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Aurangzeb Alamgir (r. 1658-1707), the sixth Mughal emperor, is widely reviled in India today. ... While many continue to accept the storyline peddled by colonial-era thinkers--that Aurangzeb, a Muslim, was a Hindu-loathing bigot--there is an untold side to him as a man who strove to be a just, worthy Indian king.
Culture of Encounters documents the fascinating exchange between the Persian-speaking Islamic elite of the Mughal Empire and traditional Sanskrit scholars, which engendered a dynamic idea of Mughal rule essential to the empire's survival. This history begins with the invitation of Brahman and Jain intellectuals to King Akbar's court in the 1560s, then details the numerous Mughal-backed texts they and their Mughal interlocutors produced under emperors Akbar, Jahangir (1605–1627), and Shah Jahan (1628–1658). Many works, including Sanskrit epics and historical texts, were translated into Persian, elevating the political position of Brahmans and Jains and cultivating a voracious appetite for Indian writings throughout the Mughal world. The first book to read these Sanskrit and Persian works in tandem, Culture of Encounters recasts the Mughal Empire as a polyglot polity that collaborated with its Indian subjects to envision its sovereignty. The work also reframes the development of Brahman and Jain communities under Mughal rule, which coalesced around carefully selected, politically salient memories of imperial interaction. Along with its groundbreaking findings, Culture of Encounters certifies the critical role of the sociology of empire in building the Mughal polity, which came to irrevocably shape the literary and ruling cultures of early modern India.
The definitive biography of the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, whose death at the hands of his younger brother Aurangzeb changed the course of South Asian history. Dara Shukoh was the eldest son of Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, best known for commissioning the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Although the Mughals did not practice primogeniture, Dara, a Sufi who studied Hindu thought, was the presumed heir to the throne and prepared himself to be India’s next ruler. In this exquisite narrative biography, the most comprehensive ever written, Supriya Gandhi draws on archival sources to tell the story of the four brothers—Dara, Shuja, Murad, and Aurangzeb—who with their older sister Jahanara Begum clashed during a war of succession. Emerging victorious, Aurangzeb executed his brothers, jailed his father, and became the sixth and last great Mughal. After Aurangzeb’s reign, the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate. Endless battles with rival rulers depleted the royal coffers, until by the end of the seventeenth century Europeans would start gaining a foothold along the edges of the subcontinent. Historians have long wondered whether the Mughal Empire would have crumbled when it did, allowing European traders to seize control of India, if Dara Shukoh had ascended the throne. To many in South Asia, Aurangzeb is the scholastic bigot who imposed a strict form of Islam and alienated his non-Muslim subjects. Dara, by contrast, is mythologized as a poet and mystic. Gandhi’s nuanced biography gives us a more complex and revealing portrait of this Mughal prince than we have ever had.
From Akbar To Aurangzeb A Study In Indian Economic History by W. H. Moreland Pdf
This is a study of Indian economic history. The economic position is sketched at the opening of the seventeenth century. The period covers the reigns of the Mughal Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Apart from chronological or dynastic consideration, this period has a unity of its own. In the region of commerce it is marked by the practical elimination of the Portuguese, the establishment of Dutch and English merchants in the country, and the first experimental phase of the newcomers` activities; while in the wider economic sphere it covers the most significant stage in the deterioration of Akbar`s adminstrative institutions. The author has tried to arrange in such a way that, while it should be intelligible to ordinary readers, it should serve serious students as an introduction to the original literature. The book is divided into ten chapters. In the five appendices, the author has elaborated the details pertaining to the Dutch and English companies. Early Dutch Exports to Europe, Mughal Revenue Statistics, Currency, Weights and Measures and a list of Authorities. The order of the study has been determined mainly by the nature of the material which are available.
