Crime Opportunity Theories

Author : Mangai Natarajan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 1005 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9781351570695

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Crime Opportunity Theories by Mangai Natarajan Pdf

Opportunity theories of crime seek to explain the occurrence of crime rather than simply the existence of criminal dispositions. They emphasize the fundamental element in the criminal act of opportunity: how this arises, how it is perceived, evaluated and acted on by those with criminal dispositions. This volume brings together influential research articles on opportunity theories of crime by leading theorists such as Cohen and Felson on routine activity theory and Clarke and Cornish on the bounded rational choice perspective. The articles also include more recent theoretical developments and studies of situational crime prevention of specific twenty-first century crimes. These articles attest to the sheer volume as well to as the richness and the variety of work designed to reduce crime that has forever changed the face of criminology and criminal justice.

Author : Kenneth Land
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2018-02-06
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351524957

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Criminal Circumstance by Kenneth Land Pdf

The main objective of this book is to propose an alternative criminal opportunity theory. The authors build upon social control and routine activities to develop a dynamic, multi-contextual criminal opportunity theory. Emphasizing the importance of contextual explanations of criminal acts, they propose two levels of analysis: individual and environmental. At each level, the theory pivots on three broad organizing constructs--offenders motivated to commit criminal acts, targets such as persons or property suitable as objects of criminal acts, and the presence or absence of individuals or other defensive mechanisms capable of serving as guardians against criminal acts. Crime is profoundly real, possessing qualities that make its occurrence and prevention pressing and persistent matters for individuals and societies. Theory, in contrast, is seen as highly abstract and removed from the seriousness of "real life." Theory almost seems to be a peculiar sport of an academic class. The practically minded, even some academic criminologists, are often perplexed by the seeming obsession some scholars have with theory, which, after all, is nothing more than an explanation of facts. The practically minded, seeing a compelling need to identify the crucial factors that could be used to predict and prevent crime, wonder why anyone would invest precious time and energy into speculating about the abstract, underlying details of why crime occurs when and where it does.The authors contend that every intervention, prevention, and policy is based on some theoretical explanation of the causes of human behavior. The improvement of interventions, preventions, and policies is thus directly related to the improvement of theoretical understandings of the abstract, underlying details of the causes of crime. The development of explanations of events, when properly done, is a crucial component to understanding and possibly improving the "real world." This work does just that.

Author : Pamela Wilcox,Kenneth C. Land,Scott A. Hunt
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2024-06-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 020236528X

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Criminal Circumstance by Pamela Wilcox,Kenneth C. Land,Scott A. Hunt Pdf

The main objective of this book is to propose an alternative criminal opportunity theory. The authors build upon social control and routine activities to develop a dynamic, multi-contextual criminal opportunity theory. Emphasizing the importance of contextual explanations of criminal acts, they propose two levels of analysis: individual and environmental. At each level, the theory pivots on three broad organizing constructs--offenders motivated to commit criminal acts, targets such as persons or property suitable as objects of criminal acts, and the presence or absence of individuals or other defensive mechanisms capable of serving as guardians against criminal acts. Crime is profoundly real, possessing qualities that make its occurrence and prevention pressing and persistent matters for individuals and societies. Theory, in contrast, is seen as highly abstract and removed from the seriousness of "real life." Theory almost seems to be a peculiar sport of an academic class. The practically minded, even some academic criminologists, are often perplexed by the seeming obsession some scholars have with theory, which, after all, is nothing more than an explanation of facts. The practically minded, seeing a compelling need to identify the crucial factors that could be used to predict and prevent crime, wonder why anyone would invest precious time and energy into speculating about the abstract, underlying details of why crime occurs when and where it does. The authors contend that every intervention, prevention, and policy is based on some theoretical explanation of the causes of human behavior. The improvement of interventions, preventions, and policies is thus directly related to the improvement of theoretical understandings of the abstract, underlying details of the causes of crime. The development of explanations of events, when properly done, is a crucial component to understanding and possibly improving the "real world." This work does just that.

Author : Marcus Felson,Great Britain. Home Office. Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Crime prevention
ISBN : STANFORD:36105021971713

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Opportunity Makes the Thief by Marcus Felson,Great Britain. Home Office. Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Pdf

Author : Lawrence Fennelly,Marianna Perry
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Buildings
ISBN : 1138489743

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CPTED and Traditional Security Countermeasures by Lawrence Fennelly,Marianna Perry Pdf

CTPED and Traditional Security Countermeasures: 150 Things You Should Know is a handy reference for both seasoned professionals and those just starting out in security and law enforcement. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a foundational concept to physical security and can be incorporated widely in security policies, plans, and procedures. It has proven effective over the many years insofar as building and campus design, security architecture, and creating an overall security culture in any workplace. The authors have collected a broad array of topics together, garnered through their many years of real-world experience in the field. Security solutions that address a wide range of physical security challenges are presented in an easy to follow format. Security practitioners and law enforcement professionals alike will find practical tips to understand and manage their security program, including access control, target hardening, command and control, physical security protections, and visitor management, among a myriad of other topics. This will be a must-have reference for professionals looking for real-world recommendations for physical security solutions.

