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Author : International Office of Epizootics
Publisher : Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE
Page : 142 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Crops
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience and Future Prospects
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 607 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2017-01-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309437387
Genetically engineered (GE) crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of production, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about possible adverse effects on human health, the environment, and ethical considerations. At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its potential to improve human health and the environment because of stringent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society. While the debate about these and other questions related to the genetic engineering techniques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic-engineering technologies are adding new complexities to the conversation. Genetically Engineered Crops builds on previous related Academies reports published between 1987 and 2010 by undertaking a retrospective examination of the purported positive and adverse effects of GE crops and to anticipate what emerging genetic-engineering technologies hold for the future. This report indicates where there are uncertainties about the economic, agronomic, health, safety, or other impacts of GE crops and food, and makes recommendations to fill gaps in safety assessments, increase regulatory clarity, and improve innovations in and access to GE technology.
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Scientific Evaluation of the Introduction of Genetically Modified Microorganisms and Plants into the Environment
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 185 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 1989-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309040761
Potential benefits from the use of genetically modified organismsâ€"such as bacteria that biodegrade environmental pollutantsâ€"are enormous. To minimize the risks of releasing such organisms into the environment, regulators are working to develop rational safeguards. This volume provides a comprehensive examination of the issues surrounding testing these organisms in the laboratory or the field and a practical framework for making decisions about organism release. Beginning with a discussion of classical versus molecular techniques for genetic alteration, the volume is divided into major sections for plants and microorganisms and covers the characteristics of altered organisms, past experience with releases, and such specific issues as whether plant introductions could promote weediness. The executive summary presents major conclusions and outlines the recommended decision-making framework.
Author : National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Food and Nutrition Board,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2004-07-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309166157
Assists policymakers in evaluating the appropriate scientific methods for detecting unintended changes in food and assessing the potential for adverse health effects from genetically modified products. In this book, the committee recommended that greater scrutiny should be given to foods containing new compounds or unusual amounts of naturally occurring substances, regardless of the method used to create them. The book offers a framework to guide federal agencies in selecting the route of safety assessment. It identifies and recommends several pre- and post-market approaches to guide the assessment of unintended compositional changes that could result from genetically modified foods and research avenues to fill the knowledge gaps.
Author : Marie Kreipe
Publisher : Diplomica Verlag
Page : 97 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783842850132
The controversial issue of genetically modified (GM) food is discussed in this book. While the United States (US) is a strong supporter of GM technology having adopted a rather lax regulation of trade with GM products, the European Union (EU) is representing a sceptical position towards this new technology and has even imposed a de facto moratorium on further approval of GM products from 1998 to 2004. The purpose of this book is an extensive analysis of the current status on risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and a suggestion on how an appropriate regulation of GM products could be derived. Potential guidelines are provided for policy formulation both in a qualitative and in a quantitative dimension. The US is applying the principle of substantial equivalence, which means that GM products are in their substance identical to products produced by conventional methods. Therefore, no new regulations are necessary for the trade with GM products. In contrast, the European Union (EU) disagrees that GM products are equivalent to their conventional counterparts due to the different production process. Instead, the EU refers to the precautionary principle in its GMO policy, meaning that trade with GM products should be restricted until it will be proven that no additional risks are implied by the use of these products. The divergence of opinions about the right policy to regulate GM products has significant impacts on trade flows and welfare effects. The US and the EU have already tried to resolve their dispute before the World Trade Organization (WTO). Relevant laws of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO are presented as well as indications for a potential consensus.
Author : DIANE Publishing Company
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 90 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1995-09-01
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0788122819
Covers: Step 1: determination of the level of safety concern for parental organisms; Step 2: determination of the effect of genetic modifications on safety; and Step 3: determination of the level of safety concern for genetically modified organisms. Appendix includes examples of research evaluated under the guidelines: domestic cattle, oil rapeseed, parasitic wasp, fruit fly, loblolly pine, etc. Definitions and acronyms.
Author : Kakoli Ghosh,Paul C. Jepson
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 140 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Science
ISBN : 925105598X
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) hosted an Expert Consultation on "Genetically Modified Organisms in Crop Production and Their Effects on the Environment: Methodologies for Monitoring and the Way Ahead" from 18 to 20 January in Rome. The main objective of the consultation was to review the scientific basis for, and procedures to establish, effective post-release monitoring of genetically modified (GM) crops and develop guidelines to strengthen member countries' capacities to design and carry out monitoring programmes. The consultation was a follow-up to the earlier FAO Expert Consultation on "Environmental Effects of Genetically Modified Crops", which had recommended the environmental effects of GM crops be assessed on a case-by-case basis and emphasized the need to monitor possible medium- to long-term environmental impacts. The main outputs of the meeting were: a review of the scientific criteria and procedures; strategies that could form the basis of efficient monitoring programmes; recommendations for both scientists managing the monitoring process and policy makers.
