Generalized Expected Utility Theory

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Generalized Expected Utility Theory

John Quiggin
Generalized Expected Utility Theory Book PDF

Author : John Quiggin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789401121828

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Generalized Expected Utility Theory by John Quiggin Pdf

Economic analysis of choice under uncertainty has been dominated by the expected utility (EU) model, yet the EU model has never been without critics. Psychologists accumulated evidence that individual choices under uncertainty were inconsistent with the predictions of the EU model. Applied work in areas such as finance was dominated by the simpler mean-variance analysis. In the 1980s this skepticism was dispelled as a number of generalizations of EU were proposed, most of which were capable of explaining evidence inconsistent with EU, while preserving transitivity and dominance. Generalized expected utility is now a flourishing subfield of economics, with dozens of competing models and considerable literature exploring their theoretical properties and comparing their empirical performance. But the EU model remains the principal tool for the analysis of choice under uncertainty. There is a view that generalized models are too difficult to handle or incapable of generating sharp results. This creates a need to show that the new models can be used in the kinds of economic analysis for which EU has been used, and that they can yield new and interesting results. This book meets this need by describing one of the most popular generalized models -- the rank-dependent expected utility model (RDEU), also known as anticipated utility, EU with rank-dependent preferences, the dual theory of choice under uncertainty, and simply as rank-dependent utility. As the many names indicate, the model has been approached in many ways by many scientists and for this reason, consideration of a single model sheds light on many of the concerns that have motivated the development of generalized utility models. The popularity of the RDEU model rests on its simplicity and tractability. The standard tools of analysis developed for EU theory may be applied to the RDEU model, but since RDEU admits behavior inconsistent with EU, the field of potential applications is widened. As such, the RDEU model is not as much a competitor to EU as an extension based on less restrictive assumptions.

Utility Theories: Measurements and Applications

Ward Edwards
Utility Theories Measurements and Applications Book PDF

Author : Ward Edwards
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2013-12-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789401129527

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Utility Theories: Measurements and Applications by Ward Edwards Pdf

The Conference on "Utility: Theories, Measurements, and Applications" met at the Inn at Pasatiempo in Santa Cruz, California, from June II to 15, 1989. The all-star cast of attendees are listed as authors in the Table of Contents of this book (see p. V), except for Soo Hong Chew and Amos Tversky. The purpose of the conference, and of National Science Foundation Grant No. SES-8823012 that supported it, was to confront proponents of new generalized theories of utility with leading decision analysts com mitted to the implementation, in practice, of the more traditional theory that these new theories reject. That traditional model is variously iden tified in this book as expected utility or subjectively expected utility maximization (EU or SEU for short) and variously attributed to von Neumann and Morgenstern or Savage. I had feared that the conference might consist of an acrimonious debate between Olympian normative theorists uninterested in what people actually do and behavioral modelers obsessed with the cognitive illusions and uninterested in helping people to make wise decisions. I was entirely wrong. The conferees, in two dramatic straw votes at the open ing session, unanimously endorsed traditional SEU as the appropriate normative model and unanimously agreed that people don't act as that model requires. (These votes had a profound impact on my thinking; detail about them and about that impact is located in Chapter 10.

Behavioral Decision Theory

Kazuhisa Takemura
Behavioral Decision Theory Book PDF

Author : Kazuhisa Takemura
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 389 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2021-09-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789811654534

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Behavioral Decision Theory by Kazuhisa Takemura Pdf

This book is the second edition of Behavioral Decision Theory, published in 2014. The main approach and structure of this book have been retained in the new edition. However, this second edition provides a fresh overview of the idea of behavioral decision theory and related research findings such as theoretical and empirical discoveries of preference formation, time discounting, social interaction, and social decision making. The book covers a wide range from classical to relatively recent major studies concerning behavioral decision theory, which, in brief, is a general term for descriptive theories to explain the psychological knowledge related to people’s decision-making behavior. It is called a theory but is actually a combination of various psychological theories, for which no axiomatic systems—such as those associated with the utility theory widely used in economics—have been established. The utility theory is often limited to qualitative knowledge; however, as the studies of Nobel laureates H. A. Simon, D. Kahneman, and R. Thaler have suggested, the psychological methodology and knowledge of behavioral decision theory have been applied widely in such fields as economics, business administration, and engineering and are expected to become even more useful in the future. Research into people’s decision making represents an important part in those fields, various aspects of which overlap with the scope of behavioral decision theory. This theory is closely related to behavioral economics and behavioral finance, which have come into greater use in recent years. This book will appeal especially to graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, and researchers who are interested in decision-making phenomena.

