Gender Dimensions On Farmers Preferences For Direct Seeded Rice With Drum Seeder In India

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Gender dimensions on farmers’ preferences for direct-seeded rice with drum seeder in India

Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Gender dimensions on farmers preferences for direct seeded rice with drum seeder in India Book PDF

Author : Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender dimensions on farmers’ preferences for direct-seeded rice with drum seeder in India by Khan, Md. Tajuddin,Kishore, Avinash,Joshi, Pramod Kumar Pdf

This study measures the willingness of male and female farmers to pay for climate-smart technology in rice. Rice is the most important crop in India in terms ofarea, production,and consumption. It is also the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions among all crops. Direct-seeded rice (DSR)with drum seeder, a climate-smart technology, requires less labor and water and is more climate friendly than transplanted rice; yet,its adoption is slow in India. Theauthors of this studycarried out a discrete choice experiment with 666 farmers from the Palghar and Thane districts of Maharashtra to measure their willingness to pay for drum seeders—a key piece of equipment for adopting DSR. Both male and female farmers were surveyed to capture the heterogeneity in their valuation of the key attributes of drumseeders. Although both male and female farmers prefer cheaper drum seeders, the marginal valuation of different attributes of the drum seeder varies by the farmers’ gender. The authors also used the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), to collect self-reported data on the role and say of women in agriculture. The respective gender roles in the family and on the farm seem to explain some of this difference. Men have a greater say over how the family spends the cash. Accordingly, men tend to have a higher willingness to pay for attributes that increase income (increase in yield) or reduce cash costs (reduction in the seedrate). Women contribute a large share of the labor for transplanting rice, much of whichis unpaid work on family farms. Not surprisingly, therefore, women seem to value labor saving significantly more than their male counterparts. Further, theWEAI data show that although men in the family have more say, women do have an influence on decisions regarding crop production and the adoption of new technologies,to an extent. Therefore, to enhance the adoption of drum seeders, the product designers and extension workers should also target women

Gender, agriculture policies and climate smart agriculture in India

Barooah, Prapti,Alvi, Muzna Fatima,Ringler, Claudia,Pathak, Vishal
Gender agriculture policies and climate smart agriculture in India Book PDF

Author : Barooah, Prapti,Alvi, Muzna Fatima,Ringler, Claudia,Pathak, Vishal
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2023-01-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender, agriculture policies and climate smart agriculture in India by Barooah, Prapti,Alvi, Muzna Fatima,Ringler, Claudia,Pathak, Vishal Pdf

India’s agricultural systems are increasingly affected by the adverse effects of climate change. While the Government of India has put together an impressive set of programs to address climate change impacts on agriculture, substantial shortcomings of these programs have been identified, especially in reaching women farmers. Women’s increased vulnerability to climate change and reduced access to climate smart agricultural practices can be attributed to limited land ownership, poor access to credit, reduced access to information and formal extension, and time pressures from multiple domestic and productive demands on their time. We undertake an extensive policy review of India’s agriculture and climate policies and program, and supplement that with a series of focus group discussions with women and men farmers in Gujarat to discuss constraints and potential entry points for better reaching women farmers with climate smart agriculture practices. Village cooperatives and self-help groups can be key intermediary organizations that can support women’s access at the local, state and country level.

Climate Neutral and Resilient Farming Systems

Udaya Sekhar Nagothu
Climate Neutral and Resilient Farming Systems Book PDF

Author : Udaya Sekhar Nagothu
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2022-11-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000776263

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Climate Neutral and Resilient Farming Systems by Udaya Sekhar Nagothu Pdf

This book presents evidence-based research on climate-neutral and resilient farming systems and further provides innovative and practical solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impact of climate change. Intensive farming systems are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to global warming and the acceleration of climate change. As paddy rice farming is one of the largest contributors, and environmentally damaging farming systems, it will be a particular focus of this book. The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions needs to be urgently addressed to achieve the 2°C target adopted by COP21 and the 2015 Paris Agreement, but this is not possible if local and national level innovations are not accompanied by international level cooperation, mutual learning and sharing of knowledge and technologies. This book, therefore, brings together international collaborative research experiences on climate-neutral and resilient farming systems compiled by leading scientists and experts from Europe, Asia and Africa. The chapters present evidence-based research and innovative solutions that can be applied or upscaled in different farming systems and regions across the world. Chapters also present models and technologies that can be used for practical implementation at the systemic level and advance the state-of-the-art knowledge on carbon-neutral farming. Combining theory and practice, this interdisciplinary book provides guidance which can inform and increase cooperation between researchers from various countries on climate-neutral and resilient farming systems. Most importantly, the volume provides recommendations which can be put into practice by those working in the agricultural industry, especially in developing countries, where they are attempting to promote climate-neutral and resilient farming systems. The book will be of great interest to students and academics of sustainable agriculture, food security, climate mitigation and sustainable development, in addition to policymakers and practitioners working in these areas. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: Past, present, and future

