George Lakoff S Cognitive Theory And His Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Author : Janine Lacombe
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 31 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-08
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783656569879

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George Lakoff's Cognitive Theory and His Conceptual Metaphor Theory by Janine Lacombe Pdf

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Anglistik - Linguistik, Note: 1,3, Universität Koblenz-Landau (Anglistik), Veranstaltung: Cognitive Linguistics, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Language in general has always been an intricate matter for investigation and scientific research. Linguistics as a field of studies particularly dedicated to the task of exploring the language faculty and its features is divided into several subcategories caused most likely by the interactive nature this field of study presents. The presented paper will focus on the field of cognitive linguistics, thereby addressing and summarizing the main concepts and theories as well as demarcating such from generative approaches. Since the subject of cognitive linguistics proves to be extremely complex and extensive, the lion’s share of this work will concentrate on the cognitive theory (1987) and the corresponding theory of metaphor by George LAKOFF (1980). In the 1980s cognitive linguistics developed mainly in the United States as a new approach to the study of language and mind and how both entities are interrelated. According to cognitive linguist Gilles FAUCONNIER, “perhaps for the first time a genuine science of meaning construction and its dynamics has been launched” (Fauconnier 96). Language is considered to be one of the most significant and fundamental features constituting human cognition, even though it may be described as only the “tip of a spectacular cognitive iceberg” (ibid.), which consists of numerous “layers” of mental processes and internal structures, enabling us to function in our experienced world. The process of generating those internal structures is believed to be conceptually motivated and initiated by perceptual salience (cf. Glynn 89), implying that the “patterns of usage represent speakers’ knowledge of their language, including the conceptual structures that motivate language” (ibid.). Therefore, central to the concerns of cognitive linguistics is the idea of cognitive models, which are assumed to structure thought. The term is used mostly to express the notion that cognitive representations are stored in form of knowledge bases. Cognitive models are presumably involved in the process of reasoning and used for the development of categories (cf. Ungerer/Schmid 47, Geeraerts 2). When looking at the enormous interdisciplinary orientation cognitive linguistics and cognitive science in general employ, the complexity of attempting to analyze human cognition becomes apparent.

Author : Earl R. Mac Cormac
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : UOM:39015007063962

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A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor by Earl R. Mac Cormac Pdf

In this book, Earl Mac Cormac presents an original and unified cognitive theory of metaphor using philosophical arguments which draw upon evidence from psychological experiments and theories. He notes that implications of this theory for meaning and truth with specific attention to metaphor as a speech act, the iconic meaning of metaphor, and the development of a four-valued system of truth. Numerous examples of metaphor from poetry and science are presented and analyzed to support Mac Cormac's theory."A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor takes up three levels of explanation--metaphor as expressed in surface language, the semantics of metaphor, and metaphor as a cogitive process--and unifies these by interpreting metaphor as an evolutionary knowledge process in which metaphors mediate between minds and culture. Mac Cormac considers, and rejects, the radical theory that all use of language is metaphorical; however, this argument also recognizes that the "theory of metaphor may itself be metaphorical.The book first considers the computational metaphor often adopted by cognitive psychology as an example of metaphor requiring analysis. In contrast to three well-known philosophical theories of metaphor - the tension theory, the controversion theory, and the grammatical deviance theory - it develops a semantical anomaly theory of metaphor based on a quasi-mathematical hierarchy of words. In developing the theory, Mac Cormac makes much-needed connections between theories of metaphor and more orthodox analytic philosophy of meaning, including discussions of speech acts and the logic of fuzzy sets. This semantical theory of explanation is then shown to be compatible with contemporary psychologicaltheories of memory.Earl R. MacCormac is Charles A. Dana Professor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Department of Philosophy, Davidson College. A Bradford Book.

Author : Zoltán Kövecses
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2020-04-23
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781108490870

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Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory by Zoltán Kövecses Pdf

Offers an extended, improved version of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), updating it in the context of current linguistic theory.

Author : George Lakoff,Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2008-12-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226470993

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Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff,Mark Johnson Pdf

The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"—metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them. In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language.

Author : Andrea-Anja Gschaider
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2006-07-10
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783638518840

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The Conceptual Metaphor by Andrea-Anja Gschaider Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, Ruhr-University of Bochum, course: Hauptseminar Linguistik, language: English, abstract: Classical theorists since Aristotle have referred to metaphor as an instance of novel poetic language in which words likemother, night,andgoare not used in their normal everyday meaning. Metaphor was considered as a matter of language, not a matter of thought. It was assumed that in everyday language, there was no metaphor, and that metaphor used mechanisms which were not used in conventional language. This theory was taken as a definition. The wordmetaphorwas defined as a linguistic expression in which one or more words for a concept are used outside of the conventional meaning to express a similar concept. From a linguistic point of view, one has to ask what these generalizations governing the linguistic expression are. Trying to answer this question, the classical theory turns out to be false: the generalizations are not in language, but in thought; they can be seen as general mappings across conceptual domains. These conceptual mappings do not only apply to poetic expressions but also in everyday language. As a result, metaphor is a central aspect of ordinary language semantics. Everyday metaphor consists of a large number of cross-domain mappings which are used in novel metaphor. So when studying literary metaphor, it is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor. This paper will also show that the idea of metaphor is not limited to linguistics, but also concerns many areas of life and how we understand the world.

