Construction Of Gender In Sports Gender Tests In Elite Athletics

Author : Christoph Niemann
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 13 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2020-06-10
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783346180360

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Construction of Gender in Sports. Gender Tests in Elite Athletics by Christoph Niemann Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Gender Studies, grade: 1,0, University of Münster (Sportwissenschaft), course: Körper – historisch, soziologisch, kulturwissenschaftlich betrachtet, language: English, abstract: In the context of this thesis the topic of the gender construction is taken up. Subject areas of the social and natural sciences try to find the causes of the gender-specific differences with the aid of various theories. At first, an analysis of the relationship between society, gender and sport should make it clear how the social subsystem Sport was influenced and structured by everyday theory. Using the example of the controversial phenomenon of sex tests in sport, it should be shown that the gender of a person cannot be measured using biological-medical criteria only. This thesis is contrary to the widespread opinion in medicine and biology that sex can be clearly determined based on five criteria. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the procedure and basics of gender testing should be created by summarizing these criteria. In a second step, it is shown that it is possible by a social-scientific point of view to question hypotheses of a purely biological, pre-social nature of man. A basic insight is that the society in which we live is a result of our own actions. The everyday distinction between man and woman is an expression of attribution that does not refer to the individual but to the cultural system. It raises the question of the social aspect in the gender categorization. This questions the collective assumptions of the binary system of attribution as it considers the process of forming different genders in the social world.

Author : Christoph Niemann
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 13 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-02-07
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9783346585837

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Construction of Gender by Christoph Niemann Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Health - Sports science, grade: 1,0, University of Münster, language: English, abstract: In the context of this thesis the topic of the gender construction is taken up. Subject areas of the social and natural sciences try to find the causes of the gender-specific differences with the aid of various theories. At first, an analysis of the relationship between society, gender and sport should make it clear how the social subsystem Sport was influenced and structured by everyday theory. Using the example of the controversial phenomenon of sex tests in sport, it should be shown that the gender of a person cannot be measured using biological-medical criteria only. This thesis is contrary to the widespread opinion in medicine and biology that sex can be clearly determined based on five criteria. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the procedure and basics of gender testing should be created by summarizing these criteria. In a second step, it is shown that it is possible by a social-scientific point of view to question hypotheses of a purely biological, pre-social nature of man. A basic insight is that the society in which we live is a result of our own actions. At first glance, the question of a person’s gender acts as if the answer is obvious. Gender is one of the central structural principles of our society. The population consists of women and men, girls and boys. There is a social system of the two sexes and sex seems to be given by nature. In everyday life it is associated with the idea of a recognizable and invariable distinction between woman and man. This is closely linked to the assumption of gender polarity. Thus, there are assumptions of different characteristics and behaviors, as well as a natural gender hierarchy and performance. Girls play with dolls, put on make-up, wear pink clothes and are especially tender and sensitive. Boys, however, are ambitious and self-reliant, playing with toy cars and crafts. But the fact that this societal system received such great social significance for the two sexes is not based solely on the natural conditions. Rather, it is a social order that has developed in our society since the eighteenth century and has been proven by biology and medicine since the nineteenth century. An understanding was developed by supposedly scientifically precise facts of the natural sexual characteristics of women and men.

Author : Sandy Montanola,Aurélie Olivesi
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2016-02-05
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9781317527107

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Gender Testing in Sport by Sandy Montanola,Aurélie Olivesi Pdf

After the young South African athlete Caster Semenya won the 800m title at the 2009 World Championships she was obliged to undergo gender testing and was temporarily withdrawn from international competition. The way that this controversy unfolded represents a rich and multi-layered example of the construction of gender in wider society and the interrelationships between sport, culture and the media. This is the first book to explore the case in depth, from socio-cultural, ethical and legal perspectives. Analysing what came to be called "the Caster Semenya Case" in a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary fashion, and covering issues from media discourses and the rhetoric and regulations of the sport’s governing bodies to the reaction of the athlete herself, the book explores the ethics of how gender norms in sport, and in society more generally, are constructed through appearance, behaviour and sporting performance. This 2009 controversy can be taken as an indicator of the tensions of the time, and served as a link between medical sciences, society and gender. Including discussions of key concepts such as 'intersex', 'body norms', and 'fairness', Gender Testing in Sport is fascinating and important reading for anybody with an interest in sport studies, gender studies or biomedical ethics.

