Contracting By Small Farmers In Commodities With Export Potential

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Contracting by small farmers in commodities with export potential

Kumar, Anjani,Roy, Devesh,Tripathi, Gaurav,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Adhikari, Rajendra Prasad
Contracting by small farmers in commodities with export potential Book PDF

Author : Kumar, Anjani,Roy, Devesh,Tripathi, Gaurav,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Adhikari, Rajendra Prasad
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2016-05-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Contracting by small farmers in commodities with export potential by Kumar, Anjani,Roy, Devesh,Tripathi, Gaurav,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Adhikari, Rajendra Prasad Pdf

This study is undertaken to quantify the benefits of contract farming (CF) on farmers’ income in a case where new market opportunities are emerging for smallholder farmers in Nepal. CF is emerging as an important form of vertical coordination in the agrifood supply chain. The prospect for CF in a country like Nepal with accessibility issues, underdeveloped markets, and a lack of amenities remains ambiguous. Contractors find it difficult to build links in these cases, particularly when final consumers have quality and safety requirements. However, a lack of other market opportunities makes the contracts more sustainable. The latter happens if there are product-specific quality advantages because of agroecology and, more important, lack of side-selling opportunities. Concerns remain about monoposonistic powers of the buyers when small farmers do not have outside options. Results of this study show that CF is significantly more profitable (81 percent greater net income) than independent production, the main pathway being higher yield and price realization. The positive impact of CF on farmers’ profits can help Nepal in harnessing the growing demand for pulses, especially in neighboring international markets, like India.

Linking smallholder farmers to commercial markets

Ebata, Ayako,Hernandez, Manuel A.
Linking smallholder farmers to commercial markets Book PDF

Author : Ebata, Ayako,Hernandez, Manuel A.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Linking smallholder farmers to commercial markets by Ebata, Ayako,Hernandez, Manuel A. Pdf

Access to modern commercialization channels is key for smallholder farmers to be able to move away from subsistence farming and overcome poverty. However, achieving that goal is challenging for smallholders given their lack of appropriate managerial practices, production technology and infrastructure. This paper examines the effect of receiving training in two different entrepreneurial practices designed to link farmers to commercial markets: one direct aimed at the individual and farmer-association level and another indirect focused at the community level. We exploit an extensive panel dataset of staple bean farmers in Nicaragua who participated in a program run by a nongovernmental organization between 2007–2012. We find that the two market-linkage training activities had opposite effects on the commercialization of beans, especially on the intensive margin or volume of sales. While receiving direct training on entrepreneurial practices is positively associated with sales in commercial markets, training on municipality engagement (ME) activities is negatively associated. The market-linkage activities mainly affected entrant farmers as opposed to those already participating in commercial markets. We further find varying effects of the ME activities by plot size and leadership position. Additional results show that training activities that appear to work for bean producers do not necessarily work for other crop producers, and vice versa.

Contract Farming for Inclusive Market Access

Carlos A. Da Silva,Marlo Rankin
Contract Farming for Inclusive Market Access Book PDF

Author : Carlos A. Da Silva,Marlo Rankin
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : IND:30000143231474

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Contract Farming for Inclusive Market Access by Carlos A. Da Silva,Marlo Rankin Pdf

This book aims to typify the extent to which contract farming is helping small farmers to access markets and meet increasingly stringent requirements, not only of "modern" food manufacturers, retailers, exporters and food service firms,by also in non-food sectors such as biofuels and forestry. It also seeks to clarify differences in the functionality of contracts depending on commodity, market, technology, public policies and country circumstances. Conceptual issues are discussed and a series of case study appraisals based on real world examples from developing regions are presented. The issuesraised by the case study authors and the key messages synthesized in the initial book chapter bring new insights and contributions to further enrich knowledge on contract farming as a tool for inclusive market access in development countries.

A farm-level perspective of the policy challenges for export diversification in Malawi

Johnson, Michael E.,Edelman, Brent,Kazembe, Cynthia
A farm level perspective of the policy challenges for export diversification in Malawi Book PDF

Author : Johnson, Michael E.,Edelman, Brent,Kazembe, Cynthia
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 52 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2016-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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A farm-level perspective of the policy challenges for export diversification in Malawi by Johnson, Michael E.,Edelman, Brent,Kazembe, Cynthia Pdf

The primary goal of the study is to investigate the potential to expand oilseeds, specifically soybeans,as an alternative commercialcrop to tobacco among Malawian farmers. A principal motivation for undertaking the study at the microeconomic level is to determine, in a theoretically consistent fashion, the type of policy and economic environment under which farmers begin to shift more of their scarce resources to oilseed production.The study aims to provide recommendations to a growing demand among policy makers and development partners for a greater diversification of exports and crop production systems of the majority smallholder farmers in Malawi. Using representative farm models, the study examinesthe potential for expanding production of soybeans among typical smallholder farming systems in Malawi. The results will help guide future policies and investments targeted at promoting greater crop diversification and incomes, in order to reduce poverty and malnutrition in Malawi. Given the amount of labor and land resources allocated to maize production for food security purposes, we also consider the policy challenges that emerge for crop diversification as a result

Can labor market imperfections explain changes in the inverse farm size-productivity relationship ?

