How Do We Reason

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How Do We Reason?

Forrest E. Baird
How Do We Reason Book PDF

Author : Forrest E. Baird
Publisher : InterVarsity Press
Page : 267 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2021-04-20
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780830855162

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How Do We Reason? by Forrest E. Baird Pdf

How do we think? What does a faithful use of logic look like? Without even pausing to think about it, we exercise our capacity for rational thought. But how exactly does logic work? What makes some arguments valid and others not? In this Questions in Christian Philosophy volume, philosopher Forrest Baird offers an introduction to logic. He considers the basic building blocks of human reason, including types of arguments, fallacies, syllogisms, symbols, and proofs, all of which are demonstrated with exercises for students throughout. In addition, he reflects on the relationship between the use of reason and the Christian faith. With this academic but accessible primer, readers will be introduced to the basics of logic—and encouraged to reason better. The Questions in Christian Philosophy Series features introductory textbooks that offer students a Christian perspective on the various branches of philosophy, enabling them as they seek to understand all facets of life including existence, knowledge, ethics, art, and more.

How We Reason

Philip Johnson-Laird
How We Reason Book PDF

Author : Philip Johnson-Laird
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2008-10-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780191564215

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How We Reason by Philip Johnson-Laird Pdf

Good reasoning can lead to success; bad reasoning can lead to catastrophe. Yet, it's not obvious how we reason, and why we make mistakes - so much of our mental life goes on outside our awareness. In recent years huge strides have been made into developing a scientific understanding of reasoning. This new book by one of the pioneers of the field, Philip Johnson-Laird, looks at the mental processes that underlie our reasoning. It provides the most accessible account yet of the science of reasoning. We can all reason from our childhood onwards - but how? 'How we reason' outlines a bold approach to understanding reasoning. According to this approach, we don't rely on the laws of logic or probability - we reason by thinking about what's possible, we reason by seeing what is common to the possibilities. As the book shows, this approach can answer many of the questions about how we reason, and what causes mistakes in our reasoning that can lead to disasters such as Chernobyl. It shows why our irrational fears may become psychological illnesses, why terrorists develop 'crazy' ideologies, and how we can act in order to improve our reasoning. The book ends by looking at the role of reasoning in three extraordinary case histories: the Wright brothers' use of analogies in inventing their flyer, the cryptanalysts' deductions in breaking the German's Enigma code in World War II, and Dr. John Snow's inductive reasoning in discovering how cholera spread from one person to another. Accessible, stimulating, and controversial, How we Reason presents a bold new approach to understanding one of the most intriguing facets of being human.

Think Again

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Think Again Book PDF

Author : Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190627126

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Think Again by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Pdf

Subtitle in pre-publication: How to reason and argue--and why.

Healing the Reason-Emotion Split

Daniel S. Levine
Healing the Reason Emotion Split Book PDF

Author : Daniel S. Levine
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 161 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2020-12-29
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781000334296

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Healing the Reason-Emotion Split by Daniel S. Levine Pdf

Healing the Reason-Emotion Split draws on research from experimental psychology and neuroscience to dispel the myth that reason should be heralded above emotion. Arguing that reason and emotion mutually benefit our decision-making abilities, the book explores the idea that understanding this relationship could have long-term advantages for our management of society’s biggest problems. Levine reviews how reason and emotion operated in historical movements such as the Enlightenment, Romanticism and 1960s' counterculture, to conclude that a successful society would restore human connection and foster compassion in economics and politics by equally utilizing reason and emotion. Integrating discussion on classic and contemporary neurological studies and using allegory, the book lays out the potential for societal change through compassion, and would be of interest to psychologists concerned with social implications of their fields, philosophy students, social activists, and religious leaders.

