Competition Effects And Predictability

Author : Bruce Wardhaugh
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2020-04-16
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781509926091

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Competition, Effects and Predictability by Bruce Wardhaugh Pdf

In the US and EU, legal analysis in competition cases is conducted on a case-by-case approach. This approach assesses each particular practice for both its legality and its welfare effects. While this analytic method has the merits of 'getting the result right' by, inter alia, reducing error costs in antitrust adjudication, it comes at a cost of certainty, predictability and clarity in the legal principles which govern antitrust law. This is a rule of law concern. This is the first book to explore this tension between Europe's 'More Economic Approach', the US's Rule of Reason, and the Rule of Law. The tension manifests itself in the assumptions in and choice of analytic method; the institutional agents driving this effects based approach and their competency to use and assess the results of the methodology they demand; and, the nature and stability of the legal principles used in modern effects-based competition analysis. The book forcefully argues that this approach to competition law represents a threat to the rule of law. Competition, Effects and Predictability will be of interest to European and American competition law scholars and practitioners, legal historians, policy makers and members of the judiciary.

Author : Helene Andersson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2024-06-13
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781509969449

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Dawn Raids Under Challenge by Helene Andersson Pdf

The 2nd edition of this book provides an updated comprehensive analysis of the European Commission's dawn raid practices from a due process perspective. Examining the obligations imposed by the Charter and the ECHR and the response of the Luxembourg and Strasbourg Courts, the book shows that whereas the Strasbourg Court manages to strike a balance between efficiency concerns and fundamental rights, the approach of the EU Courts is not equally balanced. The dawn raid is a powerful tool on which the European Commission relies heavily in its antitrust investigations. In 2022, the Commission carried out dawn raids in private homes for the first time in many years and it has declared its intent to make greater use of the power to inspect private premises. Furthermore, the European Commission is expanding its dawn raid practices into new areas of law. Both the Digital Markets Act and the Foreign Subsidies Regulation empower the Commission to carry out dawn raids and to impose heavy fines on anyone failing to cooperate. Ensuring adequate procedural safeguards is therefore more important than ever. The book provides an essential and timely examination of this important subject, and is of great practical interest to companies, practitioners, and enforcers. It is also of theoretical interest, offering stimulating reflections on the effectiveness and legitimacy of the Commission's enforcement powers.

Author : Eirik Østerud
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2010-11-15
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789041142504

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Identifying Exclusionary Abuses by Dominant Undertakings under EU Competition Law by Eirik Østerud Pdf

Under Article 102 TFEU, dominant firms are allowed to compete, but only to the extent their market behaviour does not constitute an abuse. Needless to say, the wording of the article neither explains what an abusive restriction of competition is nor how such a practice can be identified. Rather than developing a one-size-fits-all test applicable to all forms of market behaviour by dominant firms, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the General Court (ex; Court of First Instance) have set out a system of tests for separate categories of conduct. Drawing on the full range of the EU Courts’ relevant case law, this very useful book analyses the conditions that must be fulfilled for a broad range of business practices to be deemed abusive within the meaning of Article 102 TFEU, and also identifies the criteria that must be fulfilled for a practice to be ‘objectively justified’. The potentially abusive practices studied here (as defined in the relevant case law) include the following: predatory pricing; margin squeezing; exclusivity agreements; loyalty rebates; refusals to supply to induce exclusivity; secondary line price discrimination; vexatious litigation; acquisitions of intellectual property rights (IPRs); refusals to supply necessary inputs; provision of storage equipment on the condition of exclusive use; selective above-cost price cuts; tying; technological integration; and refusal to license IPRs. The author also contrasts the Commission’s decisional practice with the case law, assesses approaches under U.S. antitrust law to similar forms of conduct, and incorporates insights from economic theory. This study greatly enhances our understanding of the distinction between abusive conduct and lawful competition. In the course of its clarification of the EU Courts’ responses to individual forms of market behaviour, an overall approach to the identification of exclusionary abuses under Article 102 TFEU begins to come into view. Apart from the important new synthesis the work offers legal scholars, there can be little doubt this book will prove a valuable asset and even an inspiration to competition lawyers.

