Cerebral Circulation

Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047239

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The Cerebral Circulation by Marilyn J. Cipolla Pdf

This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.

Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Page : 71 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Anatomy
ISBN : 9781615040124

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The Cerebral Circulation by Marilyn J. Cipolla Pdf

This presentation describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands, and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic, and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death. This chapter will review these special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy and Ultrastructure / Perivascular Innervation / Regulation of Cerebrovascular Tone / Control of Cerebral Blood Flow / Barriers of the CNS / Summary / References

Author : Stephen Payne
Publisher : Springer
Page : 125 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2016-06-24
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319317847

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Cerebral Autoregulation by Stephen Payne Pdf

This Brief provides a comprehensive introduction to the control of blood flow in the brain. Beginning with the basic physiology of autoregulation, the author goes on to discuss measurement techniques, mathematical models, methods of analysis, and relevant clinical conditions, all within this single volume. The author draws together this disparate field, and lays the groundwork for future research directions. The text gives an up-to-date review of the state of the art in cerebral autoregulation, which is particularly relevant as cerebral autoregulation moves from the laboratory to the bedside. Cerebral Autoregulation will be useful to researchers in the physical sciences such as mathematical biology, medical physics, and biomedical engineering whose work is concerned with the brain. Researchers in the medical sciences and clinicians dealing with the brain and blood flow, as well as industry professionals developing techniques such as ultrasound, MRI, and CT will also find this Brief of interest.

Author : Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 455 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781461203032

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The Human Brain Circulation by Rosemary D. Bevan,John A. Bevan Pdf

Much of our knowledge of the cerebral circulation has been derived from studies of species other than human. There is increas ing recognition of species differences and concern that studies in animals may be misleading if unquestioningly applied to the human. A dramatic example of this occurred in the early his tory of the study of the circulation of the brain. Galen of Pergamo (131-201 AD) described a rete mirabile or "marvelous network" of blood vessels at the base of the human skull that he must have derived from observations of certain animals. This vascular structure was supplied by the carotid arteries which, after penetrating the cranium,"are divided into a large number of very small and thin branches in the region between the cranium and the dura matter. Then . . . intersecting one another they give the impression of having forgotten their way in the brain. But this is not the case. In fact, these numerous arteries rejoin and unite like the roots of a tree trunk. . . . " The authority of Galen's writings dominated scientific thought for about 1500 years. His description of a rete was unques tioned by Leonardo de Vinci, who included it in his anatomical sketches. William Harvey's remarkable observations led to his definitive account of the circulation of blood.

Author : M. J. Purves
Publisher : CUP Archive
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1972-05-25
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0521083001

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The Physiology of the Cerebral Circulation by M. J. Purves Pdf

Author : Basil F. Matta,David K. Menon,Martin Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2011-10-13
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781139499859

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Core Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care by Basil F. Matta,David K. Menon,Martin Smith Pdf

Core Topics in Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care is an authoritative and practical clinical text that offers clear diagnostic and management guidance for a wide range of neuroanesthesia and neurocritical care problems. With coverage of every aspect of the discipline by outstanding world experts, this should be the first book to which practitioners turn for easily accessible and definitive advice. Initial sections cover relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, intraoperative and critical care monitoring and neuroimaging. These are followed by detailed sections covering all aspects of neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care in both adult and pediatric patients. The final chapter discusses ethical and legal issues. Each chapter delivers a state-of-the art review of clinical practice, including outcome data when available. Enhanced throughout with numerous clinical photographs and line drawings, this practical and accessible text is key reading for trainee and consultant anesthetists and critical care specialists.

Author : Georg E. Cold
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783709191019

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Cerebral Blood Flow in Acute Head Injury by Georg E. Cold Pdf

During the last decade a multitude of studies concerning the dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), and intracranial pressure (ICP) in the acute phase after head injury have been published. These studies have been supplemented with studies of cerebral autoregulation, CO2 reactivity and barbiturate reactivity. Other investigations include studies of cerebrospinal fluid pH, bicarbonate, lactate and pyruvate. In this book experimental and clinical studies of the dynamic changes in CBF, CMRO2, CO2 reactivity and barbiturate reactivity are reviewed. The author's own clinical studies of the dynamic changes in CBF and cerebral metabolism are summarized and discussed, and the therapeutical implication as regards the use of artificial hyperventilation, sedation with barbiturate and mannitol treatment are discussed.