Reclaiming Virtue

John Bradshaw
Reclaiming Virtue Book PDF

Author : John Bradshaw
Publisher : Bantam
Page : 530 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Integrity
ISBN : 9780553095920

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Reclaiming Virtue by John Bradshaw Pdf

The best-selling author of Creating Love sets out to redefine what it means to live a moral life in today's world by helping readers reclaim and cultivate their inborn moral intelligence by developing one's instincts for goodness in childhood and nurturing them through one's adult life to promote good character and moral responsibility.

How We Know What Isn't So

Thomas Gilovich
How We Know What Isn t So Book PDF

Author : Thomas Gilovich
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 228 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2008-06-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781439106747

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How We Know What Isn't So by Thomas Gilovich Pdf

Thomas Gilovich offers a wise and readable guide to the fallacy of the obvious in everyday life. When can we trust what we believe—that "teams and players have winning streaks," that "flattery works," or that "the more people who agree, the more likely they are to be right"—and when are such beliefs suspect? Thomas Gilovich offers a guide to the fallacy of the obvious in everyday life. Illustrating his points with examples, and supporting them with the latest research findings, he documents the cognitive, social, and motivational processes that distort our thoughts, beliefs, judgments and decisions. In a rapidly changing world, the biases and stereotypes that help us process an overload of complex information inevitably distort what we would like to believe is reality. Awareness of our propensity to make these systematic errors, Gilovich argues, is the first step to more effective analysis and action.

How Then Should We Reason

Frank Dragash
How Then Should We Reason Book PDF

Author : Frank Dragash
Publisher : AuthorHouse
Page : 362 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2008-04
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781434360786

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How Then Should We Reason by Frank Dragash Pdf

"Frank Dragash is a servant of Christ with an incredible passion to make an impact on the world for Christ's kingdom. His ministry in multiple cultures gives him a unique perspective, and he takes a creative approach to every project he undertakes. This book is no exception. He shows clearly that the family is intended to reflect the image of God, and argues that modern culture has gone astray because they have overlooked this truth. An important message that our society desperately needs to hear." -Dr. John Bechtle, Director, The Telos Institute International ------------ The word person is aptly described in Webster's Dictionary in the following explanation: A figure of speech in which an imaginary or absent person is represented as speaking or acting. In this description we can see the reality of being made in the image of someone else. This is the theme of this book. In the ancient Greek theater, an actor would heave a mask over his face in order to more truly represent his character, who was supposed to be present at that moment in that spot, but was actually absent. Because of the character's inability to be present in person on stage, the actor put a particular form over his own face, to identify himself with the character he was representing. This clearly illustrates the concept of personhood with its entire array of traits. In this sense, the entire life known to us is not ours; it is loaned to us. We are truly acting it out. The only question to be answered is: Will we acknowledge it or deny it? Find out the answer in this book!

Introduction to Logic (Teacher Guide)

Jason Lisle
Introduction to Logic Teacher Guide Book PDF

Author : Jason Lisle
Publisher : Master Books
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2018-12-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 1683441494

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Introduction to Logic (Teacher Guide) by Jason Lisle Pdf

The vital resource for grading all assignments from the Introduction To Logic course, which includes:Instructional insights enhanced with worksheets and additional practice sheetsSpecial chapter reviews at the beginning of each new chapter worksheet created to help students and teachers grasp the scope of each section.OVERVIEW: Welcome to the world of logic. This logic course will both challenge and inspire students to be able to defend their faith against atheists and skeptics alike. Because learning logical terms and principles is often like learning a foreign language, the course has been developed to help students of logic learn the practical understanding of logical arguments. To make the course content easier to grasp, the schedule provides worksheets and practice sheets to help students better recognize logical fallacies, as well as review weeks for the quizzes and the final. The practice sheets in the back of the book offer practical study for both the final exam and for actual arguments you might encounter online or in the media.FEATURES: The calendar provides daily sessions with clear objectives and worksheets, quizzes, and tests, all based on the readings from the course book.