Deininger, Klaus,Jin, Songqing,Liu, Yanyan,Singh, Sudhir K.
Can labor market imperfections explain changes in the inverse farm size productivity relationship Book PDF

Author : Deininger, Klaus,Jin, Songqing,Liu, Yanyan,Singh, Sudhir K.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2016-06-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Can labor market imperfections explain changes in the inverse farm size-productivity relationship ? by Deininger, Klaus,Jin, Songqing,Liu, Yanyan,Singh, Sudhir K. Pdf

To understand whether and how inverse relationship between farm size and productivity changes when labor market performance improves, we use large national farm panel from India covering a quarter-century (1982, 1999, 2008) to show that the inverserelationship weakened significantly over time, despite an increase in the dispersion of farm sizes. A key reason was the substitution of capital for labor in response to nonagricultural labor demand. In addition, family labor wasmore efficient than hired labor in the 1982–1999 period, but not during the 1999–2008period.In line with labor market imperfections as a key factor, separability of labor supply and demand decisions cannot be rejected in the second period,except in villages with very low nonagricultural labor demand.

A systematic review of cross-country data initiatives on agricultural public expenditures in developing countries

Anson, Richard,Mogues, Tewodaj
A systematic review of cross country data initiatives on agricultural public expenditures in developing countries Book PDF

Author : Anson, Richard,Mogues, Tewodaj
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 76 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2016-07-08
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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A systematic review of cross-country data initiatives on agricultural public expenditures in developing countries by Anson, Richard,Mogues, Tewodaj Pdf

This study reviews all of the relevant data and analytical initiatives or activities that focus on or include agricultural public expenditure (AgPE) in developing and transitioning countries. In addition to taking stock of such initiatives, we carry out a comparison of relevant features, describe differences and similarities, and identify possible avenues for greater collaboration and complementarity, including the use of selected empirical examples arising from the comparative review.

Does female labor scarcity encourage innovation?

Tan, Zhibo,Zhang, Xiaobo
Does female labor scarcity encourage innovation Book PDF

Author : Tan, Zhibo,Zhang, Xiaobo
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Does female labor scarcity encourage innovation? by Tan, Zhibo,Zhang, Xiaobo Pdf

Facing scarcity of a production factor, a firm can develop technologies to either substitute the scarce factor (price effect) or complement the more abundant factors (market size effect). Whether the market size effect or the price effect dominates largely depends on the elasticity of substitution among factors according to the theory of directed technical change. However, it is a great challenge to empirically test the theory because factor prices are often endogenously determined. In this paper, we use imbalanced sex ratios across Chinese provinces as a source of identification strategy to test how female labor scarcity affects corporate innovation based on the matched dataset of annual surveys of industrial firms in China and the national patent database. In regions with a large male population, female-intensive industries face more serious problems finding female workers than their male-intensive counterparts. We find that such female shortages have spurred firms in female-intensive industries to innovate more. The pattern is much more evident in industries with low substitution between female and male workers than in those with high substitution, consistent with the predictions of directed technical change theory.

United States agricultural policy

Glauber, Joseph W.,Effland, Anne
United States agricultural policy Book PDF

Author : Glauber, Joseph W.,Effland, Anne
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2016-07-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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United States agricultural policy by Glauber, Joseph W.,Effland, Anne Pdf

This paper examines the development of US agricultural policy and considers how it has affected US consumers and producers, as well as how US programs affect foreign producers and consumers within the context of the United States’ obligations under the World Trade Organization. Throughout its history, the United States has supported the farm sector through a myriad of policies affecting prices, production, and farm incomes. Although many of the policies put in place during the New Deal legislation in the 1930s were seen as temporary at the time, most have persisted in one form or another to the present day. And while many would argue that the form and function of today’s agricultural programs are less distortionary than before, the level of support provided to the sector is several billion dollars annually.

