Groupthink In Science

Author : David M. Allen,James W. Howell
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 285 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2020-04-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9783030368227

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Groupthink in Science by David M. Allen,James W. Howell Pdf

This book discusses one of the hottest topics in science today, i.e., the concern over certain problematic practices within the scientific enterprise. It raises questions and, more importantly, begins to supply answers about one particularly widespread phenomenon that sometimes impedes scientific progress: group processes. The book looks at many problematic manifestations of “going along with the crowd” that are adopted at the expense of truth. Closely related is the concept of pathological altruism or altruism bias—the tendency of scientists to bias their research in order to further the ideological or financial interests of an “in-group” at the expense of both the interest of other groups as well as the truth. The book challenges the widespread notion that science is invariably a benevolent, benign process. It defines the scientific enterprise, in practice as opposed to in theory, as a cultural system designed to produce factual knowledge. In effect, the book offers a broad and unique take on an important and incompletely explored subject: research and academic discourse that sacrifices scientific objectivity, and perhaps even the scientist’s own ethical standards, in order to further the goals of a particular group of researchers or reinforce their shared belief system or their own interests, whether economic, ideological, or bureaucratic.

Author : Paul 't Hart,Eric Stern,Bengt Sundelius
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
Page : 396 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 1997-04-14
Category : Education
ISBN : 0472066536

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Beyond Groupthink by Paul 't Hart,Eric Stern,Bengt Sundelius Pdf

DIVEffects of group dynamics on decision making /div

Author : Irving Lester Janis
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1983
Category : History
ISBN : UOM:39015050213639

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Groupthink by Irving Lester Janis Pdf

Author : Paul ‘t Hart
Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1994-09-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0801848903

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Groupthink in Government by Paul ‘t Hart Pdf

Why do groups of talented and experienced individuals make disastrously bad collective judgments, such as the Kennedy administration's flawed decision to proceed with the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961? In his pioneering research on collective decision making, Irving Janis introduced the concept of "groupthink"—a deliberately Orwellian neologism—to describe such occurrences. Now, in the first book-length study of groupthink since Janis's work, Paul 't Hart has provided a rigorous and systematic version of this influential theory which opens several new avenues for research.

Author : Mark Schafer,Scott Crichlow
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2010-04-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780231520188

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Groupthink Versus High-Quality Decision Making in International Relations by Mark Schafer,Scott Crichlow Pdf

Are good and bad outcomes significantly affected by the decision-making process itself? Indeed they are, in that certain decision-making techniques and practices limit the ability of policymakers to achieve their goals and advance the national interest. The success of policy often turns on the quality of the decision-making process. Mark Schafer and Scott Crichlow identify the factors that contribute to good and bad policymaking, such as the personalities of political leaders, the structure of decision-making groups, and the nature of the exchange between participating individuals. Analyzing thirty-nine foreign-policy cases across nine administrations and incorporating both statistical analyses and case studies, including a detailed examination of the decision to invade Iraq in 2003, the authors pinpoint the factors that are likely to lead to successful or failed decision making, and they suggest ways to improve the process. Schafer and Crichlow show how the staffing of key offices and the structure of central decision-making bodies determine the path of an administration even before topics are introduced. Additionally, they link the psychological characteristics of leaders to the quality of their decision processing. There is no greater work available on understanding and improving the dynamics of contemporary decision making.

Author : Irving Lester Janis
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Political Science
ISBN : UOM:39015015193439

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Victims of Groupthink by Irving Lester Janis Pdf

Janis identifies the causes and fateful consequences of groupthink, the process that takes over when decision-making bodies agree for the sake of agreeing to abandon their critical judgment.

