Dairy Value Chains During The Covid 19 Pandemic In Ethiopia Evidence From Cascading Value Chain Surveys Before And During The Pandemic

Author : Hirvonen, Kalle,Habte, Yetmwork,Mohammed, Belay,Tamru, Seneshaw,Abate, Gashaw Tadesse,Minten, Bart
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2021-11-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Dairy value chains during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: Evidence from cascading value chain surveys before and during the pandemic by Hirvonen, Kalle,Habte, Yetmwork,Mohammed, Belay,Tamru, Seneshaw,Abate, Gashaw Tadesse,Minten, Bart Pdf

We combine in-person survey data collected in February 2018 with phone survey data collected in June and September 2021 to study how dairy value chains in Ethiopia have coped with the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the major dairy value chain connecting farmers in North and West Shewa as well as peri-urban and urban producers in and around Addis Ababa to consumers in Addis Ababa, we applied a cascading survey approach in which we collected data at all levels of the value chain: dairy farmers, rural wholesalers, and urban retailers.

Author : Hirvonen, Kalle,Mohammed, Belay,Tamru, Seneshaw,Abate, Gashaw Tadesse,Minten, Bart
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Vegetable value chains during the COVID- 19 pandemic in Ethiopia: Evidence from cascading value chain surveys before and during the pandemic by Hirvonen, Kalle,Mohammed, Belay,Tamru, Seneshaw,Abate, Gashaw Tadesse,Minten, Bart Pdf

We combine in-person survey data collected in February 2020 (i.e., just before the pandemic was declared) with phone survey data collected in March 2021 (i.e., one year into the pandemic) and August 2021 (i.e., approximately 18 months into the pandemic) to study how vegetable value chains in Ethiopia have coped with the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the major vegetable value chain connecting farmers in East Shewa zone to consumers in Addis Ababa, we applied a cascading survey approach in which we collected data at all levels of the value chain: vegetable farmers, urban wholesalers, and retailers.

Author : McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 200 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2022-03-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896294226

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COVID-19 and global food security: Two years later by McDermott, John,Swinnen, Johan Pdf

Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions caused by this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are likely to endure for years to come, with poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups the most affected. In COVID-19 & Global Food Security: Two Years Later, the editors bring together contributions from new IFPRI research, blogs, and the CGIAR COVID-19 Hub to examine the pandemic’s effects on poverty, food security, nutrition, and health around the world. This volume presents key lessons learned on food security and food system resilience in 2020 and 2021 and assesses the effectiveness of policy responses to the crisis. Looking forward, the authors consider how the pandemic experience can inform both recovery and longer-term efforts to build more resilient food systems.

Author : Hirvonen, Kalle,Mohammed, Belay,Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2020-08-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Food marketing margins during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from vegetables in Ethiopia by Hirvonen, Kalle,Mohammed, Belay,Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw Pdf

It is widely feared that the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to a significant worsening of the food security situation in low and middle-income countries. One reason for this is the disruption of food marketing systems and subsequent changes in farm and consumer prices. Based on primary data in Ethiopia collected just before the start and a few months into the pandemic, we assess changes in farm and consumer prices of four major vegetables and the contribution of different segments of the rural-urban value chain in urban retail price formation. We find large, but heterogeneous, price changes for different vegetables with relatively larger changes seen at the farm level, compared to the consumer level, leading to winners and losers among local vegetable farmers due to pandemicrelated trade disruptions. We further note that despite substantial hurdles in domestic trade reported by most value chain agents, increases in marketing – and especially transportation – costs have not been the major contributor to overall changes in retail prices. Marketing margins even declined for half of the vegetables studied. The relatively small changes in marketing margins overall indicate the resilience of these domestic value chains during the pandemic in Ethiopia.

Author : Nabwire, Leocardia,van Campenhout, Bjorn,Minot, Nicholas,Kabir, Razin,Vos, Rob,Narayanan, Sudha,Rice, Brendan,Aredo, Samson Dejene
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-07-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Impact of COVID-19 on food value chains in Uganda: Results of surveys of farmers, traders, and processors by Nabwire, Leocardia,van Campenhout, Bjorn,Minot, Nicholas,Kabir, Razin,Vos, Rob,Narayanan, Sudha,Rice, Brendan,Aredo, Samson Dejene Pdf

We examined the impact of COVID-19 on food value chains in Uganda, using the case of dairy and maize value chains. These two are important value chains in Uganda (in terms of contribution to food and nutrition security and export earnings), yet distinct in terms of terms of market orientation, organization, degree of vertical coordination and institutional setup

