Doubt Atheism And The Nineteenth Century Russian Intelligentsia

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Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia

Victoria Frede
Doubt Atheism and the Nineteenth Century Russian Intelligentsia Book PDF

Author : Victoria Frede
Publisher : University of Wisconsin Pres
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2011-09-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9780299284435

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Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia by Victoria Frede Pdf

The autocratic rule of both tsar and church in imperial Russia gave rise not only to a revolutionary movement in the nineteenth century but also to a crisis of meaning among members of the intelligentsia. Personal faith became the subject of intense scrutiny as individuals debated the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, debates reflected in the best-known novels of the day. Friendships were formed and broken in exchanges over the status of the eternal. The salvation of the entire country, not just of each individual, seemed to depend on the answers to questions about belief. Victoria Frede looks at how and why atheism took on such importance among several generations of Russian intellectuals from the 1820s to the 1860s, drawing on meticulous and extensive research of both published and archival documents, including letters, poetry, philosophical tracts, police files, fiction, and literary criticism. She argues that young Russians were less concerned about theology and the Bible than they were about the moral, political, and social status of the individual person. They sought to maintain their integrity against the pressures exerted by an autocratic state and rigidly hierarchical society. As individuals sought to shape their own destinies and searched for truths that would give meaning to their lives, they came to question the legitimacy both of the tsar and of Russia’s highest authority, God.

Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe

Tomáš Bubík,Atko Remmel,David Václavík
Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe Book PDF

Author : Tomáš Bubík,Atko Remmel,David Václavík
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2020-02-26
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781000039832

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Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe by Tomáš Bubík,Atko Remmel,David Václavík Pdf

This book provides the first comprehensive overview of atheism, secularity and non-religion in Central and Eastern Europe in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In contrast to scholarship that has focused on the ‘decline of religion’ and secularization theory, the book builds upon recent trends to focus on the ‘rise of non-religion’ itself. While the label of ‘post-communism’ might suggest a generalized perception of the region, this survey reveals that the precise developments in each country before, after and even during the communist era are surprisingly diverse. A multinational team of contributors provide interdisciplinary case studies covering Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. This approach utilises perspectives from social and intellectual history in combination with sociology of religion in order to cover the historical development of secularity and secular thought, complemented with sociological data. The study is framed by methodological and analytical chapters. Offering an important geographical perspective to the study of freethought, atheism, secularity and non-religion, this wide-ranging book will be of significant interest to scholars of twentieth-century social and intellectual history, sociology of religion and non-religion, cultural and religious studies, philosophy and theology.

The History of Scientific Atheism

Jan Tesař
The History of Scientific Atheism Book PDF

Author : Jan Tesař
Publisher : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2019-07-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9783647310862

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The History of Scientific Atheism by Jan Tesař Pdf

The book analyses under what conditions was it possible to develop scientific atheism which was by the contemporaries in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia understood not only as a branch of propaganda but as a specific scholarly discipline. It maps out not only the state of affairs before the organizational changes allowed the emergence of research but also analyses the motivation which led the historical actors to make such decision in both national contexts. One of the key findings is undoubtedly the fact that scientific atheism developed as a new type of thinking about religious phenomena within the context of Marxist-Leninist epistemological doctrine. Moreover, if the socio-political conditions were favorable, it also contributed to the rethinking of the key aspects of Marxist doctrine. The comparative analysis allows to draw conclusions about the existence of specifically Soviet and Czechoslovakian scientific atheism and questions the level of sovietization in this context.

Science, Religion and Communism in Cold War Europe

Paul Betts,Stephen A. Smith
Science Religion and Communism in Cold War Europe Book PDF

Author : Paul Betts,Stephen A. Smith
Publisher : Springer
Page : 307 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2016-05-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9781137546395

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Science, Religion and Communism in Cold War Europe by Paul Betts,Stephen A. Smith Pdf

Religion and science were fundamental aspects of Eastern European communist political culture from the very beginning, and remained in uneasy tension across the region over the decades. While both topics have long attracted a great deal of scholarly attention, they almost invariably have been studied discretely as separate stories. Religion, Science and Communism in Cold War Europe is the first scholarly effort to explore the delicate interface of religion, science and communism in Cold War Europe. It brings together an international team of researchers who address this relationship from a number of national viewpoints and thematic perspectives, ranging from mysticism to social science, space exploration to the socialist lifecycle, and architectural heritage to pop culture.