Author : Christopher Booker
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 141 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Global warming
ISBN : 0993119050

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Global Warming by Christopher Booker Pdf

Author : Cass R. Sunstein,Reid Hastie
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781422122990

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Wiser by Cass R. Sunstein,Reid Hastie Pdf

"We've all been involved in group decisions--and they're hard. And they often turn out badly. Why? Many blame bad decisions on 'groupthink' without a clear idea of what that term really means. Now, Nudge coauthor Cass Sunstein and leading decision-making scholar Reid Hastie shed light on the specifics of why and how group decisions go wrong--and offer tactics and lessons to help leaders avoid the pitfalls and reach better outcomes"--Dust jacket flap.

Author : Alex Mintz,Carly Wayne
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 201 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2016-01-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780804796774

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The Polythink Syndrome by Alex Mintz,Carly Wayne Pdf

Why do presidents and their advisors often make sub-optimal decisions on military intervention, escalation, de-escalation, and termination of conflicts? The leading concept of group dynamics, groupthink, offers one explanation: policy-making groups make sub-optimal decisions due to their desire for conformity and uniformity over dissent, leading to a failure to consider other relevant possibilities. But presidential advisory groups are often fragmented and divisive. This book therefore scrutinizes polythink, a group decision-making dynamic whereby different members in a decision-making unit espouse a plurality of opinions and divergent policy prescriptions, resulting in a disjointed decision-making process or even decision paralysis. The book analyzes eleven national security decisions, including the national security policy designed prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the decisions to enter into and withdraw from Afghanistan and Iraq, the 2007 "surge" decision, the crisis over the Iranian nuclear program, the UN Security Council decision on the Syrian Civil War, the faltering Kerry Peace Process in the Middle East, and the U.S. decision on military operations against ISIS. Based on the analysis of these case studies, the authors address implications of the polythink phenomenon, including prescriptions for avoiding and/or overcoming it, and develop strategies and tools for what they call Productive Polythink. The authors also show the applicability of polythink to business, industry, and everyday decisions.

Author : Karen L. Higgins
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2013-03-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780124059214

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Financial Whirlpools by Karen L. Higgins Pdf

How do economists reconcile their expertise with their failures to predict and manage the 2008 financial crisis? This book goes a long way toward an answer by using systems theory to reveal the complex interdependence of factors and forces behind the crisis. In her fully integrated view of the economy, how it works, and how the economic crisis burst, Karen Higgins combines human psychology, cultural values, and belief formation with descriptions of the ways banks and markets succeed and fail. In each chapter she introduces themes from financial crisis literature and brings a systems-theory treatment of them. Her methodology and visual presentations both develop the tools of systems theory and apply these tools to the financial crisis. Not just another volume about the crisis, this book challenges the status quo through its unique multidisciplinary approach. Presents a broad global view of international economic health and international corporate health Describes how policies, regulations, and trends dating to the 1950s influenced the crisis Assumes readers possess a general familiarity of economics and finance

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 2174 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2018-10-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781522571148

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Censorship, Surveillance, and Privacy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by Management Association, Information Resources Pdf

The censorship and surveillance of individuals, societies, and countries have been a long-debated ethical and moral issue. In consequence, it is vital to explore this controversial topic from all angles. Censorship, Surveillance, and Privacy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source on the social, moral, religious, and political aspects of censorship and surveillance. It also explores the techniques of technologically supported censorship and surveillance. Highlighting a range of topics such as political censorship, propaganda, and information privacy, this multi-volume book is geared towards government officials, leaders, professionals, policymakers, media specialists, academicians, and researchers interested in the various facets of censorship and surveillance.