Aurangzeb must rebel against his father, and compete with his brothers, especially Darashikoh who is Emperor Shah Jahan's favoured son, to become the shahenshah of India and sit on the Peacock Throne. In politics, after all, trust and betrayal are two edges of the same sword. Meanwhile, in his zenankhana, the begums, constantly worrying about inheritance and bloodlines, grow jittery at the arrival of Hira, a mere concubine, who seems to have all of Aurangzeb's heart. Shahenshah: The Life of Aurangzeb unravels the inner life of the formidable emperor, and the twists of fate and duty that come with a crown. An all-time favourite of Marathi literature, this is the most popular of N.S. Inamdar's sixteen hugely successful historical novels. This effortless translation tells an intricate, affecting story of a deeply misunderstood Mughal.
Pratirodh: The Resistance—Spotlighting the Rajputana, Maratha and Sikh campaign against Aurangzeb by Lt General Dalip Singh Pdf
Cast in the backdrop of the Mughal era during the reigns of Aurangzeb and his successors, Pratirodh is a saga of the relentless resistance by a few brave men against a seemingly invincible Empire to protect their honour and way of life. In response to the rather partisan policies of Mughal emperors, a number of personalities came forward in different parts of Hindustan, to lead people in resisting the tyranny. Though the geographical dispersion precluded any visible unified approach, they were indirectly benefitted by each other. When Aurangzeb got cowed down in Rajputana against the unified resistance of Marwar and Mewar, it provided much needed succour to the great Shivaji and Guru Govind Singh to regroup and consolidate forces in their respective areas. The credit for tying down the Mughals for the longest period in history goes to the Marathas; this also acted as a lifeline to the Sikhs, Rajputs, Bundelas and Jats. Rajputs and Sikhs repaid their debt to Marathas by keeping the Mughals, post Aurangzeb, completely embroiled in Punjab and Rajputana, and indirectly paving the way for an almost unchallenged rise of the Marathas. The prolonged resistance witnessed the supreme sacrifices of numerous unsung heroes of medieval history. Through unmatched grit and determination, they succeeded in bringing down the mighty Empire to its knees, eventually leading to its demise.
An unprecedented historical account of undivided Punjab, from the death of Aurangzeb to the Partition. For centuries, the fertile land of five rivers in the north of the Indian subcontinent was coveted by numerous empires and invaders. In this, the first major account of undivided Punjab, award-winning historian, biographer and scholar, Rajmohan Gandhi, gives us its history during its most tumultuous phase from the death of Aurangzeb, in the early eighteenth century, to its brutal partition in 1947, coinciding with the departure of the British. Relying on fresh sources as well as previous accounts provided from opposing perspectives, the author fashions a compelling narrative about the great events of the time in the region - the battles and tragedies that routinely disrupted the lives of ordinary Punjabis, the sacking of iconic cities like Lahore, Amritsar, Multan and Jalandhar by a succession of conquerors, the ravages wrought by invaders like Nadir Shah, the rise of the Sikhs culminating in the storied reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Britain's successful wars against the Sikh kingdom, the Great Rebellion of 1857 and its effect on Punjab, imperialist machinations, the influence on the people by leaders of the independence movement like Mahatma Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Lala Lajpat Rai, as also key regional figures such as Fazl-i-Husain, Master Tara Singh, Sikander Hayat Khan and Khizr Hayat Tiwana, the devastation of Partition - and much else besides. Believing that modern India and Pakistan cannot be understood without comprehending the Punjab that was, the author also delves into the idea of Punjabiyat - Punjabiness - the literature and poetry of creative giants like Bulleh Shah, Waris Shah, Iqbal, Amrita Pritam and Saadat Hasan Manto, the spiritual teachings of the Sikh Gurus and Sufi saints and, above all, the testimonials and narratives of ordinary Punjabis, to create an unforgettable portrait of a place - undivided Punjab - that continues to fascinate us (even though it broke up more than six decades ago) and of its hard-tested and resilient people, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh.