Pyburn, Rhiannon, ed.,van Eerdewijk, Anouka, ed.
Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research Past present and future Book PDF

Author : Pyburn, Rhiannon, ed.,van Eerdewijk, Anouka, ed.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 430 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-11-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896293915

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Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: Past, present, and future by Pyburn, Rhiannon, ed.,van Eerdewijk, Anouka, ed. Pdf

Over the past decade, interest in gender equality and women’s empowerment has grown rapidly, creating a unique opportunity to institutionalize gender research within agricultural research for development. This book, edited by researchers from the CGIAR Gender Platform, reviews and reflects on the growing body of evidence from gender research. It marks a shift a way from a traditional focus on how gender analysis can contribute to improved productivity, flipping the question to ask, How does agricultural and environmental research and development contribute to gender equality and women’s empowerment? Chapters synthesize the wide range of CGIAR and other research in this area, covering breeding research and seed systems, value chain participation, nutrition-sensitive agriculture, natural resources, climate adaptation and mitigation, the “feminization” of agriculture, women’s role in agricultural research, and emerging gender transformative approaches.

Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies

Pavan Kumar,A. K. Pandey,Susheel Kumar Singh,S. S. Singh,V. K. Singh
Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies Book PDF

Author : Pavan Kumar,A. K. Pandey,Susheel Kumar Singh,S. S. Singh,V. K. Singh
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2022-03-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119808534

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Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies by Pavan Kumar,A. K. Pandey,Susheel Kumar Singh,S. S. Singh,V. K. Singh Pdf

Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies A robust treatment of traditional and new techniques in sustainable agriculture In Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an up-to-date and comprehensive exploration of sustainable agriculture and its relationship to the drivers of climate change. Along with robust examinations of food security and the agrarian livelihood, the book covers the impact of climate change and variability on agriculture, water management in agricultural systems, and precision agriculture. This book represents a significant contribution to the scientific understanding of the application of technologies that address food insecurity and climate change through sustainable productivity, system diversification, irrigation practices, crop modeling, data analytics, and agricultural policy. It also explores the risks and benefits of different agricultural systems under changing climate scenarios. The book also offers: A thorough introduction to agriculture and food security, including the diversification of ecosystems and the impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on food security and smallholder agricultural systems Comprehensive explorations of crop diversification and the impacts of climate variability on food security in Indonesia Practical discussions of water conservation agriculture and the quality of irrigation water for sustainable agriculture development in India In-depth examinations of geoinformatics, artificial intelligence, sensor technology, and big data Perfect for academics, scientists, environmentalists, and environmental consultants, Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of computing experts working in the field of agricultural science.

Limits to green revolution in rice in Africa

Ragasa, Catherine,Chapoto, Anthony
Limits to green revolution in rice in Africa Book PDF

Author : Ragasa, Catherine,Chapoto, Anthony
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2016-09-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Limits to green revolution in rice in Africa by Ragasa, Catherine,Chapoto, Anthony Pdf

This paper examines closely the constraints in productivity improvements and evaluates available rice technologies looking at the heterogeneity of irrigated and rainfed ecologies in 10 regions in Ghana. Employing yield response models, profitability analysis, and adoption models, results show various practices contribute to yield improvements in irrigated and rainfed systems including chemical fertilizer use, use of certified seed of improved varieties, transplanting, bunding, leveling, use of a sawah system, seed priming, and row planting. Evidence also shows that extension services on rice production are limited and that intensifying extension services can contribute to increases in rice yield.

