rate policies in the region have changed greatly since the 1950s, and there have been substantial reforms, especially in the 1980s. Nonetheless, numerous price distortions in this region remain, others have been added, and there have even been some policy reversals in recent years. The new empirical indicators in these country studies provide a strong evidence-based foundation for assessing the successes and failures of the past and for evaluating policy options for the years ahead.

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa

Kym Anderson,William A. Masters
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson,William A. Masters
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 656 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2009-03-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0821376640

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Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa by Kym Anderson,William A. Masters Pdf

The vast majority of the world s poorest households depend on farming for their livelihoods. During the 1960s and 1970s, most developing countries imposed pro-urban and anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Although progress has been made over the past two decades to reduce those policy biases, many trade- and welfare-reducing price distortions remain between agriculture and other sectors and within the agricultural sector of both rich and poor countries. Comprehensive empirical studies of the disarray in world agricultural markets appeared approximately 20 years ago. Since then, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has provided estimates each year of market distortions in high-income countries, but there have been no comparable estimates for the world s developing countries. This volume is the third in a series (other volumes cover Asia, Europe s transition economies, and Latin America and the Caribbean) that not only fills that void for recent years but extends the estimates in a consistent and comparable way back in time and provides analytical narratives for scores of countries that shed light on the evolving nature and extent of policy interventions over the past half-century. 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa' provides an overview of the evolution of distortions to agricultural incentives caused by price and trade policies in the Arab Republic of Egypt plus 20 countries that account for about of 90 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa s population, farm households, agricultural output, and overall GDP. Sectoral, trade, and exchange rate policies in the region have changed greatly since the 1950s, and there have been substantial reforms since the 1980s. Nonetheless, numerous price distortions in this region remain, others have been added in recent years, and there has also been some backsliding, such as in Zimbabwe. The new empirical indicators in these country studies provide a strong evidence-based foundation for assessing the successes and failures of the past and for evaluating policy options for the years ahead.

The International Monetary System, Energy and Sustainable Development

Sung Jin Kang,Yung Chul Park
The International Monetary System Energy and Sustainable Development Book PDF

Author : Sung Jin Kang,Yung Chul Park
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 331 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2015-02-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317554493

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The International Monetary System, Energy and Sustainable Development by Sung Jin Kang,Yung Chul Park Pdf

Korea was the first non-G7 member and Asian country to host the recent G20 Summit, acting as a bridge between advanced and developing nations. At the G20 Seoul Summit, green growth as well as development and a global financial safety net were on the agenda. Against this backdrop, the aim of this book is to comment on and suggest how to go about setting agendas and shaping further discussions of future summits. The book consists of three major parts: the first part discusses the role of G20 in reforming international monetary system, the status of the IMF since the European sovereign debt crisis, the use of the yuan as the world’s reserve currency, and the establishment of a more resilient global financial system. The second part examines trade measures in times of volatile energy prices, the impact of merchandise price volatility on the G20 economies, the EU’s pricing policies and the world’s price volatility, high oil prices and Russia, and oil markets in South America. The third part reviews G20’s financing for green growth, green growth and sustainable development within the G20 framework, and G20’s role in addressing climate change and green growth. This book offers an in-depth review of major issues discussed at the recent summits and will be of interest to policy makers.

Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems

Neal K. Van Alfen
Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems Book PDF

Author : Neal K. Van Alfen
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 2745 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2014-07-29
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780080931395

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Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems by Neal K. Van Alfen Pdf

Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Second Edition, Five Volume Set addresses important issues by examining topics of global agriculture and food systems that are key to understanding the challenges we face. Questions it addresses include: Will we be able to produce enough food to meet the increasing dietary needs and wants of the additional two billion people expected to inhabit our planet by 2050? Will we be able to meet the need for so much more food while simultaneously reducing adverse environmental effects of today’s agriculture practices? Will we be able to produce the additional food using less land and water than we use now? These are among the most important challenges that face our planet in the coming decades. The broad themes of food systems and people, agriculture and the environment, the science of agriculture, agricultural products, and agricultural production systems are covered in more than 200 separate chapters of this work. The book provides information that serves as the foundation for discussion of the food and environment challenges of the world. An international group of highly respected authors addresses these issues from a global perspective and provides the background, references, and linkages for further exploration of each of topics of this comprehensive work. Addresses important challenges of sustainability and efficiency from a global perspective. Takes a detailed look at the important issues affecting the agricultural and food industries today. Full colour throughout.

Realigning policy interventions on agricultural prices

Consoli, S., Egas Yerovi, J.J., Morales Opazo, C.
Realigning policy interventions on agricultural prices Book PDF

Author : Consoli, S., Egas Yerovi, J.J., Morales Opazo, C.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2022-08-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251358917

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Realigning policy interventions on agricultural prices by Consoli, S., Egas Yerovi, J.J., Morales Opazo, C. Pdf

COVID-19 has resulted in a shock to agrifood systems around the world, with the potential for low- and middle-income countries to be particularly affected. Although policy responses were more muted than during the 2007–2008 world food crisis, efforts to insulate from supply shocks and ensure local availability during COVID-19 have generally included export restrictions and import tariff reductions, among other responses. In an effort to enable rapid market monitoring and realignment, we develop a new indicator defined as a monthly nominal rate of protection “express” which seeks to isolate as much as possible the effect of trade and market policies on domestic prices in real-time in order to understand how they responded. This analysis examines changes to this indicator during the first wave of the pandemic in 27 low- and middle-income countries for the most-consumed staple cereals of the poor and food insecure. We show that agricultural price incentives declined by 12.6 percentage points compared to the same months in previous years, suggesting that retail domestic price spikes may have largely been mitigated or avoided. However, impacts varied across countries and commodities, and this indicator can serve as a tool for examining primary drivers of changes and conducting causal analysis to facilitate adequate agrifood policy responses to support economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era.

The Oxford Handbook of Food, Politics, and Society

Ronald J. Herring
The Oxford Handbook of Food Politics and Society Book PDF

Author : Ronald J. Herring
Publisher : Oxford Handbooks
Page : 905 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780195397772

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The Oxford Handbook of Food, Politics, and Society by Ronald J. Herring Pdf

This volume explores the complex interrelationships between food and agriculture, politics, and society. More specifically, it considers the political aspects of three basic economic questions : what is to be produced? how is it to be produced? how it is to be distributed? It also outlines three unifying themes running through the politics of answering these societalquestions with regard to food, namely : ecology, technology and property

Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform:

Kym Anderson
Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : University of Adelaide Press
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2020-08-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781925261356

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Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform: by Kym Anderson Pdf

This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions – and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger.

Agricultural Trade, Policy Reforms, and Global Food Security

Kym Anderson
Agricultural Trade Policy Reforms and Global Food Security Book PDF

Author : Kym Anderson
Publisher : Springer
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2016-11-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781137469250

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Agricultural Trade, Policy Reforms, and Global Food Security by Kym Anderson Pdf

This book explores the potential for policy reform as a short-term, low-cost way to sustainably enhance global food security. It argues that reforming policies that distort food prices and trade will promote the openness needed to maximize global food availability and reduce fluctuations in international food prices. Beginning with an examination of historical trends in markets and policies, Anderson assesses the prospects for further reforms, and projects how they may develop over the next fifteen years. He pays particular attention to domestic policy changes made possible by the information technology revolution, which will complement global change to deal directly with farmer and consumer concerns.