Direct And Indirect Human Contributions To Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Stephanie Johnson,Rob Coppock
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2004-06-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309165853

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Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Stephanie Johnson,Rob Coppock Pdf

Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth's climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands. This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects.

Author : Joe Wisniewski,R. Neil Sampson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 677 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789401119825

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Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes Quantification of Sinks and Sources of CO2 by Joe Wisniewski,R. Neil Sampson Pdf

Towards the Balance and Management of the Carbon Budget of the Biosphere The current state of misunderstanding of the global C cycle and our failure to resolve an issue that has been debated for 100 years (Jones and Henderson-Sellers, 1990) speaks loudly about the limitations of modem science when faced with the complexity of the biosphere. Efforts to understand and balance the global C budget have gone through several phases. First was a holistic view of the C budget as part of efforts to understand the geochemistry of the Earth (e. g. , Clarke, 1908). Next, came a period of data collection and sythesis which focused on the diversity of sectors of the biosphere. This phase culminated in the early 1970's with the realization that humans were greatly impacting the global C cycle as measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Keeling et al. , 1973). New syntheses of the global C budget emerged at this time (Woodwell and Pacan, 1973; Bolin et al. , 1979). The next phase was one of controversy and intense focus on particular sectors of the biosphere. The controversy rested on discrepancies about the role of the terrestrial biota in the global C cycle and the failure to account for sufficient C sinks to absorb all the C emitted by land-use change in the tropics (Woodwell et al. , 1978, 1983; Houghton et al. , 1983).

Author : Global Terrestrial Observing System (Organization),Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 112 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Science
ISBN : 9251048010

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Terrestrial Carbon Observation by Global Terrestrial Observing System (Organization),Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership Pdf

The term 'terrestrial carbon' refers to carbon contained in vegetation or soil stocks. The global carbon cycle plays an important role in sustaining agricultural productivity, biodiversity and forest ecosystems processes. This report presents the results of a workshop, held in Canada in February 2000 and organised by the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) in collaboration with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The workshop was designed to review existing data and observation requirements regarding terrestrial carbon, identify major gaps and propose solutions.

Author : Christopher B. Field,Michael R. Raupach
Publisher : Island Press
Page : 568 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2012-09-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781610910750

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The Global Carbon Cycle by Christopher B. Field,Michael R. Raupach Pdf

While a number of gases are implicated in global warming, carbon dioxide is the most important contributor, and in one sense the entire phenomena can be seen as a human-induced perturbation of the carbon cycle. The Global Carbon Cycle offers a scientific assessment of the state of current knowledge of the carbon cycle by the world's leading scientists sponsored by SCOPE and the Global Carbon Project, and other international partners. It gives an introductory over-view of the carbon cycle, with multidisciplinary contributions covering biological, physical, and social science aspects. Included are 29 chapters covering topics including: an assessment of carbon-climate-human interactions; a portfolio of carbon management options; spatial and temporal distribution of sources and sinks of carbon dioxide; socio-economic driving forces of emissions scenarios. Throughout, contributors emphasize that all parts of the carbon cycle are interrelated, and only by developing a framework that considers the full set of feedbacks will we be able to achieve a thorough understanding and develop effective management strategies. The Global Carbon Cycle edited by Christopher B. Field and Michael R. Raupach is part of the Rapid Assessment Publication series produced by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), in an effort to quickly disseminate the collective knowledge of the world's leading experts on topics of pressing environmental concern.

Author : Climate Change Technology Program (U.S.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Climatic changes
ISBN : UIUC:30112109148384

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Strategic Plan by Climate Change Technology Program (U.S.) Pdf

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on a Study of Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Africa and South Asia
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2009-02-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309124942

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Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on a Study of Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Africa and South Asia Pdf

Increased agricultural productivity is a major stepping stone on the path out of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, but farmers there face tremendous challenges improving production. Poor soil, inefficient water use, and a lack of access to plant breeding resources, nutritious animal feed, high quality seed, and fuel and electricity-combined with some of the most extreme environmental conditions on Earth-have made yields in crop and animal production far lower in these regions than world averages. Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia identifies sixty emerging technologies with the potential to significantly improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Eighteen technologies are recommended for immediate development or further exploration. Scientists from all backgrounds have an opportunity to become involved in bringing these and other technologies to fruition. The opportunities suggested in this book offer new approaches that can synergize with each other and with many other activities to transform agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on California Agricultural Research Priorities: Pierce's Disease
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 177 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2004-11-28
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309092890

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California Agricultural Research Priorities by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on California Agricultural Research Priorities: Pierce's Disease Pdf

The glassy-winged sharpshooter is one of the more recent invasive pests to afflict California agriculture. The insect transmits a bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease, which has impaired production of wine, table, and raisin grapes in California. The report recommends strengthening the process and the priorities for research funded by state agencies and wine industry groups to address Pierce's disease and its vector. Research should be focused on identifying feasible options for controlling the spread of the disease and providing sustainable approaches that are adaptable and affordable over the long term. Several avenues of research be pursued more intensely including the genetic makeup of the pathogen that triggers Pierce's disease, understanding the mechanisms that make grapes resistant to the disease, the possibilities of introducing predator enemies to the sharpshooter, and new ways to manage the planting of crops to help avoid spread of the disease.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Economic Development and Current Status of the Sheep Industry in the United States
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 367 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2008-10-26
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309121613

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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Economic Development and Current Status of the Sheep Industry in the United States Pdf

The U.S. sheep industry is complex, multifaceted, and rooted in history and tradition. The dominant feature of sheep production in the United States, and, thus, the focus of much producer and policy concern, has been the steady decline in sheep and lamb inventories since the mid-1940s. Although often described as "an industry in decline," this report concludes that a better description of the current U.S. sheep industry is "an industry in transition."

