Human Experimentation And Research

Author : George F. Tomossy,David N. Weisstub
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 1160 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-12
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781351772389

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Human Experimentation and Research by George F. Tomossy,David N. Weisstub Pdf

This title was first published in 2003: As new medical technologies and treatments develop with increasing momentum, the legal and ethical implications of research involving human participants are being called into question as never before. Human Experimentation and Research explores the philosophical foundations of research ethics, ongoing regulatory dilemmas, and future challenges raised by the rapid globalisation and corporatisation of the research endeavour. This volume brings together some of the most significant published essays in the field. The editors also provide an informative introduction, summarizing the area and the relevance of the articles chosen.

Author : National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Polar Research Board,Commission on Life Sciences,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 1996-01-26
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309175920

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The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study by National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Polar Research Board,Commission on Life Sciences,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131 Pdf

During the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activityâ€"whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War.

Author : Andrew Goliszek
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
Page : 648 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2003-11-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781429997935

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In the Name of Science by Andrew Goliszek Pdf

Science, as Andrew Goliszek proves in this compendious, chilling, and eye-opening book, has always had its dark side. Behind the bright promise of life-saving vaccines and life-enhancing technologies lies the true cost of the efforts to develop them. Knowledge has a price; often that price has been human suffering. The ethical limits governing use of the human body in experimentation have been breached, redefined, and breached again---from the moment the first plague-ridden corpse was heaved over the fortifications of a besieged medieval city to the use of cutting-edge gene therapy today. Those limits are in constant need of redefinition, for the goals and the techniques have become both more refined and more secretive. The German and Japanese human experiments of the 1930s and 1940s horrified the world when they came to light. These barbaric exercises in pseudoscience grew out of assumptions of racial superiority. The subjects were deemed subhuman; ordinary guidelines could therefore be suspended. What has happened in the decades since World War II has differed only in degree. Explicitly or implicitly, any organization or government that undertakes or sponsors scientific research applies some measure of human worth. Experimentation rests upon an equation that balances suffering against gain, the good of the collective against the rights of the individual, and the risk of unknown consequences against the rewards of scientific discovery. Everything depends upon who makes that equation. The sobering and gripping accumulation of evidence in this book proves exactly what has been justified in the name of science. The science of "eugenics" justified enforced sterilization. The need to gain an upper hand in the Cold War justified CIA experiments involving mind control and drugs. The desperate race to control nuclear proliferation was used to justify radiation experiments whose effects are still being felt today. Chemical warfare, gene therapy, molecular medicine: These subjects dominate headlines and even direct our government's foreign policy, yet the whole truth about the experimentation behind them has never been made public. Though not a cheering book, In the Name of Science is a crucially important one, and it deserves a wide audience. A biologist by training, Goliszek presents each topic clearly and explains fully its significance and implications. Connecting the history of scientific experimentation through time with the topics that are likely to dominate the future, he has performed an invaluable service. No other book on the market provides the research included here, or presents it with such persuasive force.

Author : Jay Katz,Alexander Morgan Capron,Eleanor Swift Glass
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 1210 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1972-07-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781610448345

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Experimentation with Human Beings by Jay Katz,Alexander Morgan Capron,Eleanor Swift Glass Pdf

In recent years, increasing concern has been voiced about the nature and extent of human experimentation and its impact on the investigator, subject, science, and society. This casebook represents the first attempt to provide comprehensive materials for studying the human experimentation process. Through case studies from medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, and law—as well as evaluative materials from many other disciplines—Dr. Katz examines the problems raised by human experimentation from the vantage points of each of its major participants—investigator, subject, professions, and state. He analyzes what kinds of authority should be delegated to these participants in the formulation, administration, and review of the human experimentation process. Alternative proposals, from allowing investigators a completely free hand to imposing centralized governmental control, are examined from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The conceptual framework of Experimentation with Human Beings is designed to facilitate not only the analysis of such concepts as "harm," "benefit," and "informed consent," but also the exploration of the problems raised by man's quest for knowledge and mastery, his willingness to risk human life, and his readiness to delegate authority to professionals and rely on their judgment.

Author : Paul Abraham Freund
Publisher : George Braziller
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1970
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0807605425

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Experimentation with Human Subjects by Paul Abraham Freund Pdf

Most of the essays appeared in the spring 1969 issue of Dædalus.

Author : Susan E. Lederer
Publisher : JHU Press
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1997-11-07
Category : History
ISBN : 0801857090

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Subjected to Science by Susan E. Lederer Pdf

Susan Lederer provides the first full-length history of early biomedical research with human subjects. Lederer offers detailed accounts of experiments conducted on both healthy and unhealthy men, women, and children, during the period from 1890 to 1940, including yellow fever experiments, Udo Wile's "dental drill" experiments on insane patients, and Hideyo Noguchi's syphilis experiments.

Author : Paul Murray McNeill
Publisher : CUP Archive
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1993-05-28
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 0521416272

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The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation by Paul Murray McNeill Pdf

The author finds that these committees are predominantly influenced by members of research institutions and by the researchers themselves. Yet researchers, and their institutions, stand to gain considerable benefits from the experiments they conduct. Dr McNeill argues that committees of review, as they are presently constituted, cannot be relied on to ensure an equitable balance between the interests of researchers and the interests of the human subjects experimented on. He proposes a radically different rationale and model for committee review.