Risky Curves

Daniel Friedman,R. Mark Isaac,Duncan James,Shyam Sunder
Risky Curves Book PDF

Author : Daniel Friedman,R. Mark Isaac,Duncan James,Shyam Sunder
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 171 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2014-02-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317821236

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Risky Curves by Daniel Friedman,R. Mark Isaac,Duncan James,Shyam Sunder Pdf

For several decades, the orthodox economics approach to understanding choice under risk has been to assume that each individual person maximizes some sort of personal utility function defined over purchasing power. This new volume contests that even the best wisdom from the orthodox theory has not yet been able to do better than supposedly naïve models that use rules of thumb, or that focus on the consumption possibilities and economic constraints facing the individual. The authors assert this by first revisiting the origins of orthodox theory. They then recount decades of failed attempts to obtain meaningful empirical validation or calibration of the theory. Estimated shapes and parameters of the "curves" have varied erratically from domain to domain (e.g., individual choice versus aggregate behavior), from context to context, from one elicitation mechanism to another, and even from the same individual at different time periods, sometimes just minutes apart. This book proposes the return to a simpler sort of scientific theory of risky choice, one that focuses not upon unobservable curves but rather upon the potentially observable opportunities and constraints facing decision makers. It argues that such an opportunities-based model offers superior possibilities for scientific advancement. At the very least, linear utility – in the presence of constraints - is a useful bar for the "curved" alternatives to clear.

The Economics of Risk and Time

Christian Gollier
The Economics of Risk and Time Book PDF

Author : Christian Gollier
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0262572249

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The Economics of Risk and Time by Christian Gollier Pdf

Updates and advances the theory of expected utility as applied to risk analysis and financial decision making.

Handbook of Utility Theory

Salvador Barbera,Peter Hammond,Christian Seidl
Handbook of Utility Theory Book PDF

Author : Salvador Barbera,Peter Hammond,Christian Seidl
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 636 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2004-03-31
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781402079641

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Handbook of Utility Theory by Salvador Barbera,Peter Hammond,Christian Seidl Pdf

The standard rationality hypothesis is that behaviour can be represented as the maximization of a suitably restricted utility function. This hypothesis lies at the heart of a large body of recent work in economics, of course, but also in political science, ethics, and other major branches of the social sciences. Though this hypothesis of utility maximization deserves our continued respect, finding further refinements and developing new critiques remain areas of active research. In fact, many fundamental conceptual problems remain unsettled. Where others have been resolved, their resolutions may be too recent to have achieved widespread understanding among social scientists. Last but not least, a growing number of papers attempt to challenge the rationality hypothesis head on, at least in its more orthodox formulation. The main purpose of this Handbook is to make more widely available some recent developments in the area. Yet we are well aware that the final chapter of a handbook like this can never be written as long as the area of research remains active, as is certainly the case with utility theory. The editors originally selected a list of topics that seemed ripe enough at the time that the book was planned. Then they invited contributions from researchers whose work had come to their attention. So the list of topics and contributors is largely the editors' responsibility, although some potential con tributors did decline our invitation. Each chapter has also been refereed, and often significantly revised in the light of the referees' remarks.

Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox

M. Allais,G.M. Hagen
Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox Book PDF

Author : M. Allais,G.M. Hagen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 706 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789401576291

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Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox by M. Allais,G.M. Hagen Pdf

Utility theory or, value theory in general, is certainly the cornerstone of decision theory, game theory, microecon~mics, and all social and political theories which deal with public decisions. Recently the American School of utility, founded by von N eumann Morgenstern, encountered a far-going criticism by the French School of utility represented by its founder Allais. The whole basis of the theory of decisions involving risk has been shaken and put into question. Consequently, basic research in the fundamentals of utility and value theory evolved into a crisis. Like any crisis in basic research, and this one was not an exception, it was very fruitful. One may simply say: Allais versus von Neumann-Morgenstern, or the French School of utility versus the American School, became one of the battlefields of scientific development which proved to be a most creative source of new advances and new developments in all those sciences which are based on evaluation of utilities.

Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory with Applications

Bernt P. Stigum,Fred Wenstop
Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory with Applications Book PDF

Author : Bernt P. Stigum,Fred Wenstop
Publisher : Springer
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2010-12-25
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9048183642

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Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory with Applications by Bernt P. Stigum,Fred Wenstop Pdf

In this volume we present some o~ the papers that were delivered at FUR-82 - the First International Con~erence on Foundations o~ Utility and Risk Theory in Oslo, June 1982. The purpose o~ the con~erence was to provide a ~orum within which scientists could report on interesting applications o~ modern decision theory and exchange ideas about controversial issues in the ~oundations o~ the theory o~ choice under un certainty. With that purpose in mind we have selected a mixture of applied and theoretical papers that we hope will appeal to a wide spectrum o~ readers ~rom graduate students in social science departments and business schools to people involved in making hardheaded decisions in business and government. In an introductory article Ole Hagen gives an overview o~ various paradoxes in utility and risk theory and discusses these in the light o~ scientific methodology. He concludes the article by calling ~or joint efforts to provide decision makers with warkable theories. Kenneth Arrow takes up the same issue on a broad basis in his paper where he discusses the implications o~ behavior under uncertainty for policy. In the theoretical papers the reader will ~ind attempts at de~initive Statements of the meaning o~ old concepts and suggestions for the adoption o~ new concepts. For instance, Maurice Allais discusses four di~ferent interpretations o~ the axioms o~ probability and explains the need ~or an empirical characterization o~ the concept of chance.

Handbook of Utility Theory

Salvador Barbera,Peter J. Hammond,Christian Seidl
Handbook of Utility Theory Book PDF

Author : Salvador Barbera,Peter J. Hammond,Christian Seidl
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 714 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0792381742

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Handbook of Utility Theory by Salvador Barbera,Peter J. Hammond,Christian Seidl Pdf

The standard rationality hypothesis implies that behaviour can be represented as the maximization of a suitably restricted utility function. This hypothesis lies at the heart of a large body of recent work in economics, of course, but also in political science, ethics, and other major branches of social sciences. Though the utility maximization hypothesis is venerable, it remains an area of active research. Moreover, some fundamental conceptual problems remain unresolved, or at best have resolutions that are too recent to have achieved widespread understanding among social scientists. The main purpose of the Handbook of Utility Theory is to make recent developments in the area more accessible. The editors selected a number of specific topics, and invited contributions from researchers whose work had come to their attention. Therefore, the list of topics and contributions is largely the editors' responsibility. Each contributor's chapter has been refereed, and revised according to the referees' remarks. This is the first volume of a two volume set, with the second volume focusing on extensions of utility theory.

Utility and Probability

John Eatwell,Murray Milgate,Peter Newman
Utility and Probability Book PDF

Author : John Eatwell,Murray Milgate,Peter Newman
Publisher : Springer
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1990-02-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781349205684

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Utility and Probability by John Eatwell,Murray Milgate,Peter Newman Pdf

This is an excerpt from the 4-volume dictionary of economics, a reference book which aims to define the subject of economics today. 1300 subject entries in the complete work cover the broad themes of economic theory. This extract concentrates on utility and probability.

Prospect Theory

Peter P. Wakker
Prospect Theory Book PDF

Author : Peter P. Wakker
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 519 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2010-07-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781139489102

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Prospect Theory by Peter P. Wakker Pdf

Prospect Theory: For Risk and Ambiguity, provides a comprehensive and accessible textbook treatment of the way decisions are made both when we have the statistical probabilities associated with uncertain future events (risk) and when we lack them (ambiguity). The book presents models, primarily prospect theory, that are both tractable and psychologically realistic. A method of presentation is chosen that makes the empirical meaning of each theoretical model completely transparent. Prospect theory has many applications in a wide variety of disciplines. The material in the book has been carefully organized to allow readers to select pathways through the book relevant to their own interests. With numerous exercises and worked examples, the book is ideally suited to the needs of students taking courses in decision theory in economics, mathematics, finance, psychology, management science, health, computer science, Bayesian statistics, and engineering.

Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty

George G. Szpiro
Risk Choice and Uncertainty Book PDF

Author : George G. Szpiro
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 413 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2020-01-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780231550970

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Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty by George G. Szpiro Pdf

At its core, economics is about making decisions. In the history of economic thought, great intellectual prowess has been exerted toward devising exquisite theories of optimal decision making in situations of constraint, risk, and scarcity. Yet not all of our choices are purely logical, and so there is a longstanding tension between those emphasizing the rational and irrational sides of human behavior. One strand develops formal models of rational utility maximizing while the other draws on what behavioral science has shown about our tendency to act irrationally. In Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty, George G. Szpiro offers a new narrative of the three-century history of the study of decision making, tracing how crucial ideas have evolved and telling the stories of the thinkers who shaped the field. Szpiro examines economics from the early days of theories spun from anecdotal evidence to the rise of a discipline built around elegant mathematics through the past half century’s interest in describing how people actually behave. Considering the work of Locke, Bentham, Jevons, Walras, Friedman, Tversky and Kahneman, Thaler, and a range of other thinkers, he sheds light on the vast scope of discovery since Bernoulli first proposed a solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox. Presenting fundamental mathematical theories in easy-to-understand language, Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty is a revelatory history for readers seeking to grasp the grand sweep of economic thought.

