From Nature To Norm

Author : Paul Sheldon Davies
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2003-01-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 0262262371

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Norms of Nature by Paul Sheldon Davies Pdf

The components of living systems strike us as functional-as for the sake of certain ends—and as endowed with specific norms of performance. The mammalian eye, for example, has the function of perceiving and processing light, and possession of this property tempts us to claim that token eyes are supposed to perceive and process light. That is, we tend to evaluate the performance of token eyes against the norm described in the attributed functional property. Hence the norms of nature. What, then, are the norms of nature? Whence do they arise? Out of what natural properties or relations are they constituted? In Norms of Nature, Paul Sheldon Davies argues against the prevailing view that natural norms are constituted out of some form of historical success—usually success in natural selection. He defends the view that functions are nothing more than effects that contribute to the exercise of some more general systemic capacity. Natural functions exist insofar as the components of natural systems contribute to the exercise of systemic capacities. This is so irrespective of the system's history. Even if the mammalian eye had never been selected for, it would have the function of perceiving and processing light, because those are the effects that contribute to the exercise of the visual system. The systemic approach to conceptualizing natural norms, claims Davies, is superior to the historical approach in several important ways. Especially significant is that it helps us understand how the attribution of functions within the life sciences coheres with the methods and ontology of the natural sciences generally.

Author : John Post
Publisher : Booksurge Publishing
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2008-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 1419698419

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From Nature to Norm by John Post Pdf

A meticulously scripted and thoughtfully considered monograph about the abyss between morality and biology, From Nature to Norm: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Morals proves as inventive as it is original. It combines the highest degree of originality with careful attention to potential objections, all in accord with Stravinsky's rule: To enjoy to the full the conquests of daring, we must demand that it operate in a pitiless light. Author and philosopher John F. Post explains how what seems an impossibility often proves to be a failure of the imagination. With wit and candor, he urges his readers to recall Stravinsky's rule and to ponder the relationships between the moral and biological dimensions of humankind. His is a dialogue to forge a path between the moral and the biological by way of forming a synthesis of these two crucial elements of human being.

Author : Randi Rashkover
Publisher : Academic Studies PRess
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2021-02-02
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781644695111

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Nature and Norm by Randi Rashkover Pdf

Nature and Norm: Judaism, Christianity and the Theopolitical Problem is a book about the encounter between Jewish and Christian thought and the fact-value divide that invites the unsettling recognition of the dramatic acosmism that shadows and undermines a considerable number of modern and contemporary Jewish and Christian thought systems. By exposing the forced option presented to Jewish and Christian thinkers by the continued appropriation of the fact-value divide, Nature and Norm motivates Jewish and Christian thinkers to perform an immanent critique of the failure of their thought systems to advance rational theopolitical claims and exercise the authority and freedom to assert their claims as reasonable hypotheses that hold the potential for enacting effective change in our current historical moment.

Author : John Turri
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781783741861

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Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion by John Turri Pdf

Language is a human universal reflecting our deeply social nature. Among its essential functions, language enables us to quickly and efficiently share information. We tell each other that many things are true—that is, we routinely make assertions. Information shared this way plays a critical role in the decisions and plans we make. In Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion, a distinguished philosopher and cognitive scientist investigates the rules or norms that structure our social practice of assertion. Combining evidence from philosophy, psychology, and biology, John Turri shows that knowledge is the central norm of assertion and explains why knowledge plays this role. Concise, comprehensive, non-technical, and thoroughly accessible, this volume quickly brings readers to the cutting edge of a major research program at the intersection of philosophy and science. It presupposes no philosophical or scientific training. It will be of interest to philosophers and scientists, is suitable for use in graduate and undergraduate courses, and will appeal to general readers interested in human nature, social cognition, and communication.

Author : Paul Sheldon Davies
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1412846643

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Norms of Nature by Paul Sheldon Davies Pdf

Author : May Sim
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 372 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0847679829

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The Crossroads of Norm and Nature by May Sim Pdf

A discussion of the intersections between Aristotle's works: Ethics and Metaphysics. It debates the ways in which - and even the extent to which - the two texts illuminate one another, examine Aristotle's methods and intellectualism and analyse issues of matter, form, potency and art.

Author : Lorraine Daston
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 88 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2019-05-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780262353816

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Against Nature by Lorraine Daston Pdf

A pithy work of philosophical anthropology that explores why humans find moral orders in natural orders. Why have human beings, in many different cultures and epochs, looked to nature as a source of norms for human behavior? From ancient India and ancient Greece, medieval France and Enlightenment America, up to the latest controversies over gay marriage and cloning, natural orders have been enlisted to illustrate and buttress moral orders. Revolutionaries and reactionaries alike have appealed to nature to shore up their causes. No amount of philosophical argument or political critique deters the persistent and pervasive temptation to conflate the “is” of natural orders with the “ought” of moral orders. In this short, pithy work of philosophical anthropology, Lorraine Daston asks why we continually seek moral orders in natural orders, despite so much good counsel to the contrary. She outlines three specific forms of natural order in the Western philosophical tradition—specific natures, local natures, and universal natural laws—and describes how each of these three natural orders has been used to define and oppose a distinctive form of the unnatural. She argues that each of these forms of the unnatural triggers equally distinctive emotions: horror, terror, and wonder. Daston proposes that human reason practiced in human bodies should command the attention of philosophers, who have traditionally yearned for a transcendent reason, valid for all species, all epochs, even all planets.