Author : United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 614 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 1978
Category : Human experimentation in medicine
ISBN : UCSD:31822000897728

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The Belmont Report by United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Pdf

Author : Bernard Barber
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 263 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2018-04-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781351318426

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Research on Human Subjects by Bernard Barber Pdf

The use of human subjects in biomedical research has increased rapidly with scientific discoveries. However, the failure to achieve the highest - or even adequate - standards of professional moral concern and behavior is a serious side effect. Research on Human Subjects is based on four years of intensive research in which two studies were completed - one on a nationally representative sample of biomedical research institutions, the second on a sample of 350 researchers who actually used human subjects. The authors explore prevalent ethical norms, the actual ethical behavior of scientists, and the dilemma between the values of humane therapy and scientific discovery. They document the inadequate training that biomedical researchers receive in the ethics of research on human subjects, not only in medical schools but in post-graduate training as well. This landmark work makes very specific suggestions for policy change and reform for the biomedical research profession and its employment of human subjects.

Author : S.F. Spicker,I. Alon,A. de Vries,H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 301 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789400927056

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The Use of Human Beings in Research by S.F. Spicker,I. Alon,A. de Vries,H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. Pdf

This volume, which has developed from the Fourteenth Trans Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, September 5-8, 1982, at Tel Aviv University, Israel, contains the contributions of a group of distinguished scholars who together examine the ethical issues raised by the advance of biomedical science and technology. We are, of course, still at the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of human biology; scientific medicine and clinical research are scarcely one hundred years old. Both the sciences and the technology of medicine until ten or fifteen years ago had the feeling of the 19th century about them; we sense that they belonged to an older time; that era is ending. The next twenty-five to fifty years of investigative work belong to neurobiology, genetics, and reproductive biology. The technologies of information processing and imaging will make diagnosis and treatment almost incomprehensible by my generation of physicians. Our science and technology will become so powerful that we shall require all of the art and wisdom we can muster to be sure that they remain dedicated, as Francis Bacon hoped four centuries ago, "to the uses of life." It is well that, as philosophers and physicians, we grapple with the issues now when they are relatively simple, and while the pace of change is relatively slow. We require a strategy for the future; that strategy must be worked out by scientists, philosophers, physicians, lawyers, theologians, and, I should like to add, artists and poets.

Author : Sydney A. Halpern
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780300262452

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Dangerous Medicine by Sydney A. Halpern Pdf

The untold history of America’s mid-twentieth-century program of hepatitis infection research, its scientists’ aspirations, and the damage the project caused human subjects From 1942 through 1972, American biomedical researchers deliberately infected people with hepatitis. Government-sponsored researchers were attempting to discover the basic features of the disease and the viruses causing it, and to develop interventions that would quell recurring outbreaks. Drawing from extensive archival research and in-person interviews, Sydney Halpern traces the hepatitis program from its origins in World War II through its expansion during the initial Cold War years, to its demise in the early 1970s amid an outcry over research abuse. The subjects in hepatitis studies were members of stigmatized groups—conscientious objectors, prison inmates, the mentally ill, and developmentally disabled adults and children. The book reveals how researchers invoked military and scientific imperatives and the rhetoric of a common good to win support for the experiments and access to recruits. Halpern examines the participants’ long-term health consequences and raises troubling questions about hazardous human experiments aimed at controlling today’s epidemic diseases.

Author : National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 113 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1988-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309038393

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Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research by National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research Pdf

Scientific experiments using animals have contributed significantly to the improvement of human health. Animal experiments were crucial to the conquest of polio, for example, and they will undoubtedly be one of the keystones in AIDS research. However, some persons believe that the cost to the animals is often high. Authored by a committee of experts from various fields, this book discusses the benefits that have resulted from animal research, the scope of animal research today, the concerns of advocates of animal welfare, and the prospects for finding alternatives to animal use. The authors conclude with specific recommendations for more consistent government action.

Author : Kathrin Herrmann,Kimberley Jayne
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 749 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-30
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789004391192

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Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change by Kathrin Herrmann,Kimberley Jayne Pdf

Animal experimentation has been one of the most controversial areas of animal use, mainly due to the intentional harms inflicted upon animals for the sake of hoped-for benefits in humans. Despite this rationale for continued animal experimentation, shortcomings of this practice have become increasingly more apparent and well-documented. However, these limitations are not yet widely known or appreciated, and there is a danger that they may simply be ignored. The 51 experts who have contributed to Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change critically review current animal use in science, present new and innovative non-animal approaches to address urgent scientific questions, and offer a roadmap towards an animal-free world of science.

Author : National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 1975
Category : Medical
ISBN : UOM:39015000850084

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Experiments and Research with Humans by National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 309 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2016-03-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789004286719

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The Uses of Humans in Experiment by Anonim Pdf

Ethics in human experimentation has a long history and The Uses of Humans in Experiment draws on examples from the early modern period to illustrate how humans have been both subjects and instruments over the past four centuries.