Author : Andrew Ortony
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 700 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 1993-11-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521405610

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Metaphor and Thought by Andrew Ortony Pdf

Examines the nature and function of metaphor in language and thought.

Author : George Lakoff
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 285 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2019-01-22
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789004325302

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Ten Lectures on Cognitive Linguistics by George Lakoff Pdf

Ten Lectures on Cognitive Linguistics presents ten lectures, in both audio and transcribed text, given by George Lakoff in Beijing in April 2004. Lakoff gives an account of the background of cognitive linguistics, and basic mechanisms of thought, grammar, neural theory of language, metaphor, implications for Philosophy, and political linguistics. He does so in a manner that is accessible for anyone, including undergraduate level students and a general audience. With the massive experience of being a linguist for over 50 years, and being one of the founding fathers of the field, George Lakoff is one of the best possible experts to introduce Cognitive Linguistics to anyone. The lectures for this book were given at The China International Forum on Cognitive Linguistics in April 2004.

Author : George Lakoff
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 633 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2008-08-08
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780226471013

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Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things by George Lakoff Pdf

"Its publication should be a major event for cognitive linguistics and should pose a major challenge for cognitive science. In addition, it should have repercussions in a variety of disciplines, ranging from anthropology and psychology to epistemology and the philosophy of science. . . . Lakoff asks: What do categories of language and thought reveal about the human mind? Offering both general theory and minute details, Lakoff shows that categories reveal a great deal."—David E. Leary, American Scientist

Author : George Lakoff
Publisher : Basic Books
Page : 644 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1999-10-08
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0465056741

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Philosophy In The Flesh by George Lakoff Pdf

What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the center of Western philosophy for centuries. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptions-that we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universal-that are now called into question by well-established results of cognitive science. It has been shown empirically that:Most thought is unconscious. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way.Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Much of the subject matter of philosopy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. All the richness comes from metaphor. For instance, we have two mutually incompatible metaphors for time, both of which represent it as movement through space: in one it is a flow past us and in the other a spatial dimension we move along.Mind is embodied. Thought requires a body-not in the trivial sense that you need a physical brain to think with, but in the profound sense that the very structure of our thoughts comes from the nature of the body. Nearly all of our unconscious metaphors are based on common bodily experiences.Most of the central themes of the Western philosophical tradition are called into question by these findings. The Cartesian person, with a mind wholly separate from the body, does not exist. The Kantian person, capable of moral action according to the dictates of a universal reason, does not exist. The phenomenological person, capable of knowing his or her mind entirely through introspection alone, does not exist. The utilitarian person, the Chomskian person, the poststructuralist person, the computational person, and the person defined by analytic philosopy all do not exist.Then what does?Lakoff and Johnson show that a philosopy responsible to the science of mind offers radically new and detailed understandings of what a person is. After first describing the philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously, they re-examine the basic concepts of the mind, time, causation, morality, and the self: then they rethink a host of philosophical traditions, from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality through modern analytic philosopy. They reveal the metaphorical structure underlying each mode of thought and show how the metaphysics of each theory flows from its metaphors. Finally, they take on two major issues of twentieth-century philosopy: how we conceive rationality, and how we conceive language.

Author : Michael Obenaus
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 19 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2004-04-08
Category : Literary Collections
ISBN : 9783638266314

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A Cognitive Theory of Language. Semantic Theory and Analysis. by Michael Obenaus Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2000 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,7 (A-), University of Glasgow (Department of English Language), course: Semantics of English., language: English, abstract: ”Classical” approaches to categorisation, as called by Taylor (1989, 21 ff.) and Lakoff (1987, 6 ff.), can be characterised by an understanding of linguistic categories as clearly bounded sets of members which have certain essential features in common. These categories are taken to reflect existing categories in the world which are defined by, as Aristotle called it, necessary and sufficient features. These features are binary, i.e. they determine or rule out membership and thereby establish clear boundaries. This understanding of categorisation is manifested in traditional philosophical and scientific thought as well as in ”common sense” theories about language and the world. Lakoff calls this approach ”objectivism” and identifies the following assumptions: ‘OBJECTIVIST METAPHYSICS: All of reality consists of entities, which have fixed properties and relations holding among them at any instant. [...] OBJECTIVIST ESSENTIALISM: Among the properties that things have, some are essential; that is, they are those properties that make a thing what it is, and without which it would not be that kind of thing. Other properties are accidental - that is, they are properties that things happen to have, not properties that capture the essence of the thing. [...] THE DOCTRINE OF OBJECTIVE CATEGORIES: The entities in the world form objectively existing categories based on their shared objective properties.’ (Lakoff 1987, 158-161; emphasis in the original) Cognitive scientists have set out to prove these assumptions wrong. Categorisation, in their view, is an operation of human cognition which is determined by experiences of physiological and physical characteristics of the human body and bodily interactions with the environment. Categorisations and their realisations, however, can provide the basis for human experience once they are firmly established, so that conceptual categories can work back upon human perception. Language categories, they maintain, are reflections of conceptual categories. Thus, they disclaim the autonomy of language which is presupposed by most formalist and generative linguistic theories (cf. Lakoff 1987, ch. 9), as well as a metaphysical notion of reality which is reflected in human perception and categorisation. Rather, reality is made meaning of through these cognitive processes, which in turn are predominantly structured by bodily experiences and interactions.