Author : Nabwire, Leocardia,Van Campenhout, Bjorn
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 4 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-10-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The risk of demand shocks in dairy value chains in Uganda: Policy lessons from the COVID-19 crisis by Nabwire, Leocardia,Van Campenhout, Bjorn Pdf

This policy note summarizes results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 on dairy value chains in Uganda. We use a stack survey consisting of 1616 dairy farmers, 695 small-scale milk traders, and 93 milk collection centers (MCCs) that were surveyed in-person in late 2018 as the basis for follow-up telephone interviews in 2020 and 2021. We find that the COVID-19 crisis mainly affected the dairy value chain through a reduction in demand as international trade reduced and households reduced consumption of more expensive foods due to income losses. As a result, prices drastically reduced at multiple stages of the value chain, and the number of actors affected by the price decrease worsened as the pandemic persisted. In general, we see that while dairy business closures during COVID-19 are limited, the joint reduction in demand and price leads to widespread reductions in scale of operation, dairy revenues and household income, although these somewhat recover over time, especially among MCCs. In the long-run, policy efforts to increase and stabilize local and export demand for dairy products seems most promising. For example, the government may institute policies that promote consumption of dairy products in schools and homes through information campaigns or temporary dairy vouchers. Government should also make it a priority to keep international trade flowing.

Author : Vandercasteelen, Joachim,Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 39 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-10-11
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Cities, value chains, and dairy production in Ethiopia by Vandercasteelen, Joachim,Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw Pdf

This paper explores the spatial heterogeneity in dairy production in the highland production area around the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. We look at how urban proximity – defined as the travel time from the farm to the central market of Addis Ababa – affects the production decisions of Ethiopian dairy farmers. We sampled 870 households from the major rural production zones around Addis Ababa, where villages were stratified according to their distance to Addis Ababa. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find evidence of strong spatial heterogeneity in dairy milk productivity in Ethiopia. With each additional hour of travel time, the milk productivity per cow is reduced by almost 1 liter per day, a reduction by 26 percent on average. This spatial heterogeneity in milk productivity reflects a pronounced spatial variation in dairy production decisions (producing liquid milk or processed dairy products), the application of modern inputs, and marketing. When trying to disentangle the mechanisms through which urban proximity affects dairy productivity, we show that the effect of travel time mainly runs through farmers’ inclusion into ‘modern’ value chains and more specifically through their access to commercial milk buyers. This finding holds when we control for prices, indicating that access to commercial value chains are an important determinant of dairy productivity. However, as only a limited number of farmers now have access to such value chains in these settings, measures to make dairy value chains more inclusive to remote farmers can have important economic development benefits for them.

Author : Alderman, Harold,Gilligan, Daniel,Hidrobo, Melissa,Leight, Jessica,Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum,Tambet, Heleene
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 10 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2020-08-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Short-term evidence on wellbeing of rural Ethiopian households during the COVID-19 pandemic by Alderman, Harold,Gilligan, Daniel,Hidrobo, Melissa,Leight, Jessica,Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum,Tambet, Heleene Pdf

In Ethiopia, as in much of sub-Saharan Africa, the first known case of coronavirus arrived in mid-March (on March 13, 2020), weeks after the pandemic had spread rapidly in parts of Europe and the United States. The government swiftly imposed restrictions to slow the spread of the virus, closing schools (on March 16, 2020), limiting travel and encouraging people to remain at home. Such restrictions were needed to keep the pandemic from overwhelming a healthcare system with limited capacity to respond to an infectious disease outbreak. Only limited information is available about the effect of these restrictions on economic activity, food security and livelihoods in Ethiopia. A survey of residents of Addis Ababa conducted in May 2020 found that more than half of households reported lower-than-expected incomes and more than one third were extremely stressed about the situation. These results further showed that poorer households were more severely affected, although the food security situation in Addis, while declining, was not yet dire.

