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Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 70 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 1986-09-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0939934647
This is the third in a group of three papers dealing with various aspects of Fund-supported adjustment programs.
Author : Mr.Mohsin S. Khan,Mr.Malcolm D. Knight
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 1985-11-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0939934558
This is the first of a group of papers dealing with various aspects of Fund-supported adjustment programs. The other two, The Global Effects of Fund-supported Adjustment Programs by Morris Goldstein and Fund-Supported Programs, Fiscal Policy, and Income Distribution by the Fiscal Affairs Department, will also be published in the Fund's Occasional Paper Series.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 69 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2014-07-03
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498343671
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Author : Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Ruud A. de Mooij,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Mr.Michael Keen
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2015-09-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513521541
This paper is an excerpt from Inequality and Fiscal Policy. The sizeable increase in income inequality experienced in advanced economies and many parts of the world since the 1990s and the severe consequences of the global economic and financial crisis have brought issues on equity and distribution to the top of the policy agenda. The book delves into this discussion by analyzing fiscal policy and its link with inequality. Fiscal policy is the government’s most powerful tool for addressing inequality. It affects household consumption directly and indirectly. An important message of the book is that growth and equity are not necessarily at odds; with the appropriate mix of policy instruments and careful policy design, countries can in many cases achieve better distributional outcomes and improve economic efficiency. Country case studies demonstrate the diversity of challenges and the diverging ways to use fiscal policy for redistribution. The analysis presented in the book builds on work by IMF economists and leading academics.
Author : Mr.Benedict J. Clements,Ruud A. de Mooij,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta,Mr.Michael Keen
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2015-09-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513567754
The sizeable increase in income inequality experienced in advanced economies and many parts of the world since the 1990s and the severe consequences of the global economic and financial crisis have brought distributional issues to the top of the policy agenda. The challenge for many governments is to address concerns over rising inequality while simultaneously promoting economic efficiency and more robust economic growth. The book delves into this discussion by analyzing fiscal policy and its link with inequality. Fiscal policy is the government’s most powerful tool for addressing inequality. It affects households ‘consumption directly (through taxes and transfers) and indirectly (via incentives for work and production and the provision of public goods and individual services such as education and health). An important message of the book is that growth and equity are not necessarily at odds; with the appropriate mix of policy instruments and careful policy design, countries can in many cases achieve better distributional outcomes and improve economic efficiency. Country studies (on the Netherlands, China, India, Republic of Congo, and Brazil) demonstrate the diversity of challenges across countries and their differing capacity to use fiscal policy for redistribution. The analysis presented in the book builds on and extends work done at the IMF, and also includes contributions from leading academics.
Author : Ms. Francesca Bastagli,David Coady,Mr. Sanjeev Gupta
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 37 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2012-10-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475512045
This note will describe recent trends in income inequality in both advanced and developing economies and how tax and expenditure policies have impacted on these trends. It will discuss how tax and expenditure policies should be designed to bring about a more equitable distribution of income, as well as to protect the most vulnerable populations during periods of fiscal consolidation.
Author : Mr.Ke-young Chu,Mr.Hamid Reza Davoodi,Mr.Sanjeev Gupta
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2000-03-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1451848285
This paper reviews income distribution in developing (and transition) countries in recent decades. On average, before-tax income distribution in developing countries is less unequal than in industrial countries. However, unlike industrial countries, developing countries in general have not been able to use tax and transfer policies effectively to reduce income inequality. During the 1980s and 1990s, many developing countries experienced an increase in income inequality. The government health care and primary and secondary education programs in developing countries are not well targeted, but their incidence tends to be progressive.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2015-04-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498344654
This paper explores how fiscal policy can affect medium- to long-term growth. It identifies the main channels through which fiscal policy can influence growth and distills practical lessons for policymakers. The particular mix of policy measures, however, will depend on country-specific conditions, capacities, and preferences. The paper draws on the Fund’s extensive technical assistance on fiscal reforms as well as several analytical studies, including a novel approach for country studies, a statistical analysis of growth accelerations following fiscal reforms, and simulations of an endogenous growth model.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 1989-11-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451951066
The resumption of economic growth in Latin America is predicated on the successful restoration of fiscal discipline and stabilization. In restoring fiscal discipline, the mix of policy instruments should aim at maximizing efficiency in the use of domestic and foreign resources. Poverty alleviation in Latin America is not likely to be achieved, in the near future, by economic growth. Policy should promote a more equitable distribution of income. While fiscal policy can play an important role in this process, it is important to realize that the current high domestic inflation in many Latin American countries implies that expanding social programs has high social costs. Fiscal policy should aim at increasing the income share for the poor by making the tax system more efficient and by reforming the existing social programs to make them more effectively targeted toward the poor.
