Blacks And The Military

Author : Martin Binkin,Mark J. Eitelberg
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2011-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0815705662

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Blacks and the Military by Martin Binkin,Mark J. Eitelberg Pdf

For much of the nation's history, the participation of blacks in the armed forces was approximately in line with their proportion in the total population. This changed during the 1970s: by 1980 one of every three Army Gls and one of every five marines were black. The reaction has been mixed. Many Americans look with approval on the growth of black participation in military service, since it often affords young blacks educational, social, and financial opportunities that constitute a bridge to a better life not otherwise available to them. But for other Americans, the opportunities are outweighed by the disproportionate imposition of the burden of defense on a segment of the population that has not enjoyed a fair share of the benefits that society confers. From this perspective, the likelihood that blacks would suffer at least a third-and perhaps a half-of the combat fatalities in the initial stages of conflict is considered immoral, unethical, or otherwise contrary to the precepts of democratic institutions. Some also worry that military forces with such a high fraction of blacks entail risks to U.S. national security. A socially unrepresentative force, it is argued, may lack the cohesion considered vital to combat effectiveness. Others fear that such a force would be unreliable if it were deployed in situations that would test the allegiance of its minority members. And some have even expressed concern that a large proportion of blacks may raise questions about the status of U.S fighting forces, as judged by the American public, the nation's allies, and its adversaries. The authors of this book examine evidence on both sides of the issue in an effort to bring objective scrutiny to bear on questions that for many years have been loaded with emotion and subjective reaction. They also discuss the implications for the military's racial composition of demographic, economic, and technological trends and the possible effects of returning to some form of conscription.

Author : Jack D. Foner
Publisher : New York : Praeger
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1974
Category : United States
ISBN : UOM:39015020642438

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Blacks and the Military in American History by Jack D. Foner Pdf

Author : Bernard C. Nalty
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : United States
ISBN : 9780029224113

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Strength for the Fight by Bernard C. Nalty Pdf

Surveys the history of blacks in the armed forces from the 1600s to the 1980s.

Author : G.L.A. Harris,Evelyn L. Lewis
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2019-07-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781498567862

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Blacks in the Military and Beyond by G.L.A. Harris,Evelyn L. Lewis Pdf

African Americans have long used the military for gaining legitimacy and the ultimate path to citizenship. Blacks in the Military and Beyond chronicles their tumultuous journey from slavery through the present, extending the history to significant factors in determining whether or not serving in the military has indeed advantaged Blacks.

Author : Rawn James, Jr.
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013-01-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781608196173

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The Double V by Rawn James, Jr. Pdf

Executive Order 9981, issued by President Harry Truman on July 26, 1948, desegregated all branches of the United States military by decree. EO 9981 is often portrayed as a heroic and unexpected move by Truman. But in reality, Truman's history-making order was the culmination of more than 150 years of legal, political, and moral struggle. ?Beginning with the Revolutionary War, African Americans had used military service to do their patriotic duty and to advance the cause of civil rights. The fight for a desegregated military was truly a long war-decades of protest and labor highlighted by bravery on the fields of France, in the skies over Germany, and in the face of deep-seated racism on the military bases at home. Today, the military is one of the most truly diverse institutions in America. ?In The Double V, Rawn James, Jr.the son and grandson of African American veteransexpertly narrates the remarkable history of how the strugge for equality in the military helped give rise to their fight for equality in civilian society. Taking the reader from Crispus Attucks to President Barack Obama, The Double V illuminates the African American military tradition as a metaphor for their unique and dynamic role in American history.

Author : Phillip McGuire
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2014-07-11
Category : History
ISBN : 9780813148991

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Taps For A Jim Crow Army by Phillip McGuire Pdf

Many black soldiers serving in the U.S. Army during World War II hoped that they might make permanent gains as a result of their military service and their willingness to defend their country. They were soon disabused of such illusions. Taps for a Jim Crow Army is a powerful collection of letters written by black soldiers in the 1940s to various government and nongovernment officials. The soldiers expressed their disillusionment, rage, and anguish over the discrimination and segregation they experienced in the Army. Most black troops were denied entry into army specialist schools; black officers were not allowed to command white officers; black soldiers were served poorer food and were forced to ride Jim Crow military buses into town and to sit in Jim Crow base movie theaters. In the South, German POWs could use the same latrines as white American soldiers, but blacks could not. The original foreword by Benjamin Quarles, professor emeritus of history at Morgan State University, and a new foreword by Bernard C. Nalty, the chief historian in the Office of Air Force History, offer rich insights into the world of these soldiers.