Roads to innovation

Wang, Xu,Zhang, Xiaobo,Xie, Zhuan,Huang, Yiping
Roads to innovation Book PDF

Author : Wang, Xu,Zhang, Xiaobo,Xie, Zhuan,Huang, Yiping
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-08
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Roads to innovation by Wang, Xu,Zhang, Xiaobo,Xie, Zhuan,Huang, Yiping Pdf

Although both infrastructure and innovation play an important role in fostering a country’s economic growth, discussion in the literature about how the two are connected is limited. This paper examines the impact of road density on firm innovation in China using a matched patent database at the firm level and road information at the city level. Regional variation in the difficulty of constructing roads is used as an instrumental variable to address the potential endogeneity problem of the road variable. The empirical results show that a 10 percent improvement in road density increases the average number of approved patents per firm by 0.71 percent. Road development spurs innovation by enlarging market size and facilitating knowledge spillover.

Gender dimensions on farmers’ preferences for direct-seeded rice with drum seeder in India

Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Gender dimensions on farmers preferences for direct seeded rice with drum seeder in India Book PDF

Author : Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2016-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender dimensions on farmers’ preferences for direct-seeded rice with drum seeder in India by Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar Pdf

This study measures the willingness of male and female farmers to pay for climate-smart technology in rice. Rice is the most important crop in India in terms ofarea, production,and consumption. It is also the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions among all crops. Direct-seeded rice (DSR)with drum seeder, a climate-smart technology, requires less labor and water and is more climate friendly than transplanted rice; yet,its adoption is slow in India. Theauthors of this studycarried out a discrete choice experiment with 666 farmers from the Palghar and Thane districts of Maharashtra to measure their willingness to pay for drum seeders—a key piece of equipment for adopting DSR. Both male and female farmers were surveyed to capture the heterogeneity in their valuation of the key attributes of drumseeders. Although both male and female farmers prefer cheaper drum seeders, the marginal valuation of different attributes of the drum seeder varies by the farmers’ gender. The authors also used the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), to collect self-reported data on the role and say of women in agriculture. The respective gender roles in the family and on the farm seem to explain some of this difference. Men have a greater say over how the family spends the cash. Accordingly, men tend to have a higher willingness to pay for attributes that increase income (increase in yield) or reduce cash costs (reduction in the seedrate). Women contribute a large share of the labor for transplanting rice, much of whichis unpaid work on family farms. Not surprisingly, therefore, women seem to value labor saving significantly more than their male counterparts. Further, theWEAI data show that although men in the family have more say, women do have an influence on decisions regarding crop production and the adoption of new technologies,to an extent. Therefore, to enhance the adoption of drum seeders, the product designers and extension workers should also target women

Global and regional pulse economies

Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Rao, P. Parthasarathy
Global and regional pulse economies Book PDF

Author : Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Rao, P. Parthasarathy
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 149 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2016-07-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Global and regional pulse economies by Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Rao, P. Parthasarathy Pdf

The pulse sector is undergoing dynamic changes globally and in several regions and countries to meet the challenge of growing demand in the face of sluggish production growth. Realizing the importance of pulses in the human diet, 2016 has been declared the International Year of Pulses (IYP). This report captures the dynamics of the pulse sector during the last three decades. The examination of pulse supply, demand, uses, trade, prices, and outlook would help researchers and policy makers make more informed decisions related to the sector. Pulse-based food is an important source of dietary protein and essential minerals, particularly for the vegetarian population. At the global level, the average share of pulses is only 5 percent of the total protein consumption but their contribution in several developing countries range between 10 and 40 percent. To meet the growing demand and raise their per capita availability, countries made efforts to increase production and explore trade opportunities to augment domestic supply. Overall between 1980 and 2013, pulses production at the global level grew at an annual rate of 1.3 percent but there were, however, two phases of pulses production at the global level. While there was almost a period of stagnation in production of pulses during the1990s, production has sharply increased since 2005. The bulk of the increase in production came from developing countries where both area and yield growth (from a low base) contributed to the production. For developed countries—where production also grew—the center of production shifted from Europe to North America and Oceania. For developing countries, two new centers of production emerged in Eastern Africa and Southeastern Asia (Myanmar).

Perceived land tenure security and rural transformation

Ghebru, Hosaena,Khan, Huma,Lambrecht, Isabel
Perceived land tenure security and rural transformation Book PDF

Author : Ghebru, Hosaena,Khan, Huma,Lambrecht, Isabel
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2016-07-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Perceived land tenure security and rural transformation by Ghebru, Hosaena,Khan, Huma,Lambrecht, Isabel Pdf

Tenure security is believed to be critical in spurring agricultural investment and productivity. Yet what improves or impedes tenure security is still poorly understood. Using household- and plot-level data from Ghana, this study analyzes the main factors associated with farmers’ perceived tenure security. Individually, farmers perceive greater tenure security on plots acquired via purchase or inheritance than on land allocated by traditional authorities. Collectively, however, perceived tenure security lessens in communities with more active land markets and economic vibrancy. Migrant households and women in polygamous households feel less secure about their tenure, while farmers with political connections are more confident about their tenure security.