Author : Håkan Hydén
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781000533101

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Sociology of Law as the Science of Norms by Håkan Hydén Pdf

This book proposes the study of norms as a method of explaining human choice and behaviour by introducing a new scientific perspective. The science of norms may here be broadly understood as a social science which includes elements from both the behavioural and legal sciences. It is given that a science of norms is not normative in the sense of prescribing what is right or wrong in various situations. Compared with legal science, sociology of law has an interest in the operational side of legal rules and regulation. This book develops a synthesizing social science approach to better understand societal development in the wake of the increasingly significant digital technology. The underlying idea is that norms as expectations today are not primarily related to social expectations emanating from human interactions but come from systems that mankind has created for fulfilling its needs. Today the economy, via the market, and technology via digitization, generate stronger and more frequent expectations than the social system. By expanding the sociological understanding of norms, the book makes comparisons between different parts of society possible and creates a more holistic understanding of contemporary society. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers in the areas of sociology of law, legal theory, philosophy of law, sociology and social psychology.

Author : Richard Nash,Cheyanne Sharbatke-Church,Zita Toribio,Peter Woodrow,Derick W. Brinkerhoff
Publisher : RTI Press
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2023-09-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Understanding Corruption and Social Norms: A Case Study in Natural Resource Management by Richard Nash,Cheyanne Sharbatke-Church,Zita Toribio,Peter Woodrow,Derick W. Brinkerhoff Pdf

Corruption undermines many outcomes across development sectors, yet little is known about how social norms drive corruption or undermine anticorruption efforts in sector work. The conservation sector is no exception. The current study examined corruption and social norms related to infrastructure investments and site planning decisions and their subsequent effect on conservation outcomes. The study focused on the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, one of four protected areas under the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Sustainable Interventions for Biodiversity, Oceans and Landscapes (SIBOL) project in the Philippines, implemented by RTI International. Based on a site visit, key informant interviews, and extensive document analysis, our findings elucidate a unique governance structure that enabled project partners to navigate the significant corruption risks present. Direct social norms were not found to be driving corrupt decision making. However, indirect norms played a role by dictating inaction or silence—powerful behaviors—in the face of abuse of entrusted power for personal gain. Our analysis highlights the challenges and importance of having practitioners clearly define and understand what they mean by “corruption” as well as the importance of undertaking a systems analysis that incorporates the influence of social norms on behaviors within that system.

Author : Matthias Baier
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 377 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-01
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781317054092

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Social and Legal Norms by Matthias Baier Pdf

In an era where new areas of life and new problems call for normative solutions while the plurality of values in society challenge the very basis for normative solutions, this book looks at a growing field of research on the relations between social and legal norms. New technologies and social media offer new ways to communicate about normative issues and the centrality of formal law and how normativity comes about is a question for debate. This book offers empirical and theoretical research in the field of social and legal norms and will inspire future debate and research in terms of internationalization and cross-national comparative studies. It presents a consistent picture of empirical research in different social and organizational areas and will deepen the theoretical understanding regarding the interplay between social and legal norms. Including chapters written from four different aspects of normativity, the contributors argue that normativity is a result of combinations between law in books, law in action, social norms and social practice. The book uses a variety of different international examples, ranging from Sweden, Uzbekistan, Colombia and Mexico. Primarily aimed at scholars in sociology of law, socio-legal studies, law and legal theory, the book will also interest those in sociology, political science and psychology.

Author : Dire Tladi
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 806 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2021-08-16
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789004464124

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Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens) by Dire Tladi Pdf

Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens): Disquisitions and Dispositions is a collection of contributions on various aspects of jus cogens in international law.

Author : William J. FitzPatrick
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 410 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2017-09-25
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781136712678

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Teleology and the Norms of Nature by William J. FitzPatrick Pdf

This work is an examination of teleological attributions i.e. ascriptions of proper functions and natural ends) to the features and behavior of living things with a view to understanding their application to human life.

Author : Krzysztof Piotr Skowronski
Publisher : Lexington Books
Page : 146 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2015-09-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781498509473

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Values, Valuations, and Axiological Norms in Richard Rorty's Neopragmatism by Krzysztof Piotr Skowronski Pdf

Values, Valuations, and Axiological Norms in Richard Rorty's Neopragmatism sympathetically discusses Richard Rorty's neopragmatist philosophy. This book brings together a range of interpretations and possibilities on a variety of humanistic topics, including philosophy, literature, culture, film, economics, social issues, politics, and more. Skowroński involves the work of philosophers such as Kant, Dewey, Santayana, and Kołakowski as he delves into various philosophical problems using the lens of Rorty’s neopragmatist thought.

Author : Stanley L. Paulson,Bonnie Litschewski Paulson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 820 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Law
ISBN : 0198763158

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Normativity and Norms by Stanley L. Paulson,Bonnie Litschewski Paulson Pdf

Using newly translated papers and some of the best extant writings on Kelsen's theory, this volume covers topics including competing ideas on the nature of law, legal validity, legal powers and the unity of municipal and international law.

Author : Alan Bloomfield,Shirley V. Scott
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2016-10-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781317479574

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Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change by Alan Bloomfield,Shirley V. Scott Pdf

Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entrepreneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change. This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm-contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threatened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages. This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History.