Recent Developments in the Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory

L. Daboni,Aldo M. Montesano,M. Lines
Recent Developments in the Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory Book PDF

Author : L. Daboni,Aldo M. Montesano,M. Lines
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789400946163

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Recent Developments in the Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory by L. Daboni,Aldo M. Montesano,M. Lines Pdf

The Second International Conference on Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory was held in Venice, June 1984. This volume presents some of the papers delivered at FUR-84. (The First International Conference, FUR-82, was held in Oslo and some of the papers presented on that occasion were published by Reidel in the volume Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory with Applications, edited by Bernt P. Stigum and Fred Wenst~p). The theory of choice under uncertainty involves a vast range of controversial issues in many fields like economics, philosophy, psychology, mathematics and statistics. The idea of discussing these problems in international conferences has been successful: two conferences have been held and others will follow. The climate of the debate has changed in the meantime, partly as a result of these conferences. It is no more only a question of attacking or defending the neo-Bernoullian assumptions, but also of proposing wider generalizations and including new elements in the analysis of the decision process. For instance Amartya Sen - comparing the two current notions of rationality, internal consistency and self-interest pursuit introduces the concept of reasoning and considers the irrationality which may result from the failure of a positive correspondence between reasoning and choice or from a limited capacity of reasoning. Rationality is also considered with respect to the controversial axiom of strong independence. John C. Harsanyi introduces the concept of practical certainty, i. e.

Measuring Utility

Ivan Moscati
Measuring Utility Book PDF

Author : Ivan Moscati
Publisher : Oxford Studies in History of E
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780199372768

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Measuring Utility by Ivan Moscati Pdf

Utility is a key concept in the economics of individual decision-making. However, utility is not measurable in a straightforward way. As a result, from the very beginning there has been debates about the meaning of utility as well as how to measure it. This book is an innovative investigation of how these arguments changed over time. Measuring Utility reconstructs economists' ideas and discussions about utility measurement from 1870 to 1985, as well as their attempts to measure utility empirically. The book brings into focus the interplay between the evolution of utility analysis, economists' ideas about utility measurement, and their conception of what measurement in general means. It also explores the relationships between the history of utility measurement in economics, the history of the measurement of sensations in psychology, and the history of measurement theory in general. Finally, the book discusses some methodological problems related to utility measurement, such as the epistemological status of the utility concept and its measures. The first part covers the period 1870-1910, and discusses the issue of utility measurement in the theories of Jevons, Menger, Walras and other early utility theorists. Part II deals with the emergence of the notions of ordinal and cardinal utility during the period 1900-1945, and discusses two early attempts to give an empirical content to the notion of utility. Part III focuses on the 1945-1955 debate on utility measurement that was originated by von Neumann and Morgenstern's expected utility theory (EUT). Part IV reconstructs the experimental attempts to measure the utility of money between 1950 and 1985 within the framework provided by EUT. This historical and epistemological overview provides keen insights into current debates about rational choice theory and behavioral economics in the theory of individual decision-making and the philosophy of economics.

Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research

Alex C. Michalos
Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well Being Research Book PDF

Author : Alex C. Michalos
Publisher : Springer
Page : 7347 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2014-02-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9400707525

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Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research by Alex C. Michalos Pdf

The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work on scientific and other scholarly research on the quality of life, including health-related quality of life research or also called patient-reported outcomes research. Since the 1960s two overlapping but fairly distinct research communities and traditions have developed concerning ideas about the quality of life, individually and collectively, one with a fairly narrow focus on health-related issues and one with a quite broad focus. In many ways, the central issues of these fields have roots extending to the observations and speculations of ancient philosophers, creating a continuous exploration by diverse explorers in diverse historic and cultural circumstances over several centuries of the qualities of human existence. What we have not had so far is a single, multidimensional reference work connecting the most salient and important contributions to the relevant fields. Entries are organized alphabetically and cover basic concepts, relatively well established facts, lawlike and causal relations, theories, methods, standardized tests, biographic entries on significant figures, organizational profiles, indicators and indexes of qualities of individuals and of communities of diverse sizes, including rural areas, towns, cities, counties, provinces, states, regions, countries and groups of countries.