Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors In Brain Homeostasis

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Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Brain Homeostasis

Flavia Trettel,Richard M. Ransohoff
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Brain Homeostasis Book PDF

Author : Flavia Trettel,Richard M. Ransohoff
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2015-08-17
Category : Brain
ISBN : 9782889196166

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Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Brain Homeostasis by Flavia Trettel,Richard M. Ransohoff Pdf

Virtually involved in all pathologies that present an inflammatory component, it is now evident that, in the central nervous system, chemokines and chemokine receptors possess pleiotropic properties beyond chemotaxis: costitutive brain expression of chemokines and their receptors on endothelial cells, but also on neurons and glia, suggests a role for such molecules in mediating homeostatic cross-talk between cells of the brain perenchyma. Cross-talk between neurons and glia is determinant to the establishment and maintenance of a brain enviroment that ensure normal function, and in particular glial cells are active players that respond to enviromental changes and act for the survival, growth, differentiation and repair of the nervous tissue: in this regard brain endogenous chemokines represent key molecules that play a role in brain development, neurogenesis, neurotransmission and neuroprotection. As important regulators of peripheral immune response, chemokines are molecules of the immune system that play a central role in coordinating communication between the nervous and the immune systems, in the context of infections and brain injury. Indeed, in phatological processes resulting from infections, brain trauma, ischemia and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, chemokines represent important neuroinflammatory mediators that drive leucocytes trafficking into the central nervous system, facilitating an immune response by targeting cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. The third edition of the international conference "Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in the Nervous System", hold in Rome in October 2013, represented an exciting platform to promote discussion among researchers in different disciplines to understand the role of chemokines in brain homoestasis. This Frontiers Research Topic arises from this conference, and wants to be an opportunity to further discuss and highlight the importance of brain chemokines as key molecules that, not only grant the interplay between the immune and the nervous systems, but in addition drive modulatory functions on brain homeoastasis orchestrating neurons, microglia, and astrocytes communication.

Universes in Delicate Balance: Chemokines and the Nervous System

R.M. Ransohoff,K. Suzuki,A.E.I. Proudfoot,W.F. Hickey,J.K. Harrison
Universes in Delicate Balance Chemokines and the Nervous System Book PDF

Author : R.M. Ransohoff,K. Suzuki,A.E.I. Proudfoot,W.F. Hickey,J.K. Harrison
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2002-04-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080520197

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Universes in Delicate Balance: Chemokines and the Nervous System by R.M. Ransohoff,K. Suzuki,A.E.I. Proudfoot,W.F. Hickey,J.K. Harrison Pdf

It is commonly acknowledged that the nervous system and the immune system, those most complex of networks, share attributes beyond their intricacy. Elements common to the two systems include memory, connectivity, flexibility and developmental selection of cellular composition by a rigorous process involving widespread programmed cell death. There is one salient difference: the cells of the immune system are predominantly in constant motion, while post-mitotic neurons and glia are largely fixed in place. Therefore, chemokines, initially characterized as leukocyte chemoattractants, have for the last one and one-half decades been intensely and productively studied in the contexts of inflammation, immunity and hematopoietic development. Only recently have the two fields, neurobiology and immunology, displayed mutual interests in chemokines. This convergence of the two tribes of investigators was catalyzed by the finding that SDF-1 (now known as CXCL12) and its receptor, CXCR4, exerted significant and similar functions in development of both nervous and immune systems. Indeed CXCL12 and CXCR4 were required, in an uncannily similar fashion, for retention of pre-B lymphocytes at sites of maturation in the bone marrow and of neuronal progenitors in the external granule cell layer of the developing cerebellum. Recent reports indicate that chemoattraction of cerebellar granule cells through CXCR4 can be suppressed by reverse signaling initiated by binding of soluble eph receptors to transmembrane ephrin B, thereby establishing a link between chemokine action and a cardinal patterning system of the developing nervous system. As may be anticipated when a dam breaks, a massive influx of correlative observations in the nervous and immune systems is likely to ensue. This volume represents the state of current knowledge. To this end, introductory material for both systems is provided. Basic and advanced 'chemokinology' are presented. The recipe for making a nervous system (both ingredients and instructions for preparation) is described, as are the roles of chemokines and their receptors in making an immune system. Given their importance and complexity, CXCL12/CXCR4 interactions are separately treated in varying contexts. The field of 'neurobiology of chemokines' has not lain fallow during the last ten years. During much of this time the principal focus has been on neuroinflammation. Linking the immune and nervous systems are explanations of the functions of chemokines and their receptors for resident brain macrophages, the microglia, the unique cerebrovascular endothelium and angiogenesis. Understanding human disease is the goal of much of this research. New discoveries are being made and reported at a gratifying rate. It is expected that this volume will promote the steady production and application of useful new knowledge in this developing field. It provides a unique single-source database for basic neurobiology highlighting the fundamental aspects of chemokines and discussing the relations of chemokine science to animal models and human disease.