Author : Luc Bodiguel,Michael Cardwell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780199542482
The regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) continues to generate controversy. On the one hand, they are actively promoted by the biotechnology industry as vital to ensuring food security. Yet, on the other hand, consumer resistance persists, not least in the European Union, and such lack of confidence extends not just to GM food itself but also to the regulatory regime, where legal issues are inextricably linked with economics and politics. This edited collection provides a novel contribution to the ongoing debate, recognizing that the legislative environment is complicated by forces as varied as national public opinion and world trade commitments. The book is divided into four parts. The first of these addresses the influence in this context of both civil society and economic imperatives. The second part is directed more specifically to the measures that have been implemented in the European Union, considering multi-level governance, wider aspects of food law, co-existence with conventional and organic crops, and environmental liability. The third part is comparative in focus, with chapters covering the diverse regimes implemented in Africa, Australia, North America and South America. The book concludes with chapters on world trade and international considerations, including analysis of the Biotech case.
Author : Pieter van der Meer,Council of Europe. Steering Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Environment and Natural Habitats
Publisher : Council of Europe
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 1993-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9287122857
Author : John R. Fowle
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 189 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780429713040
This book provides the technical background and a historical perspective of biotechnology. It examines scientific questions on the assessment of risk for the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment and describes the role of individuals to foster industrial growth.
Author : Gösta Kjellson,Morten Strandberg
Publisher : Birkhäuser
Page : 122 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2011-06-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783034883177
There is an urgent need for guidelines for monitoring of genetically modified higher plants, GMHP. Biotech crops are now cultivated in large scale in North America and elsewhere. In Europe, new genetically modified (GM) products will probably be placed on the market soon and made available of any negative ef for cultivation in the field. Monitoring and surveillance programs for detection fects to the environment must be designed and ready when these crops are released. This also corre sponds to the current intentions made by the European Commission to include monitoring in current biotechnology regulation. Monitoring of changes in biological systems is different from other types of environmental monitoring, such as monitoring fate of chemical pollutants, by focusing primarily on organism survival and organism interactions instead of physical and chemical parameters. The difficulties involved in monitoring biological systems are great, due to the complex interactions between organisms and the variability in responses. Problems concerning spatial and temporal pa rameter variation increase the difficulties, but may be remedied somewhat by the use of "baselines". These and many other questions are discussed in the present book with the aim of presenting practi cal solutions to the needs of GMHP monitoring. A project was initiated in 1998 to produce a book with guidelines for monitoring and surveillance of GMHP. In two earlier books, compilations of current test methods for risk assessment of GMHP were presented (Kjellsson & Simonsen 1994, Kjellsson et al. 1997).
Author : Great Britain. Department of the Environment,Great Britain. Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 21 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Baculoviruses
ISBN : 1851122400
Author : K. D. Raju
Publisher : The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2007-01-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 8179931269
The scientific controversies involving genetic science and ?biosafety? Have not been well understood by many. All claims about GMOs (genetically modified organisms) or LMOs (living modified organisms) are under controversy. The Cartagena Protocol is the first international agreement to regulate the transboundary movement of GMOs. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, 190 countries agreed on the importance and concern over the spread and cross-border transfer of GMOs and their risks to environment and human health. Consequently, in 2000, they adopted the Cartagena Protocol to address the possible risks of GMOs. The protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity and biosafety. The concern of developing countries are not shared by the developed countries like the US, Canada, and Mexico. These countries produce more than 90% of the LMO crops and they are not ratified by the protocol. The protocol explicitly stipulates that countries should take precautionary measures to prevent GMOs from causing harm to biodiversity and human health.Members have to implement the protocol provisions at the domestic level. There are heated debates in India whether to allow the cultivation of GMOs? The civil society organizations are opposing the entry of multinational companies in the field trial of GMOs. In this scenario, a systematic review of the international legal regime to formulate a comprehensive policy on the subject in India is the need of the hour.
Author : Ademola A. Adenle,E. Jane Morris,Denis J. Murphy
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 323 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-09
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781107151918
This book provides expertly written guidance on the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in developing countries, including recommendations about risk analysis and governance.
Author : Gesellschaft Für Ökologie (Germany). Arbeitskreis Gentechnik und Ökologie. Meeting
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Transgenic plants
ISBN : CORNELL:31924100419492