New modalities for managing drought risk in rainfed agriculture

Ward, Patrick S.,Makhija, Simrin
New modalities for managing drought risk in rainfed agriculture Book PDF

Author : Ward, Patrick S.,Makhija, Simrin
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2016-10-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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New modalities for managing drought risk in rainfed agriculture by Ward, Patrick S.,Makhija, Simrin Pdf

In this paper we explore the potential for a new approach to managing drought risk among rainfed rice producers in Odisha, India. Droughts have historically been a serious constraint to agricultural production in rainfed agricultural systems, with droughts resulting in significant reductions in both yields and cultivated area, in turn leading to significant impacts on rural livelihoods and food security. Scientists and policy makers have proposed various strategies for managing risks, with limited success. In this study we consider two such strategies, specifically drought-tolerant rice and weather index insurance. While neither drought-tolerant cultivars nor weather index insurance products are perfect solutions for adequately managing drought risk in and of themselves, there is scope to exploit the benefits of each and bundle them into a complementary risk management product, specifically through proper index calibration and an optimized insurance design. In this study, we explore preferences for such a complementary risk management product using discrete choice experiments in Odisha, India. We are able to estimate the added value that farmers perceive in the bundled product above and beyond the value associated with each of the independent products. We also show that valuations are sensitive to the basis risk implied by the insurance product, with farmers less enthusiastic about risk management products that leave significant risks uninsured.

Using cognitive interviewing to improve the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index survey instruments

Malapit, Hazel J.,Sproule, Kathryn,Kovarik, Chiara
Using cognitive interviewing to improve the Women s Empowerment in Agriculture Index survey instruments Book PDF

Author : Malapit, Hazel J.,Sproule, Kathryn,Kovarik, Chiara
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2016-10-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Using cognitive interviewing to improve the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index survey instruments by Malapit, Hazel J.,Sproule, Kathryn,Kovarik, Chiara Pdf

This paper describes the cognitive interviews undertaken in Bangladesh and Uganda in 2014 as part of the second round of pilots intended to refine the original version of the Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index (WEAI). The WEAI is a survey-based tool that assesses gendered empowerment in agriculture. Baseline data were collected in 19 countries following the WEAI’s launch in 2012, but implementers reported a number of problems, such as confusion among both respondents and enumerators regarding the meaning of abstract concepts in the autonomy sub-module and difficulties recalling the sequence and duration of activities in the time-use sub-module. In our cognitive interviews, we asked detailed follow-up questions such as, “Did you think this question was difficult, and if so, why?” and “Can you explain this term to me in your own words?” The results revealed potential problems with the survey questions and informed the revision of the WEAI, now called the Abbreviated WEAI (or A-WEAI), which has less potential for response errors.

Gender and agricultural mechanization: A mixed-methods exploration of the impacts of multi-crop reaper-harvester service provision in Bangladesh

Theis, Sophie,Krupnik, Timothy J.,Sultana, Nasrin,Rahman, Syed-Ur,Seymour, Gregory,Abedin, Naveen
Gender and agricultural mechanization A mixed methods exploration of the impacts of multi crop reaper harvester service provision in Bangladesh Book PDF

Author : Theis, Sophie,Krupnik, Timothy J.,Sultana, Nasrin,Rahman, Syed-Ur,Seymour, Gregory,Abedin, Naveen
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2019-05-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Gender and agricultural mechanization: A mixed-methods exploration of the impacts of multi-crop reaper-harvester service provision in Bangladesh by Theis, Sophie,Krupnik, Timothy J.,Sultana, Nasrin,Rahman, Syed-Ur,Seymour, Gregory,Abedin, Naveen Pdf

Farmer hiring of agricultural machinery services is common in South Asia. Informal fee-for-service arrangements have positioned farmers so they can access use of machinery to conduct critical, timesensitive agricultural tasks like land preparation, seeding, irrigation, harvesting and post- harvesting operations. However, both the provision and rental of machinery services are currently dominated by men, and by most measures, it appears that women have comparatively limited roles in this market and may receive fewer benefits. Despite the prevailing perception in rural Bangladesh that women do not participate in agricultural entrepreneurship, women do not necessarily lack a desire to be involved. Using a mixed methods approach involving literature review, secondary data collection, focus groups and key informant interviews, and a telephone survey, we studied the gendered differences in women’s and men’s involvement in emerging markets for rice and wheat reaper-harvester machinery services in Bangladesh. We find that women benefit from managing and sometimes owning machinery services, as well as from the direct and indirect consequences of hiring such services to harvest their crops. However, a number of technical, economic, and cultural barriers appear to constrain female participation in both reaper service business ownership and in hiring services as a client. In addition, women provided suggestions for how to overcome barriers constraining their entry into rural machinery services as an entrepreneur. Men also reflected on the conditions they would consider supporting women to become business owners. Our findings have implications for addressing social norms in support of women’s rural entrepreneurship and technology adoption in South Asia’s smallholder dominated rural economies.