Chemokine Receptors and NeuroAIDS

Olimpia Meucci
Chemokine Receptors and NeuroAIDS Book PDF

Author : Olimpia Meucci
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 446 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2009-12-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781441907936

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Chemokine Receptors and NeuroAIDS by Olimpia Meucci Pdf

Chemokine Receptors and NeuroAIDS: Beyond the Co-receptor Function and Links to Other Neuropathologies focuses on unresolved or emerging issues concerning the role of chemokine receptors in neuronal injury and HIV neuropathology, including their ability to regulate fundamental neuronal and glial functions and their role in neurovirulence and neurotoxicity. Although the importance of these molecules in the CNS physiology and pathology is now apparent, these issues are still matter of debate, and further research is required to design effective pharmacological agents that specifically target the brain chemokine system without major side effects. To this end, specific topics have been selected and are reviewed by international experts within the basic science/medical community. This book encourages investigation in the most controversial areas and fosters interaction between clinicians and basic scientists. The book also increases awareness about differences in disease progression among different parts of the world as well as selected patient populations, which may also help identifying novel therapeutic strategies.

Chemokine Biology - Basic Research and Clinical Application

Bernhard Moser,L. Gordon Letts,Kuldeep Neote
Chemokine Biology Basic Research and Clinical Application Book PDF

Author : Bernhard Moser,L. Gordon Letts,Kuldeep Neote
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2006-03-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783764374235

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Chemokine Biology - Basic Research and Clinical Application by Bernhard Moser,L. Gordon Letts,Kuldeep Neote Pdf

Chemokines play an important role in recruiting inflammatory cells into tissues in response to infection and inflammation. They also play an important role in coordinating the movement of T-cells, B-cells and dentritic cells, necessary to generate an immune response (response to injury, allergens, antigens, invading microorganisms). They selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci, inducing both cell migration and activation. They are involved in various diseases, like atherosclerosis, lung and skin inflammation, multiple sclerosis, or HIV. Volume 1 of this two-volume set discusses the immunobiology of chemokines. It is divided into two parts: a) cellular targets in innate and adaptive immunity, and b) effector cell traffic-unrelated functions. Together with volume 2, which discusses the pathophysiology of chemokines, both volumes give a comprehensive overview of chemokine biology.

Cytokines as Players of Neuronal Plasticity and Sensitivity to Environment in Healthy and Pathological Brain

Silvia Alboni,Laura Maggi
Cytokines as Players of Neuronal Plasticity and Sensitivity to Environment in Healthy and Pathological Brain Book PDF

Author : Silvia Alboni,Laura Maggi
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2016-03-18
Category : Electronic book
ISBN : 9782889197682

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Cytokines as Players of Neuronal Plasticity and Sensitivity to Environment in Healthy and Pathological Brain by Silvia Alboni,Laura Maggi Pdf