Author : Alderman, Harold,Gilligan, Daniel O.,Hidrobo, Melissa,Leight, Jessica,Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum,Tambet, Heleene
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Evidence on trends in wellbeing of rural Ethiopian households during the COVID-19 pandemic by Alderman, Harold,Gilligan, Daniel O.,Hidrobo, Melissa,Leight, Jessica,Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum,Tambet, Heleene Pdf

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a significant threat to public health throughout most of the world as the coronavirus continues to spread, mostly unchecked by limited availability of vaccines, and largescale surges in cases are fed by new variants of the virus. In Ethiopia, surges in COVID-19 cases after months of apparently low levels of infection have periodically required renewed restrictions locally to control the spread of the virus. Thus, it is necessary to review available date to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in Ethiopia, and particularly on the poorest households, who are more vulnerable to protracted effects of the virus and associated restrictions on activity as a result of their limited resources. We present results of two rounds of a phone survey, conducted in June and August 2020, respectively, of around 1,200 rural households. All households in the sample are beneficiaries of the fourth phase of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP4) and also participate in the USAID-funded Strengthening PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) project, implemented by World Vision, CARE and ORDA in North Wollo and Wag Himra zones in Amhara, and primarily in East and West Hararghe zones in Oromia. The targeted phone survey respondents were adult males from sample households in IFPRI’s experimental impact evaluation of SPIR who provided a phone number during the 2019 midline survey. This is a subsample of the broader SPIR evaluation sample as 33% of households provided a phone number and thus were eligible for inclusion in the phone survey. Available evidence suggests that households who provided a phone number are characterized by higher socioeconomic status vis-à-vis other SPIR households in the study sample who did not provide a phone number. However, as all households in the phone survey are SPIR beneficiaries, they are still relatively poor in the broader context of rural Ethiopia. We report evidence from the two survey rounds on coronavirus awareness and protective measures taken; changes in livelihoods, including crop production and livestock raising; access to and utilization of markets; changes in food consumption and food security; experience with desert locusts and fall armyworms; and exposure to public programming.

Author : Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G.
Publisher : CIFOR
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Fractures and resilience of agri-food value chains in the context of COVID-19: A review of recent evidence by Stoian, D.,Marenya, P.,Donovan, J.,Pamerneckyte, G. Pdf

Author : Minten, Bart,Habte, Yetimwork,Tamru, Seneshaw,Tesfaye, Agajie
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2018-12-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Transforming agri-food systems in Ethiopia: Evidence from the dairy sector by Minten, Bart,Habte, Yetimwork,Tamru, Seneshaw,Tesfaye, Agajie Pdf

In the transformation of agri-food systems in developing countries, we usually see rapid changes in the livestock sector. However, good data for clearly understanding this transformation are often lacking, especially so in Africa. Relying on a combination of diverse large-scale datasets and methods, we analyze transformation patterns in the dairy value chain supplying Addis Ababa, the capital and biggest city of Ethiopia. Over the last decade, we note a rapid increase in expenditures on dairy products by urban consumers, especially among the better-off. Relatedly, the number of dairy processing firms in Ethiopia tripled over the same period, supplying a significant part of these dairy products, especially pasteurized milk, to the city’s residents. The number of dairy traders increased rapidly as well, with competition between them becoming more intense over time. Upstream at the production level, we find improved access to livestock services, higher adoption of cross-bred cows, a shift from grazing to commercial feeds, an increase in milk yields, expanding liquid milk markets, a sizable urban farm sector supplying almost one-third of all liquid milk consumed in the city, and an upscaling process with larger commercial dairy farms becoming more prevalent. However, average milk yields are still low and not all dairy farmers are included in this transformation process. Small farms with dairy animals as well as those in more remote areas benefit less from access to services and adopt less these modern practices. For these more disadvantaged farmers, stagnation in milk yields and even declines – depending on the data source used – are observed.

Author : Abdelaziz, Fatma,William, Amy,Abay, Kibrom A.,Siddig, Khalid
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 71 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2022-04-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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An assessment of Sudan’s wheat value chains: Exploring key bottlenecks and challenges by Abdelaziz, Fatma,William, Amy,Abay, Kibrom A.,Siddig, Khalid Pdf