Author : Michael Gottfredson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2017-11-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351323703

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Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency by Michael Gottfredson Pdf

For the past twenty to thirty years, control theories of crime have been at the center of theoretical development in criminology. Key to the control theory perspective is the notion that crime is an inherently individual act, and its explanation requires that we focus on the characteristics of individuals who commit crimes. Consequently, control theory focuses on such issues as self-control and social control. The contributions to this volume explicate and extend the application of control theory. It is divided into three general areas. Part 1 focuses on key assumptions and components of control theories. Contributors discuss the notion of learning, or socialization, in the context of control theory and the effects that families, peers, and the criminal justice system have on self-control, social ties, and criminal behavior. Part 2 applies control theory to areas typically assumed to be out of the domain of self-control theory and social control theory, such as gender differences in crime, domestic violence, and group crime. Considering control theory's emphasis on explaining individual criminal acts, these chapters suggest an interesting area of development by highlighting the possibility that differences in crime across or within groups may begin with individual characteristics and then making inferences about groups and group processes. Part 3 approaches the explanation of crime cross-nationally and at the macro-level. Although the authors take different approaches, they all illustrate that a theory of crime does not require culture-specific elements in order to be a valid cross-cultural explanation. Contributors to this volume include: Robert Agnew, Todd Armstrong, Leana Allen Bouffard, Augustine Brannigan, Chester Britt, Barbara Costello, Maja Dekovic, Matt DeLisi, Michael Gottfredson, Henriette Haas, Kelly H. Hardwick, Travis Hirschi, Marianne Junger, Martin Killias, Helen Mederer, Kevin Thompson, and Alexander Vazsonyi.

Author : David Weisburd,John E. Eck,Anthony A. Braga,Cody W. Telep,Breanne Cave,Kate Bowers,Gerben Bruinsma,Charlotte Gill,Julie Hibdon,Elizabeth R. Groff,Joshua C. Hinkle,Shane D. Johnson,Brian Lawton,Cynthia Lum,Jerry H. Ratcliffe,George Rengert,Travis Taniguchi,Sue-Ming Yang
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 223 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781107029521

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Place Matters by David Weisburd,John E. Eck,Anthony A. Braga,Cody W. Telep,Breanne Cave,Kate Bowers,Gerben Bruinsma,Charlotte Gill,Julie Hibdon,Elizabeth R. Groff,Joshua C. Hinkle,Shane D. Johnson,Brian Lawton,Cynthia Lum,Jerry H. Ratcliffe,George Rengert,Travis Taniguchi,Sue-Ming Yang Pdf

The book summarizes what we know about crime and place, and provides an agenda for future research in this area.

Author : Mangai Natarajan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 616 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9781351570701

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Crime Opportunity Theories by Mangai Natarajan Pdf

Opportunity theories of crime seek to explain the occurrence of crime rather than simply the existence of criminal dispositions. They emphasize the fundamental element in the criminal act of opportunity: how this arises, how it is perceived, evaluated and acted on by those with criminal dispositions. This volume brings together influential research articles on opportunity theories of crime by leading theorists such as Cohen and Felson on routine activity theory and Clarke and Cornish on the bounded rational choice perspective. The articles also include more recent theoretical developments and studies of situational crime prevention of specific twenty-first century crimes. These articles attest to the sheer volume as well to as the richness and the variety of work designed to reduce crime that has forever changed the face of criminology and criminal justice.

Author : Michael L. Benson,Sally S. Simpson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2014-11-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781134487578

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Understanding White-Collar Crime by Michael L. Benson,Sally S. Simpson Pdf

Unlike other books of its kind, Understanding White-Collar Crime: An Opportunity Perspective uses a coherent theoretical perspective in its coverage of white-collar crime. Using opportunity perspective, or the assumption that all crimes depend on offenders having some sort of opportunity to commit an offense, allows the authors to uncover the processes leading up to white-collar crimes and offer potential solutions to this rampant issue, without being reductive in their treatment of the topic. With this second edition, Benson and Simpson have greatly expanded their coverage to include new case studies, substantive materials, and an annotated appendix of online resources to make this a core book for courses on white-collar crime.

Author : John Braithwaite
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 242 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 1989-03-23
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 0521356687

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Crime, Shame and Reintegration by John Braithwaite Pdf

Crime, Shame and Reintegration is a contribution to general criminological theory. Its approach is as relevant to professional burglary as to episodic delinquency or white collar crime. Braithwaite argues that some societies have higher crime rates than others because of their different processes of shaming wrongdoing. Shaming can be counterproductive, making crime problems worse. But when shaming is done within a cultural context of respect for the offender, it can be an extraordinarily powerful, efficient and just form of social control. Braithwaite identifies the social conditions for such successful shaming. If his theory is right, radically different criminal justice policies are needed - a shift away from punitive social control toward greater emphasis on moralizing social control. This book will be of interest not only to criminologists and sociologists, but to those in law, public administration and politics who are concerned with social policy and social issues.

