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Consumptive Water Use in Liquid Fuel Production by Pasquale D. Battista Pdf
The production of energy feedstocks and fuels requires substantial water input. Not only do biofuel feedstocks like corn, switchgrass, and agricultural residues need water for growth and conversion to ethanol, but petroleum feedstocks like crude oil and oil sands also require large volumes of water for drilling, extraction, and conversion into petroleum products. Moreover, in many cases, crude oil production is increasingly water dependent. Competing uses strain available water resources and raise the specter of resource depletion and environmental degradation. Water management has become a ke.
Water in Synthetic Fuel Production by Ronald F. Probstein,Harris Gold Pdf
In a period when easily extractable sources of relatively clean energy are dwindling worldwide and becoming increasingly expensive, the development of new energy sources--compatible with society's existing technology--has become both an urgent national priority and an increasingly competitive commercial venture.One promising source is the manufacture of synthetic fuels from coal and oil shale. A major constraint is that the processes involved require considerable amounts of water--a once-"free" commodity that is itself becoming increasingly scarce and expensive in many areas. "Water in Synthetic Fuel Production" explores both the promise and the constraints that are involved in the large-scale synthesis of such fuels.The authors summarize the problem and the intent of their book as follows: "Plants to manufacture synthetic fuels from coal and oil shale require large quantities of fresh water and produce large quantities of dirty water. In the United States this poses a problem: much of the easily mined coal and almost all of the high-grade oil shale are in the arid West, and local and temporal water shortages sometimes occur where coal supplies are located in the East. In all regions the discharge of contaminated water is constrained by environmental considerations. In this book we have endeavored to present the practically available technology that can be incorporated in synthetic fuel plants to minimize water consumption and pollution. The book is intended to be a guide to understand the role water plays in synthetic fuel production and includes the basic concepts underlying water usage and water treatment in this context...."The book is directed to a wide audience including those responsible for planning energy development, those involved with the engineering and design of synthetic fuel plants, and students and others who desire a background in synthetic fuel production. The book is formally self-contained and all the material--encompassing the disciplines of chemical, mechanical, civil, environmental, and mining engineering--should be accessible to anyone with an undergraduate degree in engineering or the physical sciences."The book describes the various methods of producing synthetic fuels, and the technologies and costs involved in "not" using water. For alternative economic constraints and different levels of water availability, the technologies involved in minimizing the need for water, and in reusing and recycling water, are applied to the manufacture of different synthetic fuels. For a given level of fuel production, the book demonstrates how to calculate the water consumption and the residual solid wastes in various regions of the country.The authors conclude that, applying the criteria of water availability alone, a relatively high level of synthetic fuel production can be supported in the principal coal and shale regions of the United States, excepting only the most arid areas and those where water is already largely allocated.
Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal by James T. Bartis,Frank Camm,David S. Ortiz Pdf
Large U.S. coal reserves and viable technology make promising a domestic industry producing liquid fuels from coal. Weighing benefits, costs, and environmental issues, a productive and robust U.S. strategy is to promote a limited amount of early commercial experience in coal-to-liquids production and to prepare the foundation for managing associated greenhouse-gas emissions, both in a way that reduces uncertainties and builds future capabilities.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Publisher : Unknown Page : 104 pages File Size : 43,6 Mb Release : 2008 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : PSU:000063518641
The Benefits and Challenges of Producing Liquid Fuel from Coal by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Pdf
Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal by James T. Bartis,Frank A. Camm,David Santana Ortiz Pdf
Record-high world oil prices have prompted renewed interest in producing liquid fuels from coal. The United States leads the world in recoverable coal reserves. Moreover, the technology for converting coal to liquid fuels already exists, and production costs appear competitive at world oil prices well below current levels. Yet, despite its promise, private investment in coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology is being impeded by three uncertainties: where oil prices are heading, what it actually costs to produce coal-derived fuels, and how greenhouse-gas emissions will be regulated. A domestic CTL industry could produce as much as three million barrels per day of transportation fuels by 2030. Having such an industry would yield important energy security benefits, most notably a lowering of world oil prices and a decrease in wealth transfers from oil users to oil producers. But establishing a large CTL industry also raises important policy and environmental issues associated with climate change, coal mining, and water consumption. Weighing both benefits and costs, it makes sense for the United States to pursue an insurance or hedge strategy that promotes the early construction and operation of a limited number of commercial CTL plants. This book presents an in-depth review of the prospects of and policy, governance, and environmental issues associated with establishing a CTL industry in the United States. -- provided by publisher.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Publisher : Unknown Page : 316 pages File Size : 47,8 Mb Release : 1979 Category : Energy conservation ISBN : LOC:0017300901A
Energy Supply Act (Title II), Synthetic Fuels Production Act (Title VI) by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Pdf
Perspectives on Water Usage for Biofuels Production by Muhammad Arshad Pdf
The book integrates the fundamental factors that determine current and future impacts of biofuels production on water supply and demand in the context of climatic changes. The effects of biofuels production on ground water quality with increasing water scarcity are examined, and the utilization of water sources in the commercial scale production of biofuels are sketched, covering the complete route from growing of crops to biorefinery. Biofuel's chemical composition, characteristics and uses as fuel in terms of water consumption are also investigated. Overall, the diversity of biomass, various technological approaches and microbial contribution are reviewed. Learning objectives on this topic are presented by means of a series of tables and figures in order to guide both professionals and students. The present manuscript deals with biofuel and bioenergy courses and is therefore invaluable to students. The book provides thorough coverage of all industrial aspects of biofuels production, including impacts of climate change and water availability. It will play vital role for industry employees involved in product development, production management, quality management and helpful source to those studying for professional qualification. Academics involved in teaching elements of the subject and persons involved in an environment regulatory capacity would be able to take advantage from this book.
Water Resources Council (U.S.),United States. Federal Energy Administration
Author : Water Resources Council (U.S.),United States. Federal Energy Administration Publisher : Unknown Page : 132 pages File Size : 46,6 Mb Release : 1974 Category : Energy policy ISBN : MINN:30000010557530
Water Requirements, Availabilities, Constraints, and Recommended Federal Actions by Water Resources Council (U.S.),United States. Federal Energy Administration Pdf
This report is a technical analysis of the Water Resources Council prepared to determine the degree to which the water resources of the United States will be able to accommodate potential increases in energy production. The study considers the competition of energy-related water requirements with existing or anticipated future water uses for other purposes; accommodation of energy-related water requirements with other competing uses; the magnitude and extent of any water supply shortages, water quality, institutional and other water supply problems (environmental, capital investment, manpower, inter-basin transfer) that may restrict or prevent selected future condition energy development scenarios from being implemented; water-related Federal actions required to overcome problems and constraints of the nature described above; the requirements which need to be placed on hydroelectric power generation capability to assist in meeting the Nation's energy needs.