It is now accepted that immune molecules are not only present within the brain during pathology but they exert physiological functions in the “healthy” brain as well. Increasing evidence points to a neuro-modulatory role of cytokines and chemokines (CHEMOtactic cytoKINES) in basal transmission and plasticity processes where signaling between peri-synaptic astrocytes, microglia and neurons plays an important role. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms as to how cytokines, and in particular chemokines, participate in the molecular and cellular processes thought to subserve memory formation, plasticity processes and responsiveness to environmental stimuli remain to be clarified. Interestingly, in in vitro preparations, molecules like TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, CX3CL1, CXCL12, CCL2 and CCL3 are implicated in synaptic formation and scaling, in modulation of glutamatergic transmission, in plasticity and neurogenesis, in particular in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an extremely plastic structure, one of the main neurogenic niches in the adult brain, that exhibits a marked sensibility to environmental stimuli. Indeed exposure of mice to environmental enrichment (EE) modifies learning and memory abilities increasing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity whether exposure to severe stressful experiences diminishes neurotrophic support, impairs neurogenesis, plasticity and cognition. In the hippocampus cytokines play a key role in mediating both positive as well as negative effects of the environment affecting neuronal plasticity also in stress related pathologies, such as depression. It has been reported that mice lacking type 1 receptor for IL-1 display impaired hippocampal memory and LTP that are restored by EE; moreover negative effects on neuronal plasticity (and thus behavior) induced by stress exposure can be prevented by blocking IL-1 activity. In addition, mice lacking IL-6 have improved cognitive functions whereas the absence of microglia-driven CX3CR1 signaling increases hippocampal plasticity and spatial memory occluding the potentiating effects of EE. However, the factors mediating the effect of environmental stimuli on behavior and plasticity has been only partially identified. Interestingly, it has been suggested that chemokines can play a key role in the flexibility of hippocampal structure and may modulate neuronal signaling during behavior. The question is how cytokines may translate environmental stimuli in plasticity and behavioral changes. This research topic is proposed to explore the role of cytokines, and more in particular chemokines, in the modulation of neuronal activity as a fundamental step for the correct brain wiring, function and susceptibility to environment. We encourage the submission of original research reports, review articles, commentaries, perspectives or short communications, in the following (but not limited to) topics: - Role of cytokines and chemokines in neuronal plasticity - Immune molecules and responsiveness to environment - Role of chemokine in the flexibility of hippocampal structure

The Cytokine Factsbook and Webfacts

Katherine A. Fitzgerald,Luke A.J. O'Neill,Andy J.H. Gearing,Robin E. Callard
The Cytokine Factsbook and Webfacts Book PDF

Author : Katherine A. Fitzgerald,Luke A.J. O'Neill,Andy J.H. Gearing,Robin E. Callard
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 515 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2001-09-03
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080530206

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The Cytokine Factsbook and Webfacts by Katherine A. Fitzgerald,Luke A.J. O'Neill,Andy J.H. Gearing,Robin E. Callard Pdf

Completely revised and expanded, this second edition of The Cytokine FactsBook is the most up-to-date reference manual available for all current well-characterized interleukins, cytokines, and their receptors. An additional 52 cytokines are included, doubling the number of entries from the previous edition. The key properties of each cytokine are described and presented in a very accessible format with diagrams for each of the receptors. The Cytokine FactsBook includes free online access to the regularly updated Cytokine Webfacts. Cytokine Webfacts is a web-based comprehensive compendium of facts about cytokines and their receptors that includes a variety of data representations, such as text, signal pathway diagrams and 3D images. This exciting resource is integrated into other databases via hypertext links to provide a unique network, and contains a web-enabled version of RasMol for viewing structures.

Chemokine Receptors in Cancer

Amy M. Fulton
Chemokine Receptors in Cancer Book PDF

Author : Amy M. Fulton
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 181 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2009-06-12
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781603272674

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Chemokine Receptors in Cancer by Amy M. Fulton Pdf

Chemokines are a superfamily of low molecular weight cytokines that were initially described based on their ability to induce the directed migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation or injury. In humans, there are approximately 45 chemokines that bind to 19 G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to mediating cellular migration, chemokines have now been shown to affect many cellular functions including survival, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, and to regulate circulating chemokine levels. Although chemokine receptors were first described on leukocytes, it is now appreciated that chemokine receptors are also expressed by many other cells including endothelial and epithelial cells. Since the first description of chemokine receptors on malignant cells in 2001, an extensive literature has developed describing the expression and function of chemokine receptors in many malignancies. These studies support the initial hypothesis that malignant cells use chemokine receptors to migrate to distant sites of ligand expression and that expression of certain receptors is associated with a poor prognosis. It has also become apparent that malignancies of different tissues may use a diverse profile of chemokine receptors and that the same receptor may mediate metastasis to different sites in tumors of different histological origins. Receptor function may also maintain survival and expansion of the primary tumor.