Author : Elizabeth D. Leonard
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2010-08-23
Category : History
ISBN : 9780393079159

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Men of Color to Arms!: Black Soldiers, Indian Wars, and the Quest for Equality by Elizabeth D. Leonard Pdf

The story of the black soldiers who helped save the Union, conquer the West, and build the nation. In 1863, at the height of the Civil War, Frederick Douglass promised African Americans that serving in the military offered a sure path to freedom. Once a black man became a soldier, Douglass declared, “there is no power on earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States.” More than 180,000 black men heeded his call to defend the Union—only to find the path to equality would not be so straightforward. In this sharply drawn history, Professor Elizabeth D. Leonard reveals the aspirations and achievements as well as the setbacks and disappointments of African American soldiers. Drawing on eye-opening firsthand accounts, she restores black soldiers to their place in the arc of American history, from the Civil War and its promise of freedom until the dawn of the 20th century and the full retrenchment of Jim Crow. Along the way, Leonard offers a nuanced account of black soldiers’ involvement in the Indian Wars, their attempts to desegregate West Point and gain proper recognition for their service, and their experience of Reconstruction nationally, as blacks worked to secure their place in an ever-changing nation. With abundant primary research, enlivened by memorable characters and vivid descriptions of army life, Men of Color to Arms! is an illuminating portrait of a group of men whose contributions to American history need to be further recognized.

Author : Bernard C. Nalty,Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : History
ISBN : UOM:39015012308998

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Blacks in the Military by Bernard C. Nalty,Morris J. MacGregor Pdf

This volume, using certain key documents or selections from them, sketches the changing status of blacks in the military service first of the American colonies and then of the United States. Space does not permit an exhaustive treatment; as a result, we have supplied explanations and interpretations to supplement the information found in the materials selected. This new, brief compilation should prove valuable to anyone interested in the contributions of blacks to American military history, whether he be student or teacher, serviceman or civilian, writer of history or curious reader.

Author : DIANE Publishing Company
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : History
ISBN : 0788126458

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Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation by DIANE Publishing Company Pdf

Covers every war fought by the U.S. Includes: both men and women, black recipients of the medals of honor, black military role models, graduates of the military service academies, statistical factors on blacks in the military, black civilian workforce in the DoD, and much more. Encyclopedic! Over 200 photos, including: General Colin L. Powell, Brig. Gen. Hazel W. Johnson, Gen. Roscoe Robinson, Jr., Brig. Gen. Marcelite J. Harris, Gen. Bernard P. Randolph, Astronaut Mae. C. Jemison, Lt. Col. Thomas L. Bain, Brig. Gen. Sherian G. Cadoria.

Author : Kimberley Phillips Boehm
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2012-01-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0807869082

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War! What Is It Good For? by Kimberley Phillips Boehm Pdf

African Americans' long campaign for "the right to fight" forced Harry Truman to issue his 1948 executive order calling for equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces. In War! What Is It Good For?, Kimberley Phillips examines how blacks' participation in the nation's wars after Truman's order and their protracted struggles for equal citizenship galvanized a vibrant antiwar activism that reshaped their struggles for freedom. Using an array of sources--from newspapers and government documents to literature, music, and film--and tracing the period from World War II to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, Phillips considers how federal policies that desegregated the military also maintained racial, gender, and economic inequalities. Since 1945, the nation's need for military labor, blacks' unequal access to employment, and discriminatory draft policies have forced black men into the military at disproportionate rates. While mainstream civil rights leaders considered the integration of the military to be a civil rights success, many black soldiers, veterans, and antiwar activists perceived war as inimical to their struggles for economic and racial justice and sought to reshape the civil rights movement into an antiwar black freedom movement. Since the Vietnam War, Phillips argues, many African Americans have questioned linking militarism and war to their concepts of citizenship, equality, and freedom.