The economic value of seasonal forecasts stochastic economywide analysis for East Africa

Rodrigues, Joao,Thurlow, James,Landman, Willem,Ringler, Claudia,Robertson, Richard D.,Zhu, Tingju
The economic value of seasonal forecasts stochastic economywide analysis for East Africa Book PDF

Author : Rodrigues, Joao,Thurlow, James,Landman, Willem,Ringler, Claudia,Robertson, Richard D.,Zhu, Tingju
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2016-08-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The economic value of seasonal forecasts stochastic economywide analysis for East Africa by Rodrigues, Joao,Thurlow, James,Landman, Willem,Ringler, Claudia,Robertson, Richard D.,Zhu, Tingju Pdf

There is growing interest within the climate change and development community in using seasonal forecast information to reduce the losses to agriculture resulting from climate variability, especially within food-insecure countries. However, forecast systems are expensive to establish and maintain, and therefore gauging the potential economic return to investments in forecast systems is crucial. Most studies that evaluate seasonal forecasts focus on developed countries and/or overlook agriculture’s economywide linkages. Yet forecasts may be more valuable in developing regions such as East Africa, where climate is variable and agriculture has macroeconomic importance. We use computable general equilibrium and process-based crop models to estimate the potential economywide value of national seasonal forecast systems in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Stochastic seasonal simulations produce value distributions for forecasts of varying accuracy and varying levels of farm coverage. A timely and accurate forecast adopted by all farmers generates average regional income gains of US$113 million per year. Gains are much higher during extreme climate events and are generally pro-poor. The forecast value falls when forecast skill and farm coverage decline. National economic and trading structures, including the importance of agricultural exports, are found to be major determinants of forecast value. Economywide approaches are therefore needed to complement farm-level analysis when evaluating forecast systems in low-income agrarian economies.

Anchoring Bias in Recall Data

Godlonton, Susan,Hernandez, Manuel A.,Murphy, Michael
Anchoring Bias in Recall Data Book PDF

Author : Godlonton, Susan,Hernandez, Manuel A.,Murphy, Michael
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Anchoring Bias in Recall Data by Godlonton, Susan,Hernandez, Manuel A.,Murphy, Michael Pdf

Understanding the magnitude and source of measurement biases in self-reported data is critical to effective economic policy research. This paper examines the role of anchoring bias in self-reports of objective and subjective outcomes under recall. The research exploits a unique panel survey data set collected over a three-year period from four countries in Central America. It assesses whether respondents use their reported value of specific measures from the most recent survey period as a cognitive heuristic when recalling the value from a previous period, while controlling for the value they reported earlier. We find strong evidence of sizable anchoring bias in self-reported retrospective indicators for both objective measures (household and per capita income, wages, and hours spent on the household’s main activity) and subjective measures (reports of happiness, health, stress, and well-being). In general, we also observe a larger bias in response to negative changes for objective indicators and a larger bias in response to positive changes for subjective indicators.

Qualitative methods for gender research in agricultural development

Rubin, Deborah
Qualitative methods for gender research in agricultural development Book PDF

Author : Rubin, Deborah
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-27
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Qualitative methods for gender research in agricultural development by Rubin, Deborah Pdf

The rise of mixed methods approaches to development-oriented research has brought new attention to qualitative research methods. This paper describes the use of qualitative approaches to illuminate gender relations in agricultural development research and project implementation. For gender research, qualitative methods can be particularly helpful in illuminating how men and women view their lives. Drawing on literature about social science methods and linking it to recent examples of qualitative methods employed in research and development projects, the paper argues for greater precision in key concepts of gender research, starting with sex and gender. From the many possible qualitative methods used in development work, the paper focuses on several common observational (both direct and participatory) and interview techniques, the latter including key informant and group interviews and focus group discussions. Researchers use various techniques to gather different types of information, for example, mapping techniques to understand men’s and women’s different types of knowledge about their environment and eliciting in-depth information on a single topic with key informants. In a brief discussion of the analysis of qualitative data, the paper notes that informant responses are not “the truth” but need to be assessed against other sources of data. Finally, there is a short discussion of how qualitative data have been used in comparative work. The paper concludes that the results of good qualitative research on gender relations can help identify the locally specific pathways needed to achieve gender-transformative development approaches.