Author : Marcus E. Raichle,Gordon M. Shepherd
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2014-09-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199359004

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Angelo Mosso's Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain by Marcus E. Raichle,Gordon M. Shepherd Pdf

Modern brain imaging is revolutionizing the study of brain function in health and disease. However, few realize that its origins began in the nineteenth century with Dr. Angelo Mosso's pioneering experiments. A foremost Italian physiologist and scientist, Angelo Mosso studied several patients brought to him with head injuries that exposed their live brains to direct, long-term observation. He took advantage of these rare opportunities to document, for the first time, changes in cerebral blood flow in response to different stimuli, behaviors, and emotions, the very same changes that are now the basis for the measurements underlying modern functional brain imaging. Mosso was widely recognized by his contemporaries for his highly original studies, published both in Italian in 1878 and in German in 1881. Yet there has never been a translation through which this groundbreaking work could be appreciated by the English-speaking world. Indeed, Angelo Mosso's sophisticated experiments were to neuroscience what surgeon William Beaumont's in vivo observations were to gastric physiology fifty years earlier. This unique monograph establishes Mosso's rightful role as the pioneer of brain imaging. Through it, the modern reader, whether expert neuroscientist or interested student, can gain a new perspective on the author's remarkable insights: how behaviors as subtle as thinking about a subject or feeling an emotion produce the changes in pulsations of the brain that he observed and recorded for posterity. Special features of this volume include first a brief summary of Mosso's life. Two pioneers of modern brain imaging, Marcus E. Raichle (winner of the Kavli Prize for Neuroscience) and Gordon M. Shepherd (Yale University Professor of Neurobiology) then review Mosso's work and provide extensive commentary to explain its relevance to modern brain science. The authors not only emphasize Mosso's pioneering role in brain imaging, but also his fundamental contribution to the rise of cognitive neuroscience. The English translation (by historian of medicine Christiane Nockels Fabbri) follows, together with all of the plates and illustrations of the original volume. The result is a classic of neuroscience, now available for wide appreciation by neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, historians of science and medicine, and the general public.

Author : Carl Frederic Schmidt
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 90 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1950
Category : Blood
ISBN : MINN:319510000656626

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The Cerebral Circulation in Health and Disease by Carl Frederic Schmidt Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 524 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 1968
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080861555

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Cerebral Circulation by Anonim Pdf

Cerebral Circulation

Author : Roland N. Pittman
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 117 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047215

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Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition by Roland N. Pittman Pdf

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

Author : T.W. Langfitt,L.C.Jr. McHenry,M. Reivich,H. Wollman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 565 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642658143

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Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism by T.W. Langfitt,L.C.Jr. McHenry,M. Reivich,H. Wollman Pdf

This volume contains the papers presented at cluded are the concluding remarks made by the the Sixth International Symposium on Cerebral chairman of each session. The last session con Blood Flow held in Philadelphia on June 6-9, tains discussions of several topics which were felt to be of sufficient importance and interest to 1973. Since the first meeting on cerebral blood flow, held in Lund in 1964, the number of par warrant extended consideration. These con ticipants in these symposia has steadily increased cerned the questions of neurogenic control of until at this meeting it was necessary to conduct the cerebral circulation, the role of failure of simultaneous sessions. The interest and effort reperfusion in cerebral ischemia, and a discus sion of invasive and noninvasive methods of directed toward problems concerned with cere bral circulation and metabolism, as well as the CBF determination. Owing to the large number increasing sophistication applied to these prob of papers included in this book and the interests lems, are amply demonstrated in this book. of rapid publication, it was not possible to in A wide variety of topics was discussed at the clude the discussions of each paper. The orga symposium with major emphasis on the basic nizers regret the necessity of this decision but aspects of the control of cerebral circulation and wish to thank the many participants who con metabolism.

Author : Yu. E. Moskalenko,G. B. Weinstein,I. T. Demchenko
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 175 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781483155821

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Biophysical Aspects of Cerebral Circulation by Yu. E. Moskalenko,G. B. Weinstein,I. T. Demchenko Pdf

Biophysical Aspects of Cerebral Circulation provides a comprehensive review of the cerebral circulatory system. This book consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 is devoted to methodology attempts to explain the special features of a biophysical approach. The biophysical principles of the most commonly used modem methods such as the clearance method and rheoencephalography are described in detail. The second and third chapters examine all the biophysical aspects of the cerebral circulatory system as a functional unit and deal with some principles of its regulation. The results of systems analysis using mathematical modeling are presented in broad outline. Chapter 4 deals with processes related to the regional cerebral circulation. Such investigations focus mainly on the relationship between periodically fluctuating factors affecting limited areas of brain tissue. This text is beneficial to medical students and individuals researching on cerebral circulation.

Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 1905
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:993514445

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Cerebral Circulation by Marilyn J. Cipolla Pdf

Author : Georgiĭ Iosifovich Mchedlishvili
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Medical
ISBN : UOM:39015011452664

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Arterial Behavior and Blood Circulation in the Brain by Georgiĭ Iosifovich Mchedlishvili Pdf