Author : Cheryl Cooky,Michael A. Messner
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2018-05-30
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9780813592060

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No Slam Dunk by Cheryl Cooky,Michael A. Messner Pdf

In just a few decades, sport has undergone a radical gender transformation. However, Cheryl Cooky and Michael A. Messner suggest that the progress toward gender equity in sports is far from complete. The continuing barriers to full and equal participation for young people, the far lower pay for most elite-level women athletes, and the continuing dearth of fair and equal media coverage all underline how much still has yet to change before we see gender equality in sports. The chapters in No Slam Dunk show that is this not simply a story of an “unfinished revolution.” Rather, they contend, it is simplistic optimism to assume that we are currently nearing the conclusion of a story of linear progress that ends with a certain future of equality and justice. This book provides important theoretical and empirical insights into the contemporary world of sports to help explain the unevenness of social change and how, despite significant progress, gender equality in sports has been “No Slam Dunk.”

Author : Eric Anderson,Ann Travers
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 228 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2017-06-26
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781315304267

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Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport by Eric Anderson,Ann Travers Pdf

While efforts to include gay and lesbian athletes in competitive sport have received significant attention, it is only recently that we have begun examining the experiences of transgender athletes in competitive sport. This book represents the first comprehensive study of the challenges that transgender athletes face in competitive sport; and the challenges they pose for this sex-segregated institution. Beginning with a discussion of the historical role that sport has played in preserving sex as a binary, the book examines how gender has been policed by policymakers within competitive athletics. It also considers how transgender athletes are treated by a system predicated on separating males from females, consequently forcing transgender athletes to negotiate the system in coercive ways. The book not only exposes our culture’s binary thinking in terms of both sex and gender, but also offers a series of thought-provoking and sometimes contradictory recommendations for how to make sport more hospitable, inclusive and equitable. Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport is important reading for all students and scholars of the sociology of sport with an interest in the relationship between sport and gender, politics, identity and ethics.

Author : Lindsay Pieper
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2016-05-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780252098444

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Sex Testing by Lindsay Pieper Pdf

In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender --a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. Lindsay Parks Pieper explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Focusing on assumptions and goals as well as means, Pieper examines how the IOC in particular insisted on a misguided binary notion of gender that privileged Western norms. Testing evolved into a tool to identify--and eliminate--athletes the IOC deemed too strong, too fast, or too successful. Pieper shows how this system punished gifted women while hindering the development of women's athletics for decades. She also reveals how the flawed notions behind testing--ideas often sexist, racist, or ridiculous--degraded the very idea of female athleticism.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2020-12-04
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1623138809

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They're Chasing Us Away from Sport by Anonim Pdf

Author : Max Dohle
Publisher : McFarland
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2020-06-19
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9781476637013

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"They say I'm not a girl" by Max Dohle Pdf

In July 1950, a young Dutch intersex woman was expelled from elite competition by the International Amateur Athletic Federation. It turned out to be the beginning of a dark era in the history of women in sport. Young women were subjected to humiliating examinations and dozens of intersex athletes were suspended, although no fraud was ever uncovered. This book presents a compelling argument against gender verification, showing the pernicious effects that suspension inflicted on the lives of young athletes. Some withdrew from the public eye, lived in solitude, or even committed suicide. Compassionate profiles of these banned athletes highlight the unfair play of gender verification and of their exclusion from competition.