Making pulses affordable again

Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Kishore, Avinash,Roy, Devesh
Making pulses affordable again Book PDF

Author : Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Kishore, Avinash,Roy, Devesh
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2016-09-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Making pulses affordable again by Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Kishore, Avinash,Roy, Devesh Pdf

Rising prices and declining consumption of pulses cause concern in terms of both nutrition and food inflation in India. This paper outlines policy strategies to increase the availability of pulses at affordable prices in India and also points out limitations of some of the most common recommendations for achieving these objectives. There seems to be no option but to increase domestic production of pulses in India. The global supply of pulses is limited compared with India’s needs, and sizable imports by India are bound to increase world prices. Domestic production of pulses in India is most likely piecewise inelastic, meaning that small price increases do not translate into a significant supply response. Because farmers face both production and marketing risks, they increase pulse area and intensify production only when there is a large increase in expected prices that covers the risk premium. Droughts, too, are a major risk for pulses. Access to one or two protective irrigations during the growing season can possibly lead to sizable increases in pulse production and reduce the production risk. The har khet ko paani (assured irrigation) initiative under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) program should give priority to pulse-producing areas. The minimum support price (MSP) for pulses, without direct government procurement, helps traders more than farmers because it acts as a focal point for tacit collusion among traders. Farmers will benefit from the MSP only if it is raised substantially from its current levels. The increase in farmgate prices due to a higher MSP will not necessarily lead to an increase in the retail price of pulses because much of the wedge between farmgate prices and consumer prices is traders’ margin. Including subsidized pulses in public distribution systems can save households some money, but it has only a small effect on total consumption of pulses and almost no effect on total protein intake. We suggest, as more potent solutions, investing in research and extension for pulses, aggregating pulse growers into farmer producer organizations, and paying pulse growers or pulse-growing areas for the ecosystem services offered by pulses.

Scaling up climate-smart agriculture in South Asia: Synthesis report

Deb Pal, Barun,Tyagi, Narendra Kumar
Scaling up climate smart agriculture in South Asia Synthesis report Book PDF

Author : Deb Pal, Barun,Tyagi, Narendra Kumar
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 37 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2022-05-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Scaling up climate-smart agriculture in South Asia: Synthesis report by Deb Pal, Barun,Tyagi, Narendra Kumar Pdf

South Asia is primarily an agrarian economy facing the five transitions of population growth, urbanization, increasing income, shift toward animal-based food, and climate change simultaneously. In the process of ensuring food sufficiency under the intertwined challenges posed by these ongoing transitions, the boundaries of natural resources have been violated with adverse impacts on the health of the ecosystem. The application of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is viewed as an important strategy for imparting resilience to the food system in addressing the interconnected issues of food security through improved productivity and adaptation to and mitigation of the impacts of climate change. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) South Asia, in collaboration with its national partners, charted out and pursued studies for the policy and institutions required in upscaling CSA for the extensive South Asia region taking these broad CSA objectives in consideration. The important subthemes of this report include prioritization of CSA technologies for different agroclimatic regions, government policies for CSA, index-based insurance and climate risk management, and climate-smart investment and its implications on food security and farmers’ income.

Adoption of food safety measures among Nepalese milk producers

Kumar, Anjani,Thapa, Ganesh,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Roy, Devesh
Adoption of food safety measures among Nepalese milk producers Book PDF

Author : Kumar, Anjani,Thapa, Ganesh,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Roy, Devesh
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 52 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2016-09-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Adoption of food safety measures among Nepalese milk producers by Kumar, Anjani,Thapa, Ganesh,Joshi, Pramod Kumar,Roy, Devesh Pdf

Food safety is the most vital component of food security. One option to ensure food safety is through enhancing compliance at the farm level. This study investigates the status, estimates the cost, identifies the determinants, and assesses the impact of compliance with food safety measures in milk production in Nepal. The study is based on cross-section primary data collected at the farm level from six districts of Nepal. These districts are known for milk production and capture the geographical and institutional diversity of milk production in the country. The study shows that the status of compliance with food safety measures at the dairy farm level is not very encouraging. The intensity with which food safety practices are adopted shows wide inter- and intra-district variations. This intensity depicts a positive relationship to herd size. The additional cost of compliance with food milk safety measures reveals an inverse relationship with herd size. The factors associated with the adoption of food safety measures are caste, number of children and elderly people in a family, household labor size, herd size, access to information, inspection for conformity with the safety and quality standards in dairy farming, perception of households about food safety assistance provided by milk buyers, and market outlet types. We also provide evidence of the impact of food safety measures on farm-gate prices and farmers’ profitability.