Author : David Weisburd,Elizabeth R. Groff,Sue-Ming Yang
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2012-10-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780199709106

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The Criminology of Place by David Weisburd,Elizabeth R. Groff,Sue-Ming Yang Pdf

The study of crime has focused primarily on why particular people commit crime or why specific communities have higher crime levels than others. In The Criminology of Place, David Weisburd, Elizabeth Groff, and Sue-Ming Yang present a new and different way of looking at the crime problem by examining why specific streets in a city have specific crime trends over time. Based on a 16-year longitudinal study of crime in Seattle, Washington, the book focuses our attention on small units of geographic analysis-micro communities, defined as street segments. Half of all Seattle crime each year occurs on just 5-6 percent of the city's street segments, yet these crime hot spots are not concentrated in a single neighborhood and street by street variability is significant. Weisburd, Groff, and Yang set out to explain why. The Criminology of Place shows how much essential information about crime is inevitably lost when we focus on larger units like neighborhoods or communities. Reorienting the study of crime by focusing on small units of geography, the authors identify a large group of possible crime risk and protective factors for street segments and an array of interventions that could be implemented to address them. The Criminology of Place is a groundbreaking book that radically alters traditional thinking about the crime problem and what we should do about it.

Author : Patricia Mayhew
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 52 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : Social Science
ISBN : STANFORD:36105036455181

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Crime as Opportunity by Patricia Mayhew Pdf

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Author : R. V. G. Clarke,Marcus Felson
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Page : 430 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1993-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781412833486

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Routine Activity and Rational Choice by R. V. G. Clarke,Marcus Felson Pdf

Two new criminological approaches are defined and applied to categories of crime in Routine Activity and Rational Choice, now available in paperback. Routine activity analyzes the criminal event, and avoids motivations and psychology as topics for discussion, whereas rational choice approaches crime as purposive behavior designed to meet the offender's commonplace needs, such as money, status, sex, and excitement. These conceptual models are both employed to analyze such crimes as drunk driving, gun use, kidnapping, and political violence. This volume discusses the relationship of these theories to more traditional approaches to crime studies. The Advances in Criminological Theory series encourages theory construction and validation in the articles and themes selected for publication. It also furthers the free exchange of ideas, propositions, and postulates. Following publication of the first volume, Michael J. Lynch of Florida State University asserted that "Advances in Criminological Theory is to be applauded as an attempt to revive criminological theory by providing an accessible outlet." Contributions to this volume include: Pierre Tremblay, "Searching for Suitable Co-offenders"; Raymond Paternoster and Sally Simpson, "A Rational Choice Theory of Corporate Crime"; Richard B. Felson, "Predatory and Dispute-related Violence"; Gordon Trasler, "Conscience, Opportunity, Rational Choice, and Crime"; Ezzat A. Fattah, "The Rational Choice/Opportunity Perspectives as a Vehicle for Integrating Criminological and Victimological Theories"; Patricia L. Brantingham and Paul J. Brantingham, "Environment, Routine, and Situation"; Maurice Cusson, "A Strategic Analysis of Crime"; Richard W. Harding, "Gun Use in Crime, Rational Choice, and Social Learning Theory."

Author : Sarah E. Daly
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2020-11-25
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783030544348

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Theories of Crime Through Popular Culture by Sarah E. Daly Pdf

This textbook brings criminology theories to life through a wide range of popular works in film, television and video games including 13 Reasons Why, Game of Thrones, The Office, and Super Mario Bros, from a variety of contributors. It serves as an engaging and creative introduction to both traditional and modern theories by applying them to more accessible, non-criminal justice settings. It helps students to think more broadly like critical criminologists and to identify these theories in everyday life and modern culture. It encourages them to continue their learning outside of the classroom and includes discussion questions following each chapter. The chapters use extracts from the original works and support the assertions with research and commentary. This textbook will help engage students in the basics of criminology theory from the outset.

Author : Peter K. B. St. Jean
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 596 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2008-09-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780226775005

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Pockets of Crime by Peter K. B. St. Jean Pdf

Why, even in the same high-crime neighborhoods, do robbery, drug dealing, and assault occur much more frequently on some blocks than on others? One popular theory is that a weak sense of community among neighbors can create conditions more hospitable for criminals, and another proposes that neighborhood disorder—such as broken windows and boarded-up buildings—makes crime more likely. But in his innovative new study, Peter K. B. St. Jean argues that we cannot fully understand the impact of these factors without considering that, because urban space is unevenly developed, different kinds of crimes occur most often in locations that offer their perpetrators specific advantages. Drawing on Chicago Police Department statistics and extensive interviews with both law-abiding citizens and criminals in one of the city’s highest-crime areas, St. Jean demonstrates that drug dealers and robbers, for example, are primarily attracted to locations with businesses like liquor stores, fast food restaurants, and check-cashing outlets. By accounting for these important factors of spatial positioning, he expands upon previous research to provide the most comprehensive explanation available of why crime occurs where it does.