Author : Claudio Tamburrini,Torbjörn Tännsjö
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2002-01-04
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9781135803063

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Values in Sport by Claudio Tamburrini,Torbjörn Tännsjö Pdf

How will sport keep pace with current scientific and biological advances? Is the possibility of the 'bionic athlete' that far away and is this notion as bad as it might first appear? Is our fascination with sport winners fascistoid? Questions such as these and many others are posed and examined by the contributors to this volume. Some are sceptical of future developments in sport and demand radical reforms to halt progress, others are more optimistic and propose that sport should adapt to new advances just as other realms of the cultural sphere have to. Some of the topics examined here, such as the genetic engineering of athletes, and the significance of the public's fascination with sport winners, are being discussed for the first time, whilst others such as sex segregation, nationalism and doping are being revisited and reintroduced onto the agenda after a period of suggestive silence. This book provides the reader with a deep insight into the moral and ethical value we place on sport in today's society. Challenging and demanding, its contributors urge us to think again about current sports practices and the future of sport as a cultural phenomenon.

Author : Kevin Young,Philip White
Publisher : Don Mills, Ont. : Oxford University Press
Page : 350 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Social Science
ISBN : UOM:39015048764529

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Sport and Gender in Canada by Kevin Young,Philip White Pdf

Gender is proving an important key for understanding the culture of sports. Here, Canadian scholars from a number of fields, including sociology, kinesiology/physical education, women's studies, men's studies, cultural studies, and gay studies, examine a wide range of gender-related issues linked to how sports are played, organized, and funded. The readings emphasize the usefulness of distributive and relational perspectives on sports and gender. They move beyond recognition of biological differences between men and women to more significant questions of equality, power, meaning, and change both between and within males and females. The first group of essays places sports and gender in an historical and conceptual framework and includes work on the historical intersections of gender, class, and sport. The second section, which focuses on contemporary issues and research, includes essays on race, sports injury, eating disorders and the athlete, sexual harassment and sexual abuse, sexuality and homophobia in sport, marketing and advertising, disabled athletes, and hazing.

Author : Emily A. Roper
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 186 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2014-01-06
Category : Education
ISBN : 9789462094550

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Gender Relations in Sport by Emily A. Roper Pdf

Designed primarily as a textbook for upper division undergraduate courses in gender and sport, gender issues, sport sociology, cultural sport studies, and women’s studies, Gender Relations in Sport provides a comprehensive examination of the intersecting themes and concepts surrounding the study of gender and sport. The 16 contributors, leading scholars from sport studies, present key issues, current research perspectives and theoretical developments within nine sub-areas of gender and sport: • Gender and sport participation • Theories of gender and sport • Gender and sport media • Sexual identity and sport • Intersections of race, ethnicity and gender in sport • Framing Title IX policy using conceptual metaphors • Studying the athletic body • Sexual harassment and abuse in sport • Historical developments and current issues from a European perspective The intersecting themes and concepts across chapters are also accentuated. Such a publication provides access to the study of gender relations in sport to students across a variety of disciplines. Emily A. Roper, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Health and Kinesiology at Sam Houston State University. Her research focuses on gender, sexuality, and sport.

Author : Sonja Erikainen
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2019-11-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781000766035

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Gender Verification and the Making of the Female Body in Sport by Sonja Erikainen Pdf

This book critically explores the history of gender verification in international sport, to show how culture, politics, and science come together to produce "femaleness" and, consequently, the female body as we know it. Tracing gender verification policies and practices in sport since the 1930s till the present, the book shows how and why medical "sex tests" have been used to "verify" women athletes’ femaleness, in ways that both reflect and have shaped broader social and scientific ideas about femaleness in the process. Exploring how geopolitics, gender, class and race relations intertwined with scientific ideas about femaleness and womanhood to shape gender verification, the book shows how sports competitions became a battleground where new and old ideas about sex difference collided. By mapping the social, historical, and material instability of sex and gender, it shows why so much investment has been placed in distinguishing femaleness from maleness in sport and beyond. The book will be of interest to researchers, later-year undergraduate and graduate students in a broad range of areas including gender studies, sports studies, social and historical studies of science and medicine. It will also be relevant to sports policy as it historically and conceptually contextualises gender verification policies.