Microglia in Health and Disease

Marie-Ève Tremblay,Amanda Sierra
Microglia in Health and Disease Book PDF

Author : Marie-Ève Tremblay,Amanda Sierra
Publisher : Springer
Page : 490 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2014-09-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781493914296

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Microglia in Health and Disease by Marie-Ève Tremblay,Amanda Sierra Pdf

These past few years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia, especially since their roles in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) have started to unravel. These cells were shown to actively maintain health, in concert with neurons and other types of CNS cells, providing further insight into their involvement with diseases. Edited by two pioneers in the field, Marie-Ève Tremblay and Amanda Sierra, Microglia in health and disease aims to share with the broader scientific community some of the recent discoveries in microglia research, from a broad perspective, with a collection of 19 chapters from 52 specialists working in 11 countries across 5 continents. To set microglia on the stage, the book begins by explaining briefly who they are, what they do in the healthy and diseased CNS, and how they can be studied. The first section describes in more details their physiological roles in the maturation, function, and plasticity of the CNS, across development, adolescence, adulthood, neuropathic pain, addiction, and aging. The second section focuses on their implication in pathological conditions impairing the quality of life: neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis; and in leading causes of death: ischemia and stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as trauma and injury.

Neuroinflammation, Resolution, and Neuroprotection in the Brain

Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Neuroinflammation Resolution and Neuroprotection in the Brain Book PDF

Author : Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2021-09-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780323884617

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Neuroinflammation, Resolution, and Neuroprotection in the Brain by Akhlaq A. Farooqui Pdf

Neuroinflammation, Resolution, and Neuroprotection in the Brain discusses the molecular aspects of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. The book examines the effect of diet and exercise on neuroinflammatory diseases. Chapters focus on bioactive lipids, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the involvement of neuroinflammation, resolution and neuroprotection in neurotraumatic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases. The comprehensive information in this monograph will help readers understand molecular cross-talk among mediators of phospholipid, sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. The book's goal is to jumpstart more studies on molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic aspects of neurological disorders in human subjects. Discusses the molecular aspects of neuroinflammation, resolution and neuroprotection Examines the role of diet and exercise on neuroinflammatory diseases Provides cutting-edge research on signal transduction processes Explores the treatment of neurological disorders caused by neuroinflammation

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Neurological Disorders

Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Neurological Disorders Book PDF

Author : Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319041117

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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Neurological Disorders by Akhlaq A. Farooqui Pdf

Unless new discoveries are made in the prevention or treatment of stroke, Alzheimer's Disease and depression, the number of patients with these diseases is sure to increase dramatically by the year 2050. Thus, developing strategies to retard or delay the onset of stroke, AD and depression these neurological disorders is of critical important. The present monograph will provide current and comprehensive information on the relationship between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in age-related neurological disorders at the molecular level. The information described in this monograph on lifestyle (diet and exercise), genes and age is intended to facilitate and promote new discoveries for the treatment of age-related neurological disorders.

Itch

E. Carstens,Tasuku Akiyama
Itch Book PDF

Author : E. Carstens,Tasuku Akiyama
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2014-02-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781466505438

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Itch by E. Carstens,Tasuku Akiyama Pdf

Advances in itch research have elucidated differences between itch and pain but have also blurred the distinction between them. There is a long debate about how somatic sensations including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity are encoded by the nervous system. Research suggests that each sensory modality is processed along a fixed, direct-line communication system from the skin to the brain. Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment presents a timely update on all aspects of itch research and the clinical treatment of itch that accompanies many dermatological conditions including psoriasis, neuropathic itch, cutaneous t-cells lymphomas, and systemic diseases such as kidney and liver disease and cancer. Composed of contributions from distinguished researchers around the world, the book explores topics such as: Neuropathic itch Peripheral neuronal mechanism of itch The role of PAR-2 in neuroimmune communication and itch Mrgprs as itch receptors The role of interleukin-31 and oncostatin M in itch and neuroimmune communication Spinal coding of itch and pain Spinal microcircuits and the regulation of itch Examining new findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms, the book is a compendium of the most current research on itch, its prevalence in society, and the problems associated with treatment.

The Neurology of AIDS

Howard E. Gendelman, MD,Igor Grant, MD,Ian Paul Everall, MD, PhD,Howard S. Fox, MD, PhD,Harris A. Gelbard, MD, PhD,Stuart A. Lipton, MD, PhD,Susan Swindells, MBBS
The Neurology of AIDS Book PDF

Author : Howard E. Gendelman, MD,Igor Grant, MD,Ian Paul Everall, MD, PhD,Howard S. Fox, MD, PhD,Harris A. Gelbard, MD, PhD,Stuart A. Lipton, MD, PhD,Susan Swindells, MBBS
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 1156 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2011-11-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199875559