Understanding World Christianity

Alexander S. Agadjanian,Scott M. Kenworthy
Understanding World Christianity Book PDF

Author : Alexander S. Agadjanian,Scott M. Kenworthy
Publisher : Fortress Press
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2021-01-19
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781506469171

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Understanding World Christianity by Alexander S. Agadjanian,Scott M. Kenworthy Pdf

Understanding World Christianity: Russia is a broad examination of Christianity--especially Orthodox Christianity--in modern Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church is currently playing a very prominent role in Russian society and politics, and it is not possible to fully understand Russia today without it. The role of Russian Orthodoxy today is a dramatic reversal from the suppression it suffered for most of the 20th century under the Soviet regime. Based upon a wealth of recent research in multiple fields, this book examines the complexity of contemporary Russian Orthodoxy within a historical context. It first introduces the reader to what is distinctive about Orthodox Christianity in general and Russian Orthodoxy in particular, then provides an overview of the history of Christianity in Russia, its various regional expressions, the experience of representative individuals during the 20th century, an examination of modern Russian theology, and ends with an analysis of the post-Soviet relationship of religion, politics, and society. It is an ideal introduction for students and non-specialists interested in Global Christianity, Orthodox Christianity, Russian Studies, and any others who wish to know how Christianity influences, and is influenced by, the Russian context.

The Tsar's Foreign Faiths

Paul W. Werth
The Tsar s Foreign Faiths Book PDF

Author : Paul W. Werth
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2014-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9780199591770

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The Tsar's Foreign Faiths by Paul W. Werth Pdf

Explores the scope and character of religious freedom for Russia's diverse non-Orthodox religions during the tzarist regime.

Liberalism in Pre-revolutionary Russia

Susanna Rabow-Edling
Liberalism in Pre revolutionary Russia Book PDF

Author : Susanna Rabow-Edling
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 138 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2018-08-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9781351370301

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Liberalism in Pre-revolutionary Russia by Susanna Rabow-Edling Pdf

Nineteenth-century Russian intellectuals were faced with a dilemma. They had to choose between modernizing their country, thus imitating the West, or reaffirming what was perceived as their country's own values and thereby risk remaining socially underdeveloped and unable to compete with Western powers. Scholars have argued that this led to the emergence of an anti-Western, anti-modern ethnic nationalism. In this innovative book, Susanna Rabow-Edling shows that there was another solution to the conflicting agendas of modernization and cultural authenticity – a Russian liberal nationalism. This nationalism took various forms during the long nineteenth century, but aimed to promote reforms through a combination of liberalism, nationalism and imperialism.

Living Soviet in Ukraine from Stalin to Maidan

Michael T. Westrate
Living Soviet in Ukraine from Stalin to Maidan Book PDF

Author : Michael T. Westrate
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-29
Category : History
ISBN : 9781498523417

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Living Soviet in Ukraine from Stalin to Maidan by Michael T. Westrate Pdf

What the world is now witnessing in Ukraine is the cumulative effect of history and memory in the lives of the people of the region—and this book directly addresses those subjects. Although the majority of scholarship on the Soviet Union focuses on top-level political and intellectual elites, these groups were only tiny minorities. What was life like for the rest of society? What was it like for the vast population that usually supported the regime, mostly accepted the rules, essentially internalized the ideology, and generally made the same choices as their neighbors and friends? What was it like to live Soviet as the USSR hit its peak as a superpower and then fell apart? What was it like to live Soviet in Ukraine in the decade after independence? This book answers those questions. It is an oral history of a group of military colonels and their wives, children, and contemporaries, covering their lives from childhood to the present. During this period, these military families went from comfortable economic circumstances, professional prestige, and political influence as part of the Soviet upper stratum, to destitution and disgrace in the 1990s. Today, many of them are part of Europe’s largest ethnic minority—Russians in Ukraine. The geographic focus is Kharkiv, the second-largest city in Europe’s second-largest country, a Russian-speaking city in eastern Ukraine. Based on 3,000+ pages of interview transcripts and supplemented with materials gleaned from unprecedented access to personal, family, and institutional archives, the book investigates how families endured shifting social, cultural, and political realities. By analyzing the lives of individuals in context, Westrate provides insights at the grassroots level. He reveals how ideological, professional, gender, ethnic, and national imperatives—as developed and transmitted by elites—were internalized, transformed, or rejected by the rank and file. He reveals how the subjective identities of individuals and small groups developed and changed over time, and how that process relates to the parallel projects pursued by the leaders of their countries. In the process, he shows what those experiences have to offer the study of Soviet, post-Soviet, and transnational history, bridging the boundaries created by the collapse of the USSR and exploring the foundations of both twenty-first-century Ukraine and today’s conflicts.