Author : Seema Patel
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2015-04-24
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781317686330

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Inclusion and Exclusion in Competitive Sport by Seema Patel Pdf

Society is obsessed with categorising and treating individuals and groups according to their physical and non-physical differences, such as sex, gender, disability and race. This treatment can lead to the inclusion or exclusion of an individual from the tangible and intangible benefits of society. Where this practice becomes discriminatory, legal frameworks can protect human rights and ensure that people are treated with due respect for their similarities and differences. In a sporting context, the inclusion and exclusion of athletes based upon their differences is often a necessary part of the essence of competitive sporting activity, arranged around rules and categories that can have an unequal exclusionary impact on certain classes of individual. Dominant sporting cultures can also have exclusionary effects. This important and innovative book seeks to investigate the socio-legal and regulatory balance between inclusion and exclusion in competitive sport. It critically analyses a range of legal and non-legal cases concerning sport-specific inclusion and exclusion in the areas of sex, gender, disability and race, including those cases involving Oscar Pistorius, Caster Semenya and Luis Suarez, to identify the extent to which the law and sport adopt a justifiable and legitimate inclusive or exclusive approach to participation. The book explores national and international regulatory frameworks, identifying deficiencies and good practice, and concludes with recommendations for regulatory reform. Inclusion and Exclusion in Competitive Sport is important reading for anybody with an interest in the relationship between sport and wider society, sports development, sport management, sports law, or socio-legal studies.

Author : Alex Channon,Katherine Dashper,Thomas Fletcher,Robert J. Lake
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-11
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351856799

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Sex Integration in Sport and Physical Culture by Alex Channon,Katherine Dashper,Thomas Fletcher,Robert J. Lake Pdf

Scholars working in the academic field of sport studies have long debated the relationship between sport and gender. Modern sport forms, along with many related activities, have been shown to have historically supported ideals of male superiority, by largely excluding women and/or celebrating only men’s athletic achievements. While the growth of women’s sport throughout the 20th and 21st centuries has extinguished the notion of female frailty, revealing that women can embody athletic qualities previously thought exclusive to men, the continuation of sex segregation in many settings has left something of a discursive ‘back door’ through which ideals of male athletic superiority can escape unscathed, retaining their influence over wider cultural belief systems. However, sex-integrated sport potentially offers a radical departure from such beliefs, as it challenges us to reject assumptions of male superiority, entertaining very different visions of sex difference and gender relations to those typically constructed through traditional models of physical culture. This comprehensive collection offers a diverse range of international case studies that reaffirm the contemporary relevance of sex integration debates, and also articulate the possibility of sport acting as a legitimate space for political struggle, resistance and change. This book was originally published as a special issue of Sport in Society.

Author : Michael A. Messner
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
Page : 341 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2002-07-17
Category : Sports & Recreation
ISBN : 9781452904481

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Taking The Field by Michael A. Messner Pdf

In the past, when sport simply excluded girls, the equation of males with active athletic power and of females with weakness and passivity seemed to come easily, almost naturally. Now, however, with girls’ and women’s dramatic movement into sport, the process of exclusion has become a bit subtler, a bit more complicated-and yet, as Michael Messner shows us in this provocative book, no less effective. In Taking the Field, Messner argues that despite profound changes, the world of sport largely retains and continues its longtime conservative role in gender relations.To explore the current paradoxes of gender in sport, Messner identifies and investigates three levels at which the "center" of sport is constructed: the day-to-day practices of sport participants, the structured rules and hierarchies of sport institutions, and the dominant symbols and belief systems transmitted by the major sports media. Using these insights, he analyzes a moment of gender construction in the lives of four- and five-year-old children at a soccer opening ceremony, the way men’s violence is expressed through sport, the interplay of financial interests and dominant men’s investment in maintaining the status quo in the face of recent challenges, and the cultural imagery at the core of sport, particularly televised sports. Through these examinations Messner lays bare the practices and ideas that buttress-as well as those that seek to disrupt-the masculine center of sport. Taking the Field exposes the subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which men and women collectively construct gender through their interactions-interactions contextualized in the institutions and symbols of sport.