Author : Khary Oronde Polk
Publisher : UNC Press Books
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2020-04-17
Category : History
ISBN : 9781469655512

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Contagions of Empire by Khary Oronde Polk Pdf

From 1898 onward, the expansion of American militarism and empire abroad increasingly relied on black labor, even as policy remained inflected both by scientific racism and by fears of contagion. Black men and women were mobilized for service in the Spanish-Cuban-American War under the War Department's belief that southern blacks carried an immunity against tropical diseases. Later, in World Wars I and II, black troops were stigmatized as members of a contagious "venereal race" and were subjected to experimental medical treatments meant to curtail their sexual desires. By turns feared as contagious and at other times valued for their immunity, black men and women played an important part in the U.S. military's conscription of racial, gender, and sexual difference, even as they exercised their embattled agency at home and abroad. By following the scientific, medical, and cultural history of African American enlistment through the archive of American militarism, this book traces the black subjects and agents of empire as they came into contact with a world globalized by warfare.

Author : Alan M. Osur
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 1977
Category : African Americans
ISBN : STANFORD:36105070627992

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Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II by Alan M. Osur Pdf

This book is based upon a Ph. D. dissertation written by an Air Force officer who studied at the University of Denver. Currently an Associate Professor of History at the Air Force Academy, Major Osur's account relates how the leadership in the War Department and the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) tried to deal with the problem of race and the prejudices which were reflected in the bulk of American society. It tells a story of black racial protests and riots which such attitudes and discrimination provoked. The author describes many of the discriminatory actions taken against black airmen, whose goal was equality of treatment and opportunities as American citizens. He also describes the role of black pilots as they fought in the Mediterranean theater of operations against the Axis powers. In his final chapters, he examines the continuing racial frictions within the Army Air Forces which led to black servicemen protests and riots in 1945 at several installations.

Author : G. L. A. Harris,Evelyn L. Lewis
Publisher : Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : African American soldiers
ISBN : 1433127547

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Blacks in the Military and Beyond by G. L. A. Harris,Evelyn L. Lewis Pdf

Blacks in the Military and Beyond thoughtfully chronicles the tumultuous journey of African Americans in the military from slavery through the present, examining how the armed forces have been used as a means for gaining legitimacy and as the ultimate path to citizenship. This unique book extends to both pre and post-service economic considerations as significant factors in determining whether serving in the military has indeed advantaged Blacks. Owing to the reality of the modern military, mechanisms such as the periodic drawing down of forces are studied in terms of their impact on Blacks overall. In its analysis, the book also delves into a variety of topics and issues, including how the military is a conduit in creating and sustaining the Black middle class and how the now repealed "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, and Don’t Pursue" policy compares with the larger overarching values of the African American community. Most poignantly, Blacks in the Military and Beyond challenges the military to be more strategic as to the long term effects of its decisions in conjunction with its moral compact with African Americans.

Author : Michael L. Lanning
Publisher : Kensington Publishing Corp.
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2012-08-24
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780806536606

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The African American Soldier: by Michael L. Lanning Pdf

More than five thousand blacks joined the rebel Americans in the war as soldiers, sailors, and marines; many more supported the rebellion as laborers. Their service went largely unrecognized and unrecorded. Few letters, journals, or other narratives by blacks about the Revolution exist because whites had denied most African Americans an education. White historians of the period, and for years after the war, ignored the contributions and impact of thousands of blacks participants for several reasons. First of all, prejudices were so deeply ingrained that it did not even occur to most whites of the time that blacks had played a significant role either as individuals who fought or labored or as a segment of the population that affected decisions. Prejudices also prevented some who did witness the contributions of African Americans from honestly reporting that blacks could perform equally with whites on the battlefield if given the opportunity. Others did not mention blacks because of the difficulty of explaining why the United States kept half a million men, women, and children enslaved while fighting for independence and liberty." From Defenders of Liberty, by Lt. Col. Michael Lee Lanning (Ret.)

Author : James E. Westheider
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : History
ISBN : 0742545326

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The African American Experience in Vietnam by James E. Westheider Pdf

In this book James E. Westheider explores the social and professional paradoxes facing African-American soldiers in Vietnam. Service in the military started as a demonstration of the merits of integration as blacks competed with whites on a near equal basis for the first time. Yet as the war in Vietnam progressed, many black recruits felt isolated and threatened in an institution controlled almost totally by whites. Consequently, many blacks no longer viewed the military as a professional opportunity, but an undue burden on the black community.