The Great Protector of Wits

Laura Nicolì
The Great Protector of Wits Book PDF

Author : Laura Nicolì
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 359 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2022-06-20
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789004516847

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The Great Protector of Wits by Laura Nicolì Pdf

The Great Protector of Wits provides a new assessment of baron d’Holbach (1723–1789) and his circle. A challenging figure of the European Enlightenment, Paul-Henri Thiry d’Holbach was not only a radically materialistic philosopher, a champion of anticlericalism, the author of the Système de la nature – known as ‘the Bible of atheists’ –, an idéologue, a popularizer of the natural sciences and a prolific contributor to the Encyclopédie, but he also played a crucial role as an organizer of intellectual networks and was a master of disseminating clandestine literature and a consummate strategist in authorial fictions. In this collective volume, for the first time, all these different threads of d’Holbach’s ‘philosophy in action’ are considered and analyzed in their interconnection. Contributors to this volume: Jacopo Agnesina, Nicholas Cronk, Mélanie Éphrème, Enrico Galvagni, Jonathan Israel, Alan Charles Kors, Mladen Kozul, Brunello Lotti, Emilio Mazza, Gianluca Mori, Iryna Mykhailova, Gianni Paganini, Paolo Quintili, Alain Sandrier, Ruggero Sciuto, Maria Susana Seguin, and Gerhardt Stenger.

Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration

Vyacheslav Karpov,Manfred Svensson
Secularization Desecularization and Toleration Book PDF

Author : Vyacheslav Karpov,Manfred Svensson
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2020-10-22
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9783030540463

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Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration by Vyacheslav Karpov,Manfred Svensson Pdf

This book challenges the modern myth that tolerance grows as societies become less religious. The myth inseparably links the progress of toleration to the secularization of modern society. This volume scrutinizes this grand narrative theoretically and empirically, and proposes alternative accounts of the varied relationships between diverse interpretations of religion and secularity and multiple secularizations, desecularizations, and forms of toleration. The authors show how both secular and religious orthodoxies inform toleration and persecution, and how secularizations and desecularizations engender repressive or pluralistic regimes. Ultimately, the book offers an agency-focused perspective which links the variation in toleration and persecution to the actors of secularization and desecularization and their cultural programs.

A Sacred Space Is Never Empty

Victoria Smolkin
A Sacred Space Is Never Empty Book PDF

Author : Victoria Smolkin
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-10-29
Category : History
ISBN : 9780691197234

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A Sacred Space Is Never Empty by Victoria Smolkin Pdf

When the Bolsheviks set out to build a new world in the wake of the Russian Revolution, they expected religion to die off. Soviet power used a variety of tools--from education to propaganda to terror—to turn its vision of a Communist world without religion into reality. Yet even with its monopoly on ideology and power, the Soviet Communist Party never succeeded in overcoming religion and creating an atheist society. A Sacred Space Is Never Empty presents the first history of Soviet atheism from the 1917 revolution to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Drawing on a wealth of archival material and in-depth interviews with those who were on the front lines of Communist ideological campaigns, Victoria Smolkin argues that to understand the Soviet experiment, we must make sense of Soviet atheism. Smolkin shows how atheism was reimagined as an alternative cosmology with its own set of positive beliefs, practices, and spiritual commitments. Through its engagements with religion, the Soviet leadership realized that removing religion from the "sacred spaces" of Soviet life was not enough. Then, in the final years of the Soviet experiment, Mikhail Gorbachev—in a stunning and unexpected reversal—abandoned atheism and reintroduced religion into Soviet public life. A Sacred Space Is Never Empty explores the meaning of atheism for religious life, for Communist ideology, and for Soviet politics.

Law and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russia

Paul Valliere,Randall A. Poole
Law and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russia Book PDF

Author : Paul Valliere,Randall A. Poole
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 275 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2021-09-16
Category : History
ISBN : 9781000427943

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Law and the Christian Tradition in Modern Russia by Paul Valliere,Randall A. Poole Pdf

This book, authored by an international group of scholars, focuses on a vibrant central current within the history of Russian legal thought: how Christianity, and theistic belief generally, has inspired the aspiration to the rule of law in Russia, informed Russian philosophies of law, and shaped legal practices. Following a substantial introduction to the phenomenon of Russian legal consciousness, the volume presents twelve concise, non-technical portraits of modern Russian jurists and philosophers of law whose thought was shaped significantly by Orthodox Christian faith or theistic belief. Also included are chapters on the role the Orthodox Church has played in the legal culture of Russia and on the contribution of modern Russian scholars to the critical investigation of Orthodox canon law. The collection embraces the most creative period of Russian legal thought—the century and a half from the later Enlightenment to the Russian emigration following the Bolshevik Revolution. This book will merit the attention of anyone interested in the connections between law and religion in modern times.