Author : Hyun-Seob Song
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2018-07-04
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783038429753

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Microbial Community Modeling: Prediction of Microbial Interactions and Community Dynamics by Hyun-Seob Song Pdf

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Microbial Community Modeling: Prediction of Microbial Interactions and Community Dynamics" that was published in Processes

Author : Brian D. Smith
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 285 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2022-11-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000781298

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New Drugs, Fair Prices by Brian D. Smith Pdf

New Drugs, Fair Prices addresses the important question of how we might get the innovative new medicines we need at prices we can afford. Today, this debate is impassioned but sterile. One side calls for price controls, discounting their impact on investment in innovation. The other points to miraculous new therapies, disregarding their affordability and social inequity. This polarized argument creates more heat than light, threatening the social contract between the industry and society on which pharmaceutical innovation depends. This ground-breaking book takes a wholly new perspective on the issue and raises the debate to a more informed and productive level. Drawing on interviews with more than 70 experts across the pharmaceutical innovation world and combining a diverse literature from scientific, political, economic and business domains, it describes how a sustainable and affordable supply of new medicines is possible only by balancing pharmaceutical innovation’s complex, adaptive ecosystem. By considering how each of the ecosystem’s seven habitats work and interact with the others, it makes a comprehensive set of recommendations for achieving that ecosystem balance. The core message of New Drugs, Fair Prices is important to anyone who ever has needed or will ever need a medicine: we can have a sustainable supply of new medicines that are both innovative and affordable if we manage the pharmaceutical innovation ecosystem intelligently.

Author : David Gerber
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2012-01-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780191633621

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Global Competition by David Gerber Pdf

Global competition now shapes economies and societies in ways unimaginable only a few years ago, and competition (or 'antitrust') law is a key component of the legal framework for global competition. These laws are intended to protect competition from distortion and restraint, and on the national level they reflect the relationships between markets, their participants, and those affected by them. The current legal framework for the global economy is provided, however, by national laws and institutions. This means that those few governments that have sufficient 'power' to apply their laws to conduct outside their own territory provide the norms of global competition. This has long meant that the US (and, more recently, the EU) structure global competition, but China and other countries are increasingly using their economic and political leverage to apply their own competition laws to global markets. The result is increasing uncertainty, costs, and conflicts that burden global economic development. This book examines competition law on the global level and reveals its often complex and little-understood dynamics. It focuses on the interactions between national and international legal regimes that are central to these dynamics and a key to understanding them. Part I examines the evolution of the current global system, the factors that have shaped it, how it operates today, and recent efforts to alter that system-e.g., by including competition law in the WTO. Part II focuses on national competition law systems, revealing how national laws and experiences shape global competition law dynamics and how global factors, in turn, shape national laws and experiences. It examines the central roles of US and European law and experience, and it also pays close attention to countries such as China that are playing increasingly important roles in the global competition law arena. Part III analyzes current strategies for improving the legal framework for global competition and identifies the factors that may contribute to a system that more effectively supports global economic and political development. This analysis also suggests a pathway for moving toward that goal.

Author : Pavol Štekauer
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2005-03-18
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027294562

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Meaning Predictability in Word Formation by Pavol Štekauer Pdf

This book aims to contribute to a growing interest amongst psycholinguists and morphologists in the mechanisms of meaning predictability. It presents a brand-new model of the meaning-prediction of novel, context-free naming units, relating the wordformation and wordinterpretation processes. Unlike previous studies, mostly focussed on N+N compounds, the scope of this book is much wider. It not only covers all types of complex words, but also discusses a whole range of predictability-boosting and -reducing conditions. Two measures are introduced, the Predictability Rate and the Objectified Predictability Rate, in order to compare the strength of predictable readings both within a word and relative to the most predictable readings of other coinages. Four extensive experiments indicate inter alia the equal predicting capacity of native and non-native speakers, the close interconnection between linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, the important role of prototypical semes, and the usual dominance of a single central reading.

Author : Timothy A. Mousseau,Charles W. Fox
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1998-06-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780195111637

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Maternal Effects As Adaptations by Timothy A. Mousseau,Charles W. Fox Pdf

Mothers have the ability to profoundly affect the quality of their offspring--from the size and quality of their eggs to where, when, and how eggs and young are placed, and from providing for and protecting developing young to choosing a mate. In many instances, these maternal effects may be the single most important contributor to variation in offspring fitness. This book explores the wide variety of maternal effects that have evolved in plants and animals as mechanisms of adaptation to temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments. Topics range from the evolutionary implications of maternal effects to the assessment and measurement of maternal effects. Four detailed case studies are also included. This book represents the first synthesis of the current state of knowledge concerning the evolution of maternal effects and their adaptive significance.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Law
ISBN : PURD:32754068924376

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The Antitrust Enforcement Agencies by United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary Pdf