How We Reason

Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird
How We Reason Book PDF

Author : Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 584 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198569763

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How We Reason by Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird Pdf

Good reasoning can lead to success; bad reasoning can lead to catastrophe. Yet, it's not obvious how we reason, and why we make mistakes. This book looks at the mental processes that underlie our reasoning. It provides the most accessible account yet of the science of reasoning.

How to Reason

Richard L. Epstein
How to Reason Book PDF

Author : Richard L. Epstein
Publisher : Advanced Reasoning Forum
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2019-02-05
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781938421440

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How to Reason by Richard L. Epstein Pdf

Too often we're guided by what we last heard, by our friends' approval, by impulse—our desires, our fears. Without reflection. Without even stopping to think. In this book you'll learn how to reason and find your way better in life. You'll learn to see the consequences of what you and others say and do. You'll learn to see the assumptions that you and others make. You'll learn how to judge what you should believe. These are the skills we all need to make good decisions. Illustrations using a cast of cartoon characters make the concepts memorable. And many exercises will help you to check your understanding. Truly a book for all—from high school to graduate school, from auto repair to managing a company. "How to Reason" will help you find a way in life that is clearer and not buffetted by the winds of nonsense and fear.

The Threat to Reason

Dan Hind
The Threat to Reason Book PDF

Author : Dan Hind
Publisher : Verso Books
Page : 235 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2020-05-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781789603996

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The Threat to Reason by Dan Hind Pdf

Today, media commentators, intellectuals and politicians declare that western science and rationality are threatened by irrational enemies. Evangelicals, postmodernists, and Islamists are on the march, they say. The Rome that science built is under siege. But there's a problem with these stirring attempts to defend the truth. They aren't true. In this urgent new book, Dan Hind confronts the great machinery of deception in which we live, and which now threatens to destroy our civilization. In particular, he takes to task a group of prominent intellectuals who have exaggerated the threat posed by the so-called forces of unreason-religion, postmodernism and other "mumbo-jumbo." The commentators, says Hind, distract us from much more pressing threats to an open democratic society based on freedom of speech and inquiry. This book shows that the real threats to reason aren't wacky or foreign or stupid; they reside in our state and corporate bureaucracies - and, one way or another, they probably pay your salary. In recovering the idea of Enlightenment, Hind explores its vital importance and reveals how it can help us to achieve a truly democratic politics, in which we have a genuine say in the decisions that are taken on our behalf.

Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason

Mark Johnson
Embodied Mind Meaning and Reason Book PDF

Author : Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-20
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226500393

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Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason by Mark Johnson Pdf

Mark Johnson is one of the great thinkers of our time on how the body shapes the mind. This book brings together a selection of essays from the past two decades that build a powerful argument that any scientifically and philosophically satisfactory view of mind and thought must ultimately explain how bodily perception and action give rise to cognition, meaning, language, action, and values. A brief account of Johnson’s own intellectual journey, through which we track some of the most important discoveries in the field over the past forty years, sets the stage. Subsequent chapters set out Johnson’s important role in embodied cognition theory, including his cofounding (with George Lakoff) of conceptual metaphor theory and, later, their theory of bodily structures and processes that underlie all meaning, conceptualization, and reasoning. A detailed account of how meaning arises from our physical engagement with our environments provides the basis for a nondualistic, nonreductive view of mind that he sees as most congruous with the latest cognitive science. A concluding section explores the implications of our embodiment for our understanding of knowledge, reason, and truth. The resulting book will be essential for all philosophers dealing with mind, thought, and language.