In this masterly analysis of the conflicts that haunt an astute politician amidst a crumbling empire, the playwright weaves his narrative from the intricate interplay of historical forces leading to the War of Succession and the ideologies and delusions that either make or mar the historical characters. In a decadent, bourgeois society, the opportunistic upper and military classes make the most of the situation in seeking, retaining and augmenting their own powers. Even the support of the two sisters Jahanara and Roshanara, each to her chosen brother, is seen to be part of the larger scheme of intrigues rampant in the Mughal chambers and courts. The historical matrix of the play provides a base for an exploration of the psyche of the characters, where latent fears and worries come to the fore as the situation becomes grim. Indira Parthasarthy is widely acknowledged as one of those who have revolutionized modern Tamil drama. A creative writer, literary and cultural critic and historian, his best-known plays are Aurangzeb, Pasi, Mazhai, Nandan Kathai and Raamaanujar. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for the novel Kuruthi-p-punal (1977) which has been translated into all the major Indian languages. T. Sriraman is Professor, Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad.
History of Medieval India by Radhey Shyam Chaurasia Pdf
This Book Deals With The Medieval Period Of Indian History. Most Of The Historians Consider This Period As The Dark Period Of Indian History. According To Them, Ancient Period Was The Glorious Period Of Indian History. During This Period Foundation Of Indian Culture And Of Social Structure Was Laid; But During Medieval Period India Did Not Make Much Progress. In Spite Of Historians' Opinion, It Can Be Said That During Medieval Period Also Progress Was Made And Several Buildings Were Constructed During This Period. Great Development Was Made In Art, Painting And Literature. Hindi Literature Made Great Progress During This Period, As Such, Kabir, Tulsi, Surdas, Jayasi, Rahim And Raskhan Are Still Considered Among The Greatest Writers Of Hindi Literature.Urdu, Punjabi And Other Regional Literatures Made Great Progress During This Period. Sikh Religion, Bhakti Cult And Sufism Also Made Great Progress During This Period.This Book Deals With All Aspects Of Medieval Indian History In Detail To Meet The Requirements Of The Students And The Common Readers.The Book Is Divided Into Three Parts. First Part Covers Saltanat Period From 1206 To 1526. Second Part Deals With The Mughal Period From 1526 To 1760 A.D. In Detail. Third Part Covers Period Upto 1857 In Brief. Bhakti Movement, Society And Culture, Art And Architecture, And Economic Aspects Have Been Described In Details In A Very Simple And Lucid Style.
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare by Jeremy Black Pdf
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution provides a thorough introduction to the military and naval history of the years 1492 to 1792, covering the period from the European Renaissance to the revolutionary wars of the late eighteenth century. Detailed colour maps, battle plans, and colour and black-and-white illustrations combine with an authoritative text to illuminate developments in warfare on both land and sea. Particular attention is paid to the effects of European military expansion on the rest of the world including the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean. Special feature panels are devoted to key events, to the more complicated and intriguing military confrontations, to individual tacticians and to the key topics such as weapons, battle strategies, the rise of naval warfare, and the composition of armies. The book is written by a leading historian of the early modern period.
A Short History of Aurangzib by Sir Jadunath Sarkar Pdf
This book is an abridged version of the unrivalled five-volume History of Aurangzib by Sir Jadunath Sarkar. It contains one half of the material of the original work. Yet, the author, who himself shortened it, has not compromised on the essential aspects of this history practically the history of India for sixty year. Aurangzib s career prior to his accession has been skillfully compressed while significant events during his reign have been dealt with in detail. This concise edition, written in an inimitable style, will continue to be a valuable resource for students and scholars of medieval Indian history.
Author : M. Athar Ali Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA Page : 294 pages File Size : 45,9 Mb Release : 2001 Category : History ISBN : 0195655990
The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb by M. Athar Ali Pdf
This paperback edition of a classic not only tests a number of popular hypotheses about the Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb by examining the composition and the role of nobility under his rule, but also assesses afresh the material and questions that have been thrown up since 1966.
Astrological Biographies shows that the life of every individual is guided by the same set of stellar impulses and everyone, howoever eminent he may be has to bear his own cross. The sorrows and frustraions which invariably accompany every human being are inevitable parts of the process of growth and inner-unfoldment. The life of eminent personalities studies in this work in some degree or more represents the life of the millions who are struggling for more light and greater understanding of their own purpose existence.