Author : Bridget Frances Fahey
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 95 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Isopoda
ISBN : UOM:39015038121243

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Adaptations of Scavengers and the Effect of Food Predictability on Growth by Bridget Frances Fahey Pdf

Author : Nguyen Ngoc Thach,Doan Thanh Ha,Nguyen Duc Trung,Vladik Kreinovich
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 691 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2021-07-26
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783030770945

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Prediction and Causality in Econometrics and Related Topics by Nguyen Ngoc Thach,Doan Thanh Ha,Nguyen Duc Trung,Vladik Kreinovich Pdf

This book provides the ultimate goal of economic studies to predict how the economy develops—and what will happen if we implement different policies. To be able to do that, we need to have a good understanding of what causes what in economics. Prediction and causality in economics are the main topics of this book's chapters; they use both more traditional and more innovative techniques—including quantum ideas -- to make predictions about the world economy (international trade, exchange rates), about a country's economy (gross domestic product, stock index, inflation rate), and about individual enterprises, banks, and micro-finance institutions: their future performance (including the risk of bankruptcy), their stock prices, and their liquidity. Several papers study how COVID-19 has influenced the world economy. This book helps practitioners and researchers to learn more about prediction and causality in economics -- and to further develop this important research direction.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 590 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Forests and forestry
ISBN : UGA:32108033136196

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Forest Growth Modelling and Prediction by Anonim Pdf

Author : German Sastre,Frits Daeyaert
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 468 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2023-01-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119819776

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AI-Guided Design and Property Prediction for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials by German Sastre,Frits Daeyaert Pdf

AI-Guided Design and Property Prediction for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials A cohesive and insightful compilation of resources explaining the latest discoveries and methods in the field of nanoporous materials In Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust compilation of the latest knowledge and most recent developments in computational chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and artificial intelligence as it applies to zeolites, porous molecular materials, covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks. The book presents a common language that unifies these fields of research and advances the discovery of new nanoporous materials. The editors have included resources that describe strategies to synthesize new nanoporous materials, construct databases of materials, structure directing agents, and synthesis conditions, and explain computational methods to generate new materials. They also offer material that discusses AI and machine learning algorithms, as well as other, similar approaches to the field. Readers will also find a comprehensive approach to artificial intelligence applied to and written in the language of materials chemistry, guiding the reader through the fundamental questions on how far computer algorithms and numerical representations can drive our search of new nanoporous materials for specific applications. Designed for academic researchers and industry professionals with an interest in synthetic nanoporous materials chemistry, Artificial Intelligence for Zeolites and Nanoporous Materials: Design, Synthesis and Properties Prediction will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in large energy, chemical, and biochemical companies with responsibilities related to the design of new nanoporous materials.

Author : Raphael Mrode,Ivan Pocrnic
Publisher : CABI
Page : 409 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781800620483

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Linear Models for the Prediction of the Genetic Merit of Animals, 4th Edition by Raphael Mrode,Ivan Pocrnic Pdf

Fundamental to any livestock improvement programme by animal scientists, is the prediction of genetic merit in the offspring generation for desirable production traits such as increased growth rate, or superior meat, milk and wool production. Covering the foundational principles on the application of linear models for the prediction of genetic merit in livestock, this new edition is fully updated to incorporate recent advances in genomic prediction approaches, genomic models for multi-breed and crossbred performance, dominance and epistasis. It provides models for the analysis of main production traits as well as functional traits and includes numerous worked examples. For the first time, R codes for key examples in the textbook are provided online. Suitable for graduate and postgraduate students, researchers and lecturers of animal breeding, genetics and genomics, this established textbook provides a thorough grounding in both the basics and in new developments of linear models and animal genetics.

Author : Edith Kaan,Theres Grüter
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-15
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789027258946

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Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning by Edith Kaan,Theres Grüter Pdf

There is ample evidence that language users, including second-language (L2) users, can predict upcoming information during listening and reading. Yet it is still unclear when, how, and why language users engage in prediction, and what the relation is between prediction and learning. This volume presents a collection of current research, insights, and directions regarding the role of prediction in L2 processing and learning. The contributions in this volume specifically address how different (L1-based) theoretical models of prediction apply to or may be expanded to account for L2 processing, report new insights on factors (linguistic, cognitive, social) that modulate L2 users’ engagement in prediction, and discuss the functions that prediction may or may not serve in L2 processing and learning. Taken together, this volume illustrates various fruitful approaches to investigating and accounting for differences in predictive processing within and across individuals, as well as across populations.