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Coins, Trade, and the State by Ethan Isaac Segal Pdf
The political fragmentation and constant warfare of medieval Japan did not necessarily inhibit economic growth. Rather, as this book shows, these conditions created opportunities for a wider spectrum of society to participate in trade, markets, and monetization, laying the groundwork for Japan's transformation into an early modern society.
Coins, Trade, and the State by Ethan Issac Segal Pdf
Framed by the decline of the Heian aristocracy in the late 1100s and the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan’s medieval era was a chaotic period of diffuse political power and frequent military strife. This instability prevented central authorities from regulating trade, issuing currency, enforcing contracts, or guaranteeing property rights. But the lack of a strong central government did not inhibit economic growth. Rather, it created opportunities for a wider spectrum of society to participate in trade, markets, and monetization. Peripheral elites—including merchants, warriors, rural estate managers, and religious leaders—devised new ways to circumvent older forms of exchange by importing Chinese currency, trading in local markets, and building an effective system of long-distance money remittance. Over time, the central government recognized the futility of trying to stifle these developments, and by the sixteenth century it asserted greater control over monetary matters throughout the realm. Drawing upon diaries, tax ledgers, temple records, and government decrees, Ethan Isaac Segal chronicles how the circulation of copper currency and the expansion of trade led to the start of a market-centered economy and laid the groundwork for Japan’s transformation into an early modern society.
Excerpt from Refusing Its Own Coin: A Protest a Coin Against Repudiating United State Coin Even Trade Dollars The legal-tender decision, recently delivered (march 3, 1884) by the Supreme Court of the United States, releases Congress from every constitutional restraint, heretofore supposed to exist, in reference to the issue of coins and notes. Congress is given carte blanche to do as it pleases with our coinage and currency; and it is for the present generation to de fine the limits beyond which Congress shall not go. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Excerpt from Fractional Money: A History of the Small Coins and Fractional Paper Currency of the United States There are, however, material dierences of function between the currency of retail trade and the money of larger denominations used in more important transactions, and it is desirable to find a line of demarcation between the two types. From the standpoint of United States currency this line Should be drawn at the value of one dollar, even though the Silver dollar has been for many years a small change coin. Coins and paper notes of a value less than one dollar are best described by the term fractional currency. For the purposes of this study the term will be used to include all money of this value that has been used by the people of the United States, whether its material was precious metal, base metal, or paper, whether it was of foreign origin, colo nial issue, national government issue, or private manufacture, and whether it was of standaril money quality or subordinate character. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Coinage and State Formation in Early Modern English Literature by S. Deng Pdf
A reassessment of the historic relation between money and the state through the lens of early modern English literature, Coinage and State Formation examines the political implications of the monetary form in light of material and visual properties of coins as well as the persistence of both intrinsic and extrinsic theories of value.
A Guide Book of United States Type Coins by Q. David Bowers Pdf
2nd Edition. This comprehensive 288-page full-color book details how to begin the ideal numismatic pursuit: a collection of United States coins by type. Major updates to the 2nd edition are: new market values, new certified-coin population data, updated "Market Price Performance" charts, new coins, new section on "Great Collectors and Collections of the Past", new historical illustrations, updated auction records and a bullion-value chart. Whether you decide to collect from the beginning of United States coins in the late 1700s, or if you choose coins from the 1800s and 1900s, this book will provide you the reference tools you need: mintages, grades, collecting tips, prices, and more, all in one essential historical reference and price guide. Author: Q. David Bowers
A Buyer's Guide to Silver Dollars and Trade Dollars of the United States by Q. David Bowers Pdf
This book offers an in-depth chronological survey of every dollar minted in the United States, coin-by-coin collecting tips and insights, and a thoughtful review and history for each dollar type. From the commonly collected Morgan dollar and the ultra rare early dollar of 1794 to the Sacagawea 'golden' dollars, this book covers it all! A year-by-year analysis provides current pricing, mintage figures, estimated surviving specimens, and prices realized at auction. Now with over 200 full size color images, this book is an indispensable asset for every coin collector.
There is a hidden country within the United States. It was formed from the astonishing number of secrets held by the government and the growing ranks of secret-keepers given charge over them. The government secrecy industry speaks in a private language of codes and acronyms, and follows an arcane set of rules and customs designed to perpetuate itself, repel penetration, and deflect oversight. It justifies itself with the assertion that the American values worth preserving are often best sustained by subterfuge and deception. Deep State, written by two of the country's most respected national security journalists, disassembles the secrecy apparatus of the United States and examines real-world trends that ought to trouble everyone from the most aggressive hawk to the fiercest civil libertarian. The book: - Provides the fullest account to date of the National Security Agency’s controversial surveillance program first spun up in the dark days after 9/11. - Examines President Obama's attempt to reconcile his instincts as a liberal with the realities of executive power, and his use of the state secrets doctrine. - Exposes how the public’s ubiquitous access to information has been the secrecy industry's toughest opponent to date, and provides a full account of how WikiLeaks and other “sunlight” organizations are changing the government's approach to handling sensitive information, for better and worse. - Explains how the increased exposure of secrets affects everything from Congressional budgets to Area 51, from SEAL Team Six and Delta Force to the FBI, CIA, and NSA. - Assesses whether the formal and informal mechanisms put in place to protect citizens from abuses by the American deep state work, and how they might be reformed.
Author : United States. Department of the Treasury Publisher : Unknown Page : 970 pages File Size : 47,9 Mb Release : 1896 Category : Finance, Public ISBN : HARVARD:32044105232508