Atheists

Nick Spencer
Atheists Book PDF

Author : Nick Spencer
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2014-05-08
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781472902979

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Atheists by Nick Spencer Pdf

The clash between atheism and religion has become the defining battle of the 21st century. Books on and about atheism retain high profile and popularity, and atheist movements on both sides of the Atlantic capture headlines with high-profile campaigns and adverts. However, very little has been written on the history of atheism, and this book fills that conspicuous gap. Instead of treating atheism just as a philosophical or scientific idea about the non-existence of God, Atheists: The Origin of the Species places the movement in its proper social and political context. Because atheism in Europe developed in reaction to the Christianity that dominated the continent's intellectual, social and political life, it adopted, adapted and reacted against its institutions as well as its ideas. Accordingly, the history of atheism is as much about social and political movements as it is scientific or philosophical ideas. This is the story not only of Hobbes, Hume, and Darwin, but also of Thomas Aitkenhead hung for blasphemous atheism, Percy Shelley expelled for adolescent atheism, and the Marquis de Sade imprisoned for libertine atheism; of the French revolutionary Terror and the Soviet League of the Militant Godless; of the rise of the US Religious Right and of Islamic terrorism. Looking at atheism in its full sociopolitical context helps explain why it has looked so very different in different countries. It also explains why there has been a recent upsurge in atheism, particularly in Britain and the US, where religion has unexpectedly come to play such a significant role in political affairs. This leads us to a somewhat paradoxical conclusion: we should expect to hear more about atheism in the future for the simple reason that God is back.

Underground Petersburg

Christopher Ely
Underground Petersburg Book PDF

Author : Christopher Ely
Publisher : Northern Illinois University Press
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2016-10-30
Category : History
ISBN : 9781501758072

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Underground Petersburg by Christopher Ely Pdf

St. Petersburg: from space of representation to embattled public sphere -- Nihilism: self-fashioning and subculture in the city -- Underground pioneers -- To the people and back -- City synergy -- Organized troglodytes: building up the underground -- Battleground Petersburg -- The armor of our invisibility: underground terror and the illusion of power

Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia

Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter
Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia Book PDF

Author : Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter
Publisher : Northern Illinois University Press
Page : 207 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2013-03-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781501757464

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Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia by Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter Pdf

This valuable study explores the Russian Enlightenment with reference to the religious Enlightenment of the mid to late eighteenth century. Grounded in close reading of the sermons and devotional writings of Platon (Levshin), Court preacher and Metropolitan of Moscow, the book examines the blending of European ideas into the teachings of Russian Orthodoxy. Highlighting the interplay between Enlightenment thought and Orthodox enlightenment, Elise Wirtschafter addresses key questions of concern to religious Enlighteners across Europe: humanity's relationship to God and creation, the distinction between learning and enlightenment, the role of Christian love in authority relationships, the meaning of free will in a universe governed by Divine Providence, and the unity of church, monarchy, and civil society. Countering scholarship that depicts an Orthodox religious culture under assault from European modernity and Petrine absolutism, Wirtschafter emphasizes the ability of Russia's educated churchmen to assimilate and transform Enlightenment ideas. The intellectual and spiritual vitality of eighteenth-century Orthodoxy helps to explain how Russian policymakers and intellectuals met the challenge of European power while simultaneously coming to terms with the broad cultural appeal of the Enlightenment's universalistic human rights agenda. Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia defines the Russian Enlightenment as a response to the allure of European modernity, as an instrument of social control, and as the moral voice of an emergent independent society. Because Russia's enlightened intellectuals focused on the moral perfectibility of the individual human being, rather than social and political change, the originality of the Russian Enlightenment has gone unrecognized. This study corrects images of a superficial Enlightenment and crisis-ridden religious culture, arguing that in order to understand the humanistic sensibility and emphasis on individual dignity that permeate Russian intellectual history, and the history of the educated classes more broadly, it is necessary to bring Orthodox teachings into the discussion of Enlightenment thought. The result is a book that explains the distinctive origins of modern Russian culture while also allowing scholars to situate the Russian Enlightenment in European and global history.