Author : International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2017-10-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484317495
At the global level, inequality has declined substantially over the past three decades, but within national boundaries, the picture is mixed: some countries have experienced a reduction in inequality while others, particularly advanced economies, have seen a significant increase that has, among other things, contributed to growing public backlash against globalization. Excessive levels of inequality can erode social cohesion, lead to political polarization, and ultimately lower economic growth, but whether inequality is excessive depends on country-specific factors, including the growth context in which inequality arises, along with societal preferences. This Fiscal Monitor focuses on how fiscal policy can help governments address high levels of inequality while minimizing potential trade-offs between efficiency and equity. It documents recent trends in income inequality, including inequality both between and within countries, then examines the redistributive role of fiscal policies over recent decades and underscores the importance of appropriate design to minimize any efficiency costs. It then focuses on some key components of fiscal redistribution: progressivity of income taxation, universal basic income, and public spending policies for achieving more equitable education and health outcomes. The analysis relies on the existing theoretical and empirical literature, IMF work on inequality and fiscal policy, country experiences, and new analytical work, including various static microsimulation analyses based on household survey data. Simulations using a dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated to country-specific data and behavioral parameters illustrate the potential impact of alternative budget-neutral tax and transfer measures on income inequality and economic growth.
Author : Mr.David Coady,Nghia-Piotr Le
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 27 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2020-06-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513547046
There is a growing debate on the relative merits of universal and targeted social assistance transfers in achieving income redistribution objectives. While the benefits of targeting are clear, i.e., a larger poverty impact for a given transfer budget or lower fiscal cost for a given poverty impact, in practice targeting also comes with various costs, including incentive, administrative, social and political costs. The appropriate balance between targeted and universal transfers will therefore depend on how countries decide to trade-off these costs and benefits as well as on the potential for redistribution through taxes. This paper discusses the trade-offs that arise in different country contexts and the potential for strengthening fiscal redistribution in advanced and developing countries, including through expanding transfer coverage and progressive tax financing.
Author : Mr.Christian Mumssen,Yasemin Bal-Gunduz,Mr.Christian Ebeke,Ms.Linda Kaltani
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013-12-31
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484356203
This paper studies the short and longer-term impact of IMF engagement in Low-Income Countries (LICs) over nearly three decades. In contrast to earlier studies, we focus on a sample composed exclusively of LICs and disentangle the different effects of IMF longer-term engagement and short-term financing using a propensity score matching approach to control for selection bias. Our results indicate that longer-term IMF support (at least five years of program engagement per decade) helped LICs sustain economic growth and boost resilience by building fiscal buffers. Interestingly, the size of IMF financing has no significant impact on economic growth, possibly pointing to the prominent role of IMF policy advice and institutional capacity building in the context of longer-term engagement. We also present evidence that the short-term IMF engagement through augmentations of existing programs or short-term and emergency facilities is positively associated with a wide range of macroeconomic outcomes. Notably, the IMF financial support has the greatest impact on short-term growth when LICs are faced with substantial macroeconomic imbalances or exogenous shocks.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 130 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2004-01-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1589062736
Summarizes the for ward-looking analytical work program on macroeconomic issues related to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach. The program is evolving through a process that began with a technical workshop; participants from low-income countries, donors, academia, and civil society drafted guidance on selected issues and identified priority research topics. Partners, policymakers, and economic scholars are encouraged to share their perspectives and findings through respective team leaders, whose e-mail addresses are provided. The publication also summarizes IMF analytical work, and contains a bibliography of nearly 1,000 papers.
Author : Sanjeev Gupta
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1998-09-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105021633214
The IMF is increasingly emphasizing "high-quality growth" - that is, growth that is sustainable, that is accompanied by appropriate domestic and external balances, that respects the environment, and that is aided by policies that reduce poverty and foster greater equity. This pamphlet focuses on how the IMF works to reduce poverty and improve equity.
Author : Hamid R. Davoodi
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1291191270
This paper reviews income distribution in developing (and transition) countries in recent decades. On average, before-tax income distribution in developing countries is less unequal than in industrial countries. However, unlike industrial countries, developing countries in general have not been able to use tax and transfer policies effectively to reduce income inequality. During the 1980s and 1990s, many developing countries experienced an increase in income inequality. The government health care and primary and secondary education programs in developing countries are not well targeted, but their incidence tends to be progressive.