Author : T. M. L. Wigley,D. S. Schimel
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2005-08-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521018625

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The Carbon Cycle by T. M. L. Wigley,D. S. Schimel Pdf

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is imperative to stabilizing our future climate. Our ability to reduce these emissions combined with an understanding of how much fossil-fuel-derived CO2 the oceans and plants can absorb is central to mitigating climate change. In The Carbon Cycle, leading scientists examine how atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have changed in the past and how this may affect the concentrations in the future. They look at the carbon budget and the "missing sink" for carbon dioxide. They offer approaches to modeling the carbon cycle, providing mathematical tools for predicting future levels of carbon dioxide. This comprehensive text incorporates findings from the recent IPCC reports. New insights, and a convergence of ideas and views across several disciplines make this book an important contribution to the global change literature.

Author : Josef Cihlar,Martin Heimann,Richard K. Olson
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 140 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Science
ISBN : 9251048444

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Terrestrial Carbon Observation by Josef Cihlar,Martin Heimann,Richard K. Olson Pdf

This report summarises the discussions and recommendations of a workshop held in 2001, within the framework of the Terrestrial Carbon Observation (TCO) initiative. This workshop focused on the development of a systematic and collaborative approach to improving "in situ" or ground-based carbon data availability. The benefits of improved "in situ" terrestrial carbon observation will mean that countries can make more informed decisions related to the sustainable use and management of land resources.

Author : M.Radovic-Markovic; Z.Nikitovic
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2015-05-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781503532960

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TOWARD GREEN ECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES FOR WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES by M.Radovic-Markovic; Z.Nikitovic Pdf

The green economy represents an important support to economic growth, investments and competitiveness. Therefore, it is considered to be an important alternative in attaining the general wellbeing of the humans, which is seen in the decrease of the risk while preserving the environment and using alternative energy sources. Atmospheric gases, especially carbon dioxide, create the greenhouse effect which influences the climate changes. They are already generating the extreme weather conditions, including powerful hurricanes and floods which have recently affected the Western Balkans. Having this in mind, this book is created with the intention not only to point out to the extent to which the Western Balkan countries have accepted the concept of green growth, but also to see what results are achieved in respect of implementation of this concept with the goal of overcoming the economic and financial crisis and creating the conditions for sustainable growth of this Region. Besides this, the intention was to emphasise the political, economic and legal limitations that are blocking faster development of green economy, as well as the possibilities of their overcoming, This monograph has a very broad topic range, with the goal of comprising the most important aspects and considerations of these issues. As the end result of theoretical and research considerations of the author, in approximately twenty chapters, one gets a clear insight in how the Region has progressed in respect of making the most important sectors „green“.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 511 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2019-04-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309484527

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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration Pdf

To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 760 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : American literature
ISBN : UOM:39015066043244

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American Book Publishing Record by Anonim Pdf

Author : R. Nieder,D.K. Benbi
Publisher : Springer
Page : 430 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2009-08-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9048117550

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Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment by R. Nieder,D.K. Benbi Pdf

Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary description of C and N fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere; issues related to C and N management in different ecosystems and their implications for the environment and global climate change; and the approaches to mitigate emission of greenhouse gases. Drawing upon the most up-to-date books, journals, bulletins, reports, symposia proceedings and internet sources documenting interrelationships between different aspects of C and N cycling in the terrestrial environment, Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment fills the gap left by most of the currently available books on C and N cycling. They either deal with a single element of an ecosystem, or are related to one or a few selected aspects like soil organic matter (SOM) and agricultural or forest management, emission of greenhouse gases, global climate change or modeling of SOM dynamics.

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2010-07-28
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309152112

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Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Pdf

The world's nations are moving toward agreements that will bind us together in an effort to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. With such agreements will come the need for all nations to make accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and to monitor changes over time. In this context, the present book focuses on the greenhouse gases that result from human activities, have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and thus will change global climate for decades to millennia or more, and are currently included in international agreements. The book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Only data in the public domain were considered because public access and transparency are necessary to build trust in a climate treaty. The book concludes that each country could estimate fossil-fuel CO2 emissions accurately enough to support monitoring of a climate treaty. However, current methods are not sufficiently accurate to check these self-reported estimates against independent data or to estimate other greenhouse gas emissions. Strategic investments would, within 5 years, improve reporting of emissions by countries and yield a useful capability for independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reported by countries.