Agricultural Inputs Policy Under Macroeconomic Uncertainty

Resnick, Danielle,Mather, David
Agricultural Inputs Policy Under Macroeconomic Uncertainty Book PDF

Author : Resnick, Danielle,Mather, David
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 45 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agricultural Inputs Policy Under Macroeconomic Uncertainty by Resnick, Danielle,Mather, David Pdf

Ghana’s Fertilizer Subsidy Programme (GFSP) was initiated in 2008 in response to the global food and fuel price crisis. Although initially intended to be a temporary measure that became increasingly expensive as Ghana’s macroeconomy deteriorated, farmers, civil society organizations, and politicians began to expect the subsidy on an annual basis. This paper applies the kaleidoscope model for agricultur and food security policy change to the case of GFSP. In doing so, it uses a variety of analytical tools to highlight how many of the weak outcomes of GFSP can be attributed to the nature of the broader policy process that has surrounded GFSP as well as the underlying political and institutional context in which policy making occurs in Ghana. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted with knowledgeable stakeholders spanning the government, donor, civil society, and research communities, the paper identifies the bottlenecks that need to be addressed if the program is to be more effective in the future.

Comparing apples to apples

Nin-Pratt, Alejandro
Comparing apples to apples Book PDF

Author : Nin-Pratt, Alejandro
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2016-09-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Comparing apples to apples by Nin-Pratt, Alejandro Pdf

It has been apparent for more than a century that future economic progress in agriculture will be driven by the invention and application of new technologies resulting from expenditure in research and development (R&D) by governments and private firms. Nevertheless, it is conventional wisdom in the economic development literature that there is a significant underinvestment in agricultural R&D in developing countries. Evidence supporting this belief is provided, first by a vast literature showing returns on R&D expenditure to be so high as to justify levels of investment in multiples of those actually found, and second, from available data showing low research effort in developing countries as measured by the intensity ratio (IR), that is, the percentage of agricultural gross domestic product invested in agricultural R&D (excluding the for-profit private sector). This paper argues that the IR is an inadequate indicator to measure and compare the research efforts of a diverse group of countries and proposes an alternative index that allows meaningful comparisons between countries. The proposed index can be used to identify potential under-investors, determine intensity gaps, and quantify the R&D investment needed to close these gaps by comparing countries with similar characteristics. Results obtained using the new R&D intensity indicator with a sample of 88 countries show that the investment effort in developing countries is much higher than the one observed using the conventional IR measure. The new measure finds that countries like China, India, Brazil, and Kenya have similar levels of R&D intensity to those in the United States. To close the R&D intensity gap measured by the new index, developing countries will need to invest US$7.1 billion on top of the $21.4 billion invested on average during 2008–2011, an increase of 33 percent of total actual investment.

Impacts of CAADP on Africa’s Agricultural-led Development

Benin, Samuel
Impacts of CAADP on Africa s Agricultural led Development Book PDF

Author : Benin, Samuel
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2016-09-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Impacts of CAADP on Africa’s Agricultural-led Development by Benin, Samuel Pdf

This paper uses panel data on 46 African countries from 2001 to 2014 to estimate the impacts of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), an agriculture-led integrated framework of development priorities in Africa, on agricultural expenditure and productivity, income, and nutrition. A difference-in-difference treatment-effects model (based on when a CAADP compact is signed and the level of CAADP implementation reached) and different estimation methods and model specifications are used. The results show that CAADP has had a positive impact on agricultural value-added and land and labor productivity. The impact on agriculture expenditure is generally negative, suggesting that there is a substitution effect between the government’s own funding and external sources of funding for the sector. The estimated impact on income and nutrition is generally insignificant. There are some puzzling results from the interaction between specific period of compact signing and level of implementation reached. Implications for maintaining the positive impacts, as well as for further research to understand the puzzling results, are discussed.