Author : Steven Sloman,Philip Fernbach
Publisher : Penguin
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2017-03-14
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780399184345

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The Knowledge Illusion by Steven Sloman,Philip Fernbach Pdf

“The Knowledge Illusion is filled with insights on how we should deal with our individual ignorance and collective wisdom.” —Steven Pinker We all think we know more than we actually do. Humans have built hugely complex societies and technologies, but most of us don’t even know how a pen or a toilet works. How have we achieved so much despite understanding so little? Cognitive scientists Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach argue that we survive and thrive despite our mental shortcomings because we live in a rich community of knowledge. The key to our intelligence lies in the people and things around us. We’re constantly drawing on information and expertise stored outside our heads: in our bodies, our environment, our possessions, and the community with which we interact—and usually we don’t even realize we’re doing it. The human mind is both brilliant and pathetic. We have mastered fire, created democratic institutions, stood on the moon, and sequenced our genome. And yet each of us is error prone, sometimes irrational, and often ignorant. The fundamentally communal nature of intelligence and knowledge explains why we often assume we know more than we really do, why political opinions and false beliefs are so hard to change, and why individual-oriented approaches to education and management frequently fail. But our collaborative minds also enable us to do amazing things. The Knowledge Illusion contends that true genius can be found in the ways we create intelligence using the community around us.

Author : Anthony R. Pratkanis
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2011-02-25
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136737039

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The Science of Social Influence by Anthony R. Pratkanis Pdf

The contributions to this volume capture the thrill of current work on social influence, as well as providing a tutorial on the scientific and technical aspects of this research. The volume teaches the student to: Learn how to conduct lab, field and case research on social influence through example by leading researchers Find out about the latest discoveries including the status of research on social influence tactics, dissonance theory, conformity, and resistance to influence Discover how seemingly complex issues such as power, rumors, group and minority influence and norms can be investigated using the scientific method Apply knowledge to current influence campaigns to find out what works and what does not. The Science of Social Influence is the perfect core or complementary text for advanced undergraduate or graduate students in courses such as Attitudes and Attitude Change, Communications, Research Methods and, of course, Social Influence.

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 464 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2020-01-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781799825371

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Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Emergency Services: Emerging Tools and Technologies for First Responders by Management Association, Information Resources Pdf

During emergency situations, society relies upon the efficient response time and effective services of emergency facilities that include fire departments, law enforcement, search and rescue, and emergency medical services (EMS). As such, it is imperative that emergency crews are outfitted with technologies that can cut response time and can also predict where such events may occur and prevent them from happening. The safety of first responders is also of paramount concern. New tools can be implemented to map areas of vulnerability for emergency responders, and new strategies can be devised in their training to ensure that they are conditioned to respond efficiently to an emergency and also conscious of best safety protocols. Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Emergency Services: Emerging Tools and Technologies for First Responders addresses the latest tools that can support first responders in their ultimate goal: delivering their patients to safety. It also explores how new techniques and devices can support first responders in their work by addressing their safety, alerting them to accidents in real time, connecting them with medical experts to improve the chances of survival of critical patients, predicting criminal and terrorist activity, locating missing persons, and allocating resources. Highlighting a range of topics such as crisis management, medical/fire emergency warning systems, and predictive policing technologies, this publication is an ideal reference source for law enforcement, emergency professionals, medical professionals, EMTs, fire departments, government officials, policymakers, IT consultants, technology developers, academicians, researchers, and students.

Author : Tetsukazu Yahara
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2021-01-29
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9789811586323

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Decision Science for Future Earth by Tetsukazu Yahara Pdf

This open access book provides a theoretical framework and case studies on decision science for regional sustainability by integrating the natural and social sciences. The cases discussed include solution-oriented transdisciplinary studies on the environment, disasters, health, governance and human cooperation. Based on these case studies and comprehensive reviews of relevant works, including lessons learned from past failures for predictable surprises and successes in adaptive co-management, the book provides the reader with new perspectives on how we can co-design collaborative projects with various conflicts of interest and how we can transform our society for a sustainable future. The book makes a valuable contribution to the global research initiative Future Earth, promoting transdisciplinary studies to bridge the gap between science and society in knowledge generation processes and supporting efforts to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Compared to other publications on transdisciplinary studies, this book is unique in that evolutionary biology is used as an integrator for various areas related to human decision-making, and approaches social changes as processes of adaptive learning and evolution. Given its scope, the book is highly recommended to all readers seeking an integrated overview of human decision-making in the context of social transformation.