Wheat is a strategic and political good in Sudan and has played a central role in the country’s economy during successive regimes. Disruptions in Sudan’s wheat value chain usually leads to shortages of wheat bread, price spikes, and political unrest. With the objective of ensuring sufficient grain supplies for domestic consumption, Sudan’s domestic and imported wheat sectors have been subject to several government interventions over the last decades. Most interventions have focused on and aimed to (i) stimulate domestic production, (ii) ensure a reliable flow of wheat imports to compensate for low domestic wheat production, and (iii) monitor wheat flour and bread distribution processes to limit leakage and wastage. Sudan has two distinct wheat value chains: one for imported wheat and one for domestic wheat. The imported wheat value chain involves three major actors: milling companies, wheat flour agents, and bakeries. The domestic (locally produced) wheat value chain involves four main actors: wheat producers, wheat grain wholesalers, wheat grain retailers, and consumers. To understand the landscape of the wheat sector in Sudan, this report relies on rapid assessment surveys of the main wheat value chain actors. The aim is to closely identify different value chain actors’ distinct roles of the and to explore their linkages. The report evaluates and identifies key bottlenecks that likely cause wheat and bread supply disruptions while also shedding light on untapped opportunities and possible policy options to improve the functioning of Sudan’s wheat sector. We document wheat value chain actors’ policy preferences, which vary depending on whether actors are engaged in the domestic or the imported value chain. The report highlights the differential impact of COVID-19 and related mobility restrictions on wheat value chain members. For example, while wheat production remains mostly unaffected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the marketing, trade, and distribution of wheat and wheat flour has been adversely affected by it.

Author : Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw,Reardon, Thomas
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2019-09-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Post-harvest losses in rural-urban value chains: Evidence from Ethiopia by Minten, Bart,Tamru, Seneshaw,Reardon, Thomas Pdf

We study post-harvest losses (PHL) in important and rapidly growing rural-urban value chains in Ethiopia. We analyze self-reported PHL from different value chain agents – farmers, wholesale traders, processors, and retailers – based on unique large-scale data sets for two major commercial commodities, the storable staple teff and the perishable liquid milk. PHL in the most prevalent value chain pathways for teff and milk amount to between 2.2 and 3.3 percent and 2.1 and 4.3 percent of total produced quantities, respectively. We complement these findings with primary data from urban food retailers for more than 4,000 commodities. Estimates of PHL from this research overall are found to be significantly lower than is commonly assumed. We further find that the emerging modern retail sector in Ethiopia is characterized by half the level of PHL than are observed in the traditional retail sector. This is likely due to more stringent quality requirements at procurement, sales of more packaged – and therefore better protected – commodities, and better refrigeration, storage, and sales facilities. The further expected expansion of modern retail in these settings should likely lead to a lowering of PHL in food value chains, at least at the retail level.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,World Food Programme
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2021-04-30
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251338896

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COVID-19 impacts on agri-food value chains by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,World Food Programme Pdf

The rapid escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted structural problems with Libyan food and agriculture value chains. Nine years of protracted conflict weakened Libya’s agriculture and deteriorated its food and agribusiness sector. The entire value chain is underdeveloped, is not well integrated and depends on imports, making it vulnerable to global supply shocks. The pandemic response requires a strong policy responses starting by making food and nutrition assistance at the heart of social protection programmes in Libya and to keep the food value chain alive by focusing on key logistics bottlenecks. Libya will benefit from keeping the global food trade open to be able to keep physical and economic access to food feasible and sustainable. Libya may rethink its food security to ensure strong and significant recovery from both conflict and COVID-19 crisis.

Author : de Brauw, Alan,Hirvonen, Kalle,Abate, Gashaw T.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 27 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Food and nutrition security in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during COVID-19 pandemic: July 2020 report Food and nutrition security in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during COVID-19 pandemic: July 2020 report by de Brauw, Alan,Hirvonen, Kalle,Abate, Gashaw T. Pdf

In early July 2020, we called by telephone a representative sample of nearly 600 households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to assess income changes and household food and nutrition security status during the COVID-19 pandemic (recall period covering June). This was the third administration of a COVID-19 related survey to these households, following surveys in early May 2020 and early June. About 64 percent of the households indicated in the third survey that their incomes were lower than expected (down from 67 percent reporting lower incomes than expected in previous month) and 42 percent reported that they are extremely stressed about the situation (down from 45 percent in previous month). Using a pre-pandemic wealth index, we find that less-wealthy households were considerably more likely to report income losses and high stress levels than were wealthier households. Compared to the period just before the pandemic (January and February 2020), indicators measuring food security have significantly worsened but during the pandemic they have remained relatively stable. Households now are less frequently consuming relatively more expensive but nutritionally richer foods, such as fruit and dairy products. However, overall food security status in Addis Ababa is not yet alarming and we see small signs of improvements in this July phone survey relative to previous months. However, many households have drawn down their savings over past months to buffer their food consumption. As the daily COVID-19 infection rates are still rising in Ethiopia, the food security situation in Addis Ababa may deteriorate over coming months, especially as the savings levels among the poorest households are now low. This calls for a further scale-up and strengthening of existing support programs.