Author : Michael Treichler
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 65 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2007-06-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783638647380

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Metaphor and Space: The Cognitive Approach to Spatially Structured Concepts by Michael Treichler Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: very good, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Seminar for Anglistics), course: Hauptseminar "Metaphor and Metonymy", 13 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: "Most of our fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors" this very elementary conclusion is drawn by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980: 17) after having analysed what they call orientational metaphors. In opposition to the classical point of view, Lakoff, Johnson, and other cognitive linguists believe this group of metaphors, among others, to be deeply embedded in the human conceptualisation system and to provide a means of reasoning about and structuring of entire, mostly abstract, domains in terms of other, more concrete, domains. Based on a limited amount of underlying image schemata, which are projected onto these domains, metaphors are employed in order to be able to understand large parts of the world surrounding us. Cognitive linguistics asks for the motivation and functional explanation of linguistic expressions. Beyond merely linguistic aspects, the cognitive approach is aiming high, since its targets are, among others, a new theory of categorisation (Lakoff 1987), Imagination (Johnson 1987: 139ff.), and, what would be a fundamental change in Western philosophy, meaning by the approach entitled as cognitive semantics In most of these and other disciplines of cognitive sciences, metaphor is one of the chief means by which these targets are tried to be accomplished. In linguistics, metaphor is an explanation for many expressions which were, on the traditional Objectivist account, viewed as being arbitrary. The general principle by which cognitive linguists explain thess expressions is as follows: Fundamental spatial and physical experiences yield certain image schemata. These schemata are mapped by means of metaphorical pr

Author : Markus Bulgrin
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2008-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640141647

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Metaphor Or the War on Words - a Critical Analysis of the Theory of Conceptual Metaphors by Markus Bulgrin Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Heidelberg (Anglistisches Seminar ), course: Hauptseminar Cognitive Linguistics, 9 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Language is versatile. Language is complex. Language can be a mystery. For example, why do we say chair leg although legs are usually thought of being a part of the human body or an animal? Why do we refer to the ground where a river runs through as a river bed? Is a bed not usually an object that we use to sleep in? And why is it that we can say I'm surfing the web although surfing typically means to ride one's board on ocean waves? The news report says, The Iraq democracy is in its infancy. Would we not typically use infancy when we talk about children, or refer to a person's childhood? If we consider the above examples, we can easily draw the conclusion that these words - besides their original meaning - can be used "outside of their natural environment". Words and their meaning can be transferred to a different domain. The name for such a transfer is metaphor. [...] This paper will highlight Lakoff's and Johnson's major claim that metaphor is not only a poetic device, or simply a (linguistic) matter of spoken words, but that "our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature" (Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 3). I shall explain some of the most important devices of their theory, such as target, source, and mapping and briefly elucidate the systematicity that underlies metaphorical conceptualization. The analysis of the conceptual metaphor, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, will reveal some ambiguities about Lakoff's and Johnson's theory. By doing this, I will consider some of the major critiques and analyze whether there is an underlying conceptual metaphoric system in our everyday language.

Author : Stefana Garello
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-10
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783031568664

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The Enigma of Metaphor by Stefana Garello Pdf

Author : M. Rakova
Publisher : Springer
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2003-06-24
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780230512801

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The Extent of the Literal by M. Rakova Pdf

The Extent of the Literal develops a strikingly new approach to metaphor and polysemy in their relation to the conceptual structure. In a straightforward narrative style, the author argues for a reconsideration of standard assumptions concerning the notion of literal meaning and its relation to conceptual structure. She draws on neurophysiological and psychological experimental data in support of a view in which polysemy belongs to the level of words but not to the level of concepts, and thus challenges some seminal work on metaphor and polysemy within cognitive linguistics, lexical semantics and analytical philosophy.

Author : Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr.
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 550 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2008-09-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781139471664

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The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought by Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. Pdf

A comprehensive collection of essays in multidisciplinary metaphor scholarship that has been written in response to the growing interest among scholars and students from a variety of disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, anthropology, music and psychology. These essays explore the significance of metaphor in language, thought, culture and artistic expression. There are five main themes of the book: the roots of metaphor, metaphor understanding, metaphor in language and culture, metaphor in reasoning and feeling, and metaphor in non-verbal expression. Contributors come from a variety of academic disciplines, including psychology, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, literature, education, music, and law.