Higher Order Evidence

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Higher-Order Evidence

Mattias Skipper,Asbjø Steglich-Petersen
Higher Order Evidence Book PDF

Author : Mattias Skipper,Asbjø Steglich-Petersen
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 331 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2019-10-10
Category : Evidence
ISBN : 9780198829775

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Higher-Order Evidence by Mattias Skipper,Asbjø Steglich-Petersen Pdf

We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted bymotivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for oragainst the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due tothe pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life, for example in the form of disagreement. But is has also become clear that higher-order evidence lies at the heart of a number of central epistemological debates, spanning from classical disputes between internalists and externalists to morerecent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. Many of the controversies within these and other debates stem, at least in part, from conflicting views about the normative significance of higher-order evidence.This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.

Higher-Order Evidence

Mattias Skipper,Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen
Higher Order Evidence Book PDF

Author : Mattias Skipper,Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2019-10-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780192565358

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Higher-Order Evidence by Mattias Skipper,Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen Pdf

We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted by motivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for or against the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due to the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life. But it has also become clear that higher-order evidence plays a central role in many epistemological debates, spanning from traditional discussions of internalism/externalism about epistemic justification to more recent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.

Higher-Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology

Taylor & Francis Group
Higher Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology Book PDF

Author : Taylor & Francis Group
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1032175818

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Higher-Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology by Taylor & Francis Group Pdf

This book discusses current challenges in moral epistemology through the lens of higher-order evidence. Fueled by recent advances in empirical research, higher-order evidence has generated a wealth of insights about the genealogy of moral beliefs. This volume explores how these insights impact the epistemic status of moral beliefs.

Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism

Ru Ye
Higher Order Evidence and Calibrationism Book PDF

Author : Ru Ye
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 126 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2023-01-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781009369633

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Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism by Ru Ye Pdf

The higher-order evidence debate concerns how higher-order evidence affects the rationality of our first-order beliefs. This Element has two parts. The first part (Sections 1 and 2) provides a critical overview of the literature, aiming to explain why the higher-order evidence debate is interesting and important. The second part (Sections 3 to 6) defends calibrationism, the view that we should respond to higher-order evidence by aligning our credences to our reliability degree. The author first discusses the traditional version of calibrationism and explains its main difficulties, before proposing a new version of calibrationism called 'Evidence-Discounting Calibrationism.' The Element argues that this new version is independently plausible and that it can avoid the difficulties faced by the traditional version.

Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education

Mari Murtonen,Kieran Balloo
Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education Book PDF

Author : Mari Murtonen,Kieran Balloo
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 261 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2019-09-21
Category : Education
ISBN : 9783030242152

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Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education by Mari Murtonen,Kieran Balloo Pdf

This book examines the learning and development process of students’ scientific thinking skills. Universities should prepare students to be able to make judgements in their working lives based on scientific evidence. However, an understanding of how these thinking skills can be developed is limited. This book introduces a new broad theory of scientific thinking for higher education; in doing so, redefining higher-order thinking abilities as scientific thinking skills. This includes critical thinking and understanding the basics of science, epistemic maturity, research and evidence-based reasoning skills and contextual understanding. The editors and contributors discuss how this concept can be redefined, as well as the challenges educators and students may face when attempting to teach and learn these skills. This edited collection will be of interest to students and scholars of student scientific skills and higher-order thinking abilities.

Moral Disagreement

Folke Tersman
Moral Disagreement Book PDF

Author : Folke Tersman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2006-03-13
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521853389

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Moral Disagreement by Folke Tersman Pdf

Folke Tersman explores the nature of moral thinking by examining moral disagreement.

Knowledge and Evidence

Paul K. Moser
Knowledge and Evidence Book PDF

Author : Paul K. Moser
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521423635

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Knowledge and Evidence by Paul K. Moser Pdf

Philosophers have sought to define knowledge since the time of Plato. This inquiry outlines a theory of rational belief by challenging prominent skeptical claims that we have no justified beliefs about the external world.

The Dispositional Architecture of Epistemic Reasons

Hamid Vahid
The Dispositional Architecture of Epistemic Reasons Book PDF

Author : Hamid Vahid
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2020-09-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781000179026

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The Dispositional Architecture of Epistemic Reasons by Hamid Vahid Pdf

This book is concerned with the conditions under which epistemic reasons provide justification for beliefs. The author draws on metaethical theories of reasons and normativity and then applies his theory to various contemporary debates in epistemology. In the first part of the book, the author outlines what he calls the dispositional architecture of epistemic reasons. The author offers and defends a dispositional account of how propositional and doxastic justification are related to one another. He then argues that the dispositional view has the resources to provide an acceptable account of the notion of the basing relation. In the second part of the book, the author examines how his theory of epistemic reasons bears on the issues involving perceptual reasons. He defends dogmatism about perceptual justification against conservatism and shows how his dispositional framework illuminates certain claims of dogmatism and its adherence to justification internalism. Finally, the author applies his dispositional framework to epistemological topics including the structure of defeat, self-knowledge, reasoning, emotions and motivational internalism. The Dispositional Architecture of Epistemic Reasons demonstrates the value of employing metaethical considerations for the justification of beliefs and propositions. It will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in epistemology and metaethics.

