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Author : Ciba Foundation
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0470663464
Author : Ciba Foundation
Publisher : Elsevier Publishing Company
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1978
Category : Blood-brain barrier
ISBN : UOM:39015000304488
Author : E. Betz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 285 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783642664274
This book contains the contributions and discussions of the second symposium on vascular smooth muscles held in Ttibingen in February, 1976. It provides an up-to-date review of the role of ions in the trans mission of signals from the perivascular space to the contractile ele ments of the smooth muscle cells. The various aspects are mainly discussed from a functional point of view and only few contributions concern the morphologic variations of cells .during varying ion activity. Special emphasis was placed on the significance of ion variations in the cerebral tissue and their rela tion to metabolic and nervous control of the brain vessels. It could be seen in this symposium that new techniques enabled the in vestigators to make considerable progress in the understanding of the actions and the interactions of ions on the membranes and on the inter nal structures of the smooth muscle cells if one compares the findings with the results of the previous symposium held in Ttibingen in 1972. It became evident that the insight into ionic actions enables the de velopment of powerful tools to be utilized in future therapy of dis turbances of local blood flow regulation. The participants of the symposium render thanks to the Dr. Thiemann GmbH in Ltinen, which supported the symposium and this publication in a generous way. Finally it is a pleasure of the Editor to thank the members of the Physiological Institute of Ttibingen for their encouragement in the ar rangement of the meeting.
Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 82 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2016-07-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047239
This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Author : Michel Félétou
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Page : 309 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781615041237
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Author : Ronald J. Korthuis
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Page : 147 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615041831
The aim of this treatise is to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms for blood flow control to skeletal muscle under resting conditions, how perfusion is elevated (exercise hyperemia) to meet the increased demand for oxygen and other substrates during exercise, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular health, the regulation of transcapillary fluid filtration and protein flux across the microvascular exchange vessels, and the role of changes in the skeletal muscle circulation in pathologic states. Skeletal muscle is unique among organs in that its blood flow can change over a remarkably large range. Compared to blood flow at rest, muscle blood flow can increase by more than 20-fold on average during intense exercise, while perfusion of certain individual white muscles or portions of those muscles can increase by as much as 80-fold. This is compared to maximal increases of 4- to 6-fold in the coronary circulation during exercise. These increases in muscle perfusion are required to meet the enormous demands for oxygen and nutrients by the active muscles. Because of its large mass and the fact that skeletal muscles receive 25% of the cardiac output at rest, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in vessels supplying this tissue allows central hemodynamic variables (e.g., blood pressure) to be spared during stresses such as hypovolemic shock. Sympathetic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle in such pathologic conditions also effectively shunts blood flow away from muscles to tissues that are more sensitive to reductions in their blood supply that might otherwise occur. Again, because of its large mass and percentage of cardiac output directed to skeletal muscle, alterations in blood vessel structure and function with chronic disease (e.g., hypertension) contribute significantly to the pathology of such disorders. Alterations in skeletal muscle vascular resistance and/or in the exchange properties of this vascular bed also modify transcapillary fluid filtration and solute movement across the microvascular barrier to influence muscle function and contribute to disease pathology. Finally, it is clear that exercise training induces an adaptive transformation to a protected phenotype in the vasculature supplying skeletal muscle and other tissues to promote overall cardiovascular health. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle and Its Vascular Supply / Regulation of Vascular Tone in Skeletal Muscle / Exercise Hyperemia and Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation During Muscular Activity / Microvascular Fluid and Solute Exchange in Skeletal Muscle / Skeletal Muscle Circulation in Aging and Disease States: Protective Effects of Exercise / References
Author : Chi-Ming Hai
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2016-10-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789813144071
This book presents key concepts in the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells in health and disease. Supplemental reading may be drawn from the extensive references listed at the end of each chapter. Vascular smooth muscle cell is the major cell type in blood vessels. Dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells is an important cause of vascular diseases, for example, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and circulatory shock. Vascular smooth muscle cells are phenotypically plastic, capable of switching between two major phenotypes — contractile/differentiated phenotype and invasive/proliferative phenotype in response to environmental clues. Chapter 1 introduces the major areas of research presented in this monograph. Chapters 2 to 4 address the structure and function of the contractile/differentiated phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell. Chapters 5 and 6 address the developmental basis of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and structure and function of podosomes (invasive organelles) in the invasive/proliferative phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell. Chapters 7 to 9 address the role of vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in vascular diseases — atherosclerosis, hypertension, and circulatory shock. Contents:Introduction (Chi-Ming Hai)Structure of Differentiated/Contractile Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (Thomas J Eddinger)Vascular Structure and Function (Paul H Ratz)Actin Filament Dynamics During Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction (William C Cole and Michael P Walsh)Developmental Basis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypes (Christine Cheung and B C Narmada)Regulation of Podosomes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Invasion of the Extracellular Matrix (Alan Mak)Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Atherosclerosis (Chi-Ming Hai)The Role of Non-Coding RNA in the Control of Vascular Contractility and Disease (C J Nicholson and K G Morgan)Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Circulatory Shock (Liangming Liu, Tao Li and Chengyang Duan) Readership: This book will be a useful reference for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and scientists who work on vascular biology, as well as physicians who work on vascular medicine.
Author : Katherine Elliott,Maeve O'Connor
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2009-09-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470718063
The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Author : Roland N. Pittman
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 117 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2016-08-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047215
This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
Author : Lindsay Biga,Devon Quick,Sierra Dawson,Amy Harwell,Robin Hopkins,Joel Kaufmann,Mike LeMaster,Philip Matern,Katie Morrison-Graham,Jon Runyeon
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2019-09-26
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1955101159
A version of the OpenStax text
Author : Michitoshi Inoue,Masatsugu Hori,Shoichi Imai,Robert M. Berne
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2013-11-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9784431683674
Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.
Author : J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-04-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1947172808
Author : Arun Gupta,Adrian Gelb,Ram Adapa,Derek Duane
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 427 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2018-06-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781316602522
This second edition presents core clinical neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care knowledge in a practical, user-friendly format.
Author : David Raeburn,Mark A. Giembycz
Publisher : Birkhäuser
Page : 350 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2013-11-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783034876810
Author : Irena Levitan, PhD,Alex M. Dopico, MD, PhD
Publisher : Springer
Page : 431 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2016-07-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319296357
Ion channels are the major class of membrane proteins responsible for rapid and regulated transport of ions across biological membranes and for the generation and propagation of electrical signals in the brain, heart, and skeletal and vascular tissues. Ion channels are also known to play critical roles in regulation of cell proliferation, insulin secretion and intracellular signaling in a variety of cell types. This book focuses on the roles of ion channels in vascular tissues under normal and pathological conditions. Vascular abnormalities are known to underlie a plethora of severe pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, coronary or cerebral vasospasm, and diabetes. In addition, misregulated angiogenesis is one of the major contributors to the development of tumors. Therefore, it is clearly imperative to obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular disorders. This book will be the first comprehensive assembly of assays to present the studies that have been done during the last decade to elucidate the roles of ion channels in different vascular diseases.