How Reason Almost Lost Its Mind

Paul Erickson,Judy L. Klein,Lorraine Daston,Rebecca Lemov,Thomas Sturm,Michael D. Gordin
How Reason Almost Lost Its Mind Book PDF

Author : Paul Erickson,Judy L. Klein,Lorraine Daston,Rebecca Lemov,Thomas Sturm,Michael D. Gordin
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2013-11-22
Category : History
ISBN : 9780226046778

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How Reason Almost Lost Its Mind by Paul Erickson,Judy L. Klein,Lorraine Daston,Rebecca Lemov,Thomas Sturm,Michael D. Gordin Pdf

In the United States at the height of the Cold War, roughly between the end of World War II and the early 1980s, a new project of redefining rationality commanded the attention of sharp minds, powerful politicians, wealthy foundations, and top military brass. Its home was the human sciences—psychology, sociology, political science, and economics, among others—and its participants enlisted in an intellectual campaign to figure out what rationality should mean and how it could be deployed. How Reason Almost Lost Its Mind brings to life the people—Herbert Simon, Oskar Morgenstern, Herman Kahn, Anatol Rapoport, Thomas Schelling, and many others—and places, including the RAND Corporation, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Cowles Commission for Research and Economics, and the Council on Foreign Relations, that played a key role in putting forth a “Cold War rationality.” Decision makers harnessed this picture of rationality—optimizing, formal, algorithmic, and mechanical—in their quest to understand phenomena as diverse as economic transactions, biological evolution, political elections, international relations, and military strategy. The authors chronicle and illuminate what it meant to be rational in the age of nuclear brinkmanship.

The Reason

Lacey Sturm
The Reason Book PDF

Author : Lacey Sturm
Publisher : Baker Books
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2014-09-30
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9781441246523

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The Reason by Lacey Sturm Pdf

The day Lacey Sturm planned to kill herself was the day her grandmother forced her to go to church, a place Lacey thought was filled with hypocrites, fakers, and simpletons. The screaming match she had with her grandmother was the reason she went to church. What she found there was the Reason she is alive today. With raw vulnerability, this hard rock princess tells her own story of physical abuse, drug use, suicide attempts, and more--and her ultimate salvation. She asks the hard questions so many young people are asking--Why am I here? Why am I empty? Why should I go on living?--showing readers that beyond the temporary highs and the soul-crushing lows there is a reason they exist and a purpose for their lives. She not only gives readers a peek down the rocky path that led her to become a vocalist in a popular hardcore band, but she shows them that the same God is guiding their steps today.

Faith and Reason

Scott Cherry
Faith and Reason Book PDF

Author : Scott Cherry
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-08-17
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1086624513

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Faith and Reason by Scott Cherry Pdf

Faith and Reason are not opposites. They go together. Why does reason work and why do we generally trust in it? What is its relationship to faith? Why do we expect things to make sense, and why does anything make sense at all? Among other qualities, our innate capacities for faith and reasoning are among the defining attributes of humanness. The uniquely human powers of faith and reason are some of the fundamental things that allow us to function as humans instead of as animals. Conversely, it's the absence of these capacities that defines animals and causes them to behave as they do. Is faith involved in reason? Scott Cherry argues yes, and that they are interdependent. Faith fuels reason, and vice-versa. But the emphasis of this book is on reason: Because reason exists, God exists. Thankfully, we can reason about both reason and faith and reflect on their qualities and functions. It's not that through our powers of reason we can be certain of the existence of God, but that the very existence of reason and logic points to a rational God. Reason and faith work together. Contents: Prologue, The Universe and Reason; Preface, In Praise of Reason and Reasonable Faith; (1) A Child's Reason and Logic; (2) The Logos Principle--Active Ingredients; (3) Meta-Cognition: Reasoning about Reason; (4) The Complementary Nature of Reason; (5) Reason, Revelation and Purpose; (6) Reason, Revelation and Validation; (7) The Logic of Reason and Laws of Logic; (8) Objections to the Logos Principle, part 1; (9) Objections to the Logos Principle, part 2; (10) The Reciprocity of Reason and Logic; (11) The Sheer Wonder of Intelligibility; (12) Intelligibility of a Mosque, a Parable; (13) Peony Gardens, Butterflies and Design; (14) Conclusions to the Logos Principle; (15) God, the Logos, and the Trinity. *This book is a retitled version of the author's previously published book, "The Reason of Reason' and is almost identical. So if the reader has read the latter they need not read this.