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The Neurology of AIDS by Howard E. Gendelman, MD,Igor Grant, MD,Ian Paul Everall, MD, PhD,Howard S. Fox, MD, PhD,Harris A. Gelbard, MD, PhD,Stuart A. Lipton, MD, PhD,Susan Swindells, MBBS Pdf

From basic science to clinical care, to epidemiological disease patters, The Neurology of AIDS is the only complete textbook available on AIDS neurology and the only one comprehensive enough to stand alone in each segment of study in brain disorders affected by the human immunodeficiency virus. It is an indispensable resource for students, resident physicians, practicing physicians, and for researchers and experts in the HIV/AIDS field. Oxford Clinical Neuroscience is a comprehensive, cross-searchable collection of resources offering quick and easy access to eleven of Oxford University Press's prestigious neuroscience texts. Joining Oxford Medicine Online these resources offer students, specialists and clinical researchers the best quality content in an easy-to-access format.

Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System

Wolfgang J. Streit
Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System Book PDF

Author : Wolfgang J. Streit
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781475741391

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Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System by Wolfgang J. Streit Pdf

The study of microglial cells has recently gained importance for those researching degeneration and regeneration. Microglia in the regenerating and degenerating CNS supports the assertion that understanding microglial biology could perhaps be pivotal for unraveling the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer's disease, In addition, microglia are also critical for understanding the sequelae of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, and for the important post-traumatic repair processes. This book gives an up to date account of the role of microglia in degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system and reviews their cell function and physiology.

Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery by Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Padma V. Devarajan,Prajakta Dandekar,Anisha A. D'Souza
Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery by Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Book PDF

Author : Padma V. Devarajan,Prajakta Dandekar,Anisha A. D'Souza
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 560 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2019-11-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030291686

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Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery by Receptor Mediated Endocytosis by Padma V. Devarajan,Prajakta Dandekar,Anisha A. D'Souza Pdf

This book elaborates on drug delivery targeting via intracellular delivery, specifically through the Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) approach, due to the involvement of cellular receptors in various grave diseases. Targeted delivery relies on two basic approaches, passive and active targeting. While passive targeting approaches have shown great promise, the improved selectivity achieved with active targeting approaches has resulted in significantly higher efficacy. Interestingly there are numerous strategies for active targeting, many of which are already highlighted in , Targeted Drug Delivery: Concepts and Applications. Nevertheless an exciting and practical strategy for active targeting, which could enable high intracellular delivery, is through exploitation of RME. Cells in the body express receptors to enable various physiological and biochemical processes. As a result, many of these receptors are overexpressed in pathological conditions, or newer receptors expressed due to defective cellular functioning. RME is based on exploitation of such receptors to achieve intracellular delivery. While targeted delivery can have manifold applications, in this book we focus on two major and challenging therapeutic areas; i) Cancer and ii) Infectious Diseases. Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery by Receptor Medicated Endocytosis discusses the major receptors that are useful for targeted delivery for these afflictions. A major section of this book is dedicated to details regarding their occurrence and location, the recognition domain of the receptor, structure activity relationship of substrate /ligand for selective binding, ligands explored, antagonists for ligand binding and relevance of these aspects for therapy of cancer and infectious diseases. These facets are elucidated with the help of specific examples from academic research and also emphasize commercial products, wherever relevant. In vitro cellular models relied on for assessing receptor mediated cellular targeting and in vivo models depicting clinical efficacy are focused on in a separate section. Finally, we briefly discuss the regulatory and toxicity issues that may be associated specifically with the RME approach of intracellular drug delivery.

Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Tsuneya Ikezu,Howard E. Gendelman
Neuroimmune Pharmacology Book PDF

Author : Tsuneya Ikezu,Howard E. Gendelman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 828 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2008-03-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780387725734

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Neuroimmune Pharmacology by Tsuneya Ikezu,Howard E. Gendelman Pdf

Neuroimmune pharmacology seeks to harness the immune system to provide pharmacological intervention to combat neurodegenerative diseases. This book provides a comprehensive overview of topics that embrace the link between the immune system and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Results from recent studies strongly suggest that a major part of the process in diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s as well as Prion diseases, comes from changes in the innate and adaptive arms of the brain and peripheral immune systems. Thus, the book provides an in-depth study of numerous fields including immunology, pharmacology, neuroscience and neurovirology. It is accompanied by a CD-ROM that includes access to lectures, slide presentations, and question and answers on neuroimmune pharmacology.