Bad Beliefs

Neil Levy
Bad Beliefs Book PDF

Author : Neil Levy
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 211 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2022-01-30
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780192895325

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Bad Beliefs by Neil Levy Pdf

"Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We've missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we've failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging - at least usually - changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn't rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency"--

Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge

Jessica Brown
Fallibilism Evidence and Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Jessica Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2018-04-05
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780192521910

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Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge by Jessica Brown Pdf

What strength of evidence is required for knowledge? Ordinarily, we often claim to know something on the basis of evidence which doesn't guarantee its truth. For instance, one might claim to know that one sees a crow on the basis of visual experience even though having that experience does not guarantee that there is a crow (it might be a rook, or one might be dreaming). As a result, those wanting to avoid philosophical scepticism have standardly embraced "fallibilism": one can know a proposition on the basis of evidence that supports it even if the evidence doesn't guarantee its truth. Despite this, there's been a persistent temptation to endorse "infallibilism", according to which knowledge requires evidence that guarantees truth. For doesn't it sound contradictory to simultaneously claim to know and admit the possibility of error? Infallibilism is undergoing a contemporary renaissance. Furthermore, recent infallibilists make the surprising claim that they can avoid scepticism. Jessica Brown presents a fresh examination of the debate between these two positions. She argues that infallibilists can avoid scepticism only at the cost of problematic commitments concerning evidence and evidential support. Further, she argues that alleged objections to fallibilism are not compelling. She concludes that we should be fallibilists. In doing so, she discusses the nature of evidence, evidential support, justification, blamelessness, closure for knowledge, defeat, epistemic akrasia, practical reasoning, concessive knowledge attributions, and the threshold problem.

Disagreement

Richard Feldman,Ted A. Warfield
Disagreement Book PDF

Author : Richard Feldman,Ted A. Warfield
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2010-08-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780199226078

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Disagreement by Richard Feldman,Ted A. Warfield Pdf

Disagreement is common: even informed, intelligent, and generally reasonable people often come to different conclusions when confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably think about the situation? This is the first book on the epistemology of disagreement.

The Evidence Book

Olaf Rieper,Frans L. Leeuw,Tom Ling
The Evidence Book Book PDF

Author : Olaf Rieper,Frans L. Leeuw,Tom Ling
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Page : 193 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2011-12-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781412815826

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The Evidence Book by Olaf Rieper,Frans L. Leeuw,Tom Ling Pdf

Knowledge grows as ideas are tested against each other. Agreement is not resolved simply by naming concepts but in the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. There are many echoes of these debates in The Evidence Book. The contributors make claims for both practitioner wisdom and the voice of experience. Against this is posed the authority of experimental science and the randomized controlled trial. The contributors are concerned, in their own ways, with collecting, ranking, and analyzing evidence and using this to deliver evaluations. As an expert group, they are aware that the concept of evidence has been increasingly important in the last decade. As with other concepts, it too often escapes precise definition. Despite this, the growing importance of evidence has been advocated with enthusiasm by supporters who see it as a way of increasing the effectiveness and quality of decisions and of professional life. The willingness to engage in evidence-based policy and the means to do so is heavily constrained by economic, political, and cultural climates. This book is a marvelously comprehensive and utterly unique treatise on evidence-based policy. It is a wide-ranging contribution to the field of evaluation.

Normative Externalism

Brian Weatherson
Normative Externalism Book PDF

Author : Brian Weatherson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 271 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2019-03-20
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780192576880

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Normative Externalism by Brian Weatherson Pdf

Normative Externalism argues that it is not important that people live up to their own principles. What matters, in both ethics and epistemology, is that they live up to the correct principles: that they do the right thing, and that they believe rationally. This stance, that what matters are the correct principles, not one's own principles, has implications across ethics and epistemology. In ethics, it undermines the ideas that moral uncertainty should be treated just like factual uncertainty, that moral ignorance frequently excuses moral wrongdoing, and that hypocrisy is a vice. In epistemology, it suggests we need new treatments of higher-order evidence, and of peer disagreement, and of circular reasoning, and the book suggests new approaches to each of these problems. Although the debates in ethics and in epistemology are often conducted separately, putting them in one place helps bring out their common themes. One common theme is that the view that one should live up to one's own principles looks less attractive when people have terrible principles, or when following their own principles would lead to riskier or more aggressive action than the correct principles. Another common theme is that asking people to live up to their principles leads to regresses. It can be hard to know what action or belief complies with one's principles. And now we can ask, in such a case should a person do what they think their principles require, or what their principles actually require? Both answers lead to problems, and the best way to avoid these problems is to simply say people should follow the correct principles.

Evidence Matters

Susan Haack
Evidence Matters Book PDF

Author : Susan Haack
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 445 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2014-07-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781107039964

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Evidence Matters by Susan Haack Pdf

Susan Haack brings her distinctive work in theory of knowledge and philosophy of science to bear on real-life legal issues.

Believing in Accordance with the Evidence

Kevin McCain
Believing in Accordance with the Evidence Book PDF

Author : Kevin McCain
Publisher : Springer
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2018-10-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783319959931

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Believing in Accordance with the Evidence by Kevin McCain Pdf

This volume explores evidentialism, a major theory of epistemic justification. It contains more than 20 papers that examine its nuances, its challenges, as well as its future directions. Written by leading and up-and-coming epistemologists, the papers cover a wide array of topics related to evidentialism. The contributors present both sides of the theory: some are advocates of evidentialism, while others are critics. This provides readers with a comprehensive, and cutting-edge, understanding of this epistemic theory. Overall, the book is organized into six parts: The Nature of Evidence, Understanding Evidentialism, Problems for Evidentialism, Evidentialism and Social Epistemology, New Directions for Evidentialism, and Explanationist Evidentialism. Readers will find insightful discussion on such issues as the ontology of evidence, phenomenal dogmatism, how experiences yield evidence, the new evil demon problem, probability, norms of credibility, intellectual virtues, wisdom, epistemic justification, and more. This title provides authoritative coverage of evidentialism, from the latest developments to the most recent philosophical criticisms. It will appeal to researchers and graduate students searching for more information on this prominent epistemological theory.