Improving Health Research On Small Populations

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Improving Health Research on Small Populations

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics
Improving Health Research on Small Populations Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 151 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2018-08-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309476096

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Improving Health Research on Small Populations by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics Pdf

The increasing diversity of population of the United States presents many challenges to conducting health research that is representative and informative. Dispersion and accessibility issues can increase logistical costs; populations for which it is difficult to obtain adequate sample size are also likely to be expensive to study. Hence, even if it is technically feasible to study a small population, it may not be easy to obtain the funding to do so. In order to address the issues associated with improving health research of small populations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in January 2018. Participants considered ways of addressing the challenges of conducting epidemiological studies or intervention research with small population groups, including alternative study designs, innovative methodologies for data collection, and innovative statistical techniques for analysis.

Improving Health Research on Small Populations

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics
Improving Health Research on Small Populations Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 151 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2018-07-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309476126

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Improving Health Research on Small Populations by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics Pdf

The increasing diversity of population of the United States presents many challenges to conducting health research that is representative and informative. Dispersion and accessibility issues can increase logistical costs; populations for which it is difficult to obtain adequate sample size are also likely to be expensive to study. Hence, even if it is technically feasible to study a small population, it may not be easy to obtain the funding to do so. In order to address the issues associated with improving health research of small populations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in January 2018. Participants considered ways of addressing the challenges of conducting epidemiological studies or intervention research with small population groups, including alternative study designs, innovative methodologies for data collection, and innovative statistical techniques for analysis.

The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century
The Future of the Public s Health in the 21st Century Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 536 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2003-02-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309133180

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The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century Pdf

The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists.

What Is the Evidence on the Role of the Arts in Improving Health and Well-Being

Daisy Fancourt,Saoirse Finn
What Is the Evidence on the Role of the Arts in Improving Health and Well Being Book PDF

Author : Daisy Fancourt,Saoirse Finn
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 142 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2019-06
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9289054557

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What Is the Evidence on the Role of the Arts in Improving Health and Well-Being by Daisy Fancourt,Saoirse Finn Pdf

Over the past two decades, there has been a major increase in research into the effects of the arts on health and well-being, alongside developments in practice and policy activities in different countries across the WHO European Region and further afield. This report synthesizes the global evidence on the role of the arts in improving health and well-being, with a specific focus on the WHO European Region. Results from over 3000 studies identified a major role for the arts in the prevention of ill health, promotion of health, and management and treatment of illness across the lifespan. The reviewed evidence included study designs such as uncontrolled pilot studies, case studies, small-scale cross-sectional surveys, nationally representative longitudinal cohort studies, community-wide ethnographies and randomized controlled trials from diverse disciplines. The beneficial impact of the arts could be furthered through acknowledging and acting on the growing evidence base; promoting arts engagement at the individual, local and national levels; and supporting cross-sectoral collaboration.

Small Populations, Large Effects

National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Statistical Methods for Measuring the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey
Small Populations Large Effects Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Statistical Methods for Measuring the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2012-06-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780309255639

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Small Populations, Large Effects by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Statistical Methods for Measuring the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey Pdf

In the early 1990s, the Census Bureau proposed a program of continuous measurement as a possible alternative to the gathering of detailed social, economic, and housing data from a sample of the U.S. population as part of the decennial census. The American Community Survey (ACS) became a reality in 2005, and has included group quarters (GQ)-such places as correctional facilities for adults, student housing, nursing facilities, inpatient hospice facilities, and military barracks-since 2006, primarily to more closely replicate the design and data products of the census long-form sample. The decision to include group quarters in the ACS enables the Census Bureau to provide a comprehensive benchmark of the total U.S. population (not just those living in households). However, the fact that the ACS must rely on a sample of what is a small and very diverse population, combined with limited funding available for survey operations, makes the ACS GQ sampling, data collection, weighting, and estimation procedures more complex and the estimates more susceptible to problems stemming from these limitations. The concerns are magnified in small areas, particularly in terms of detrimental effects on the total population estimates produced for small areas. Small Populations, Large Effects provides an in-depth review of the statistical methodology for measuring the GQ population in the ACS. This report addresses difficulties associated with measuring the GQ population and the rationale for including GQs in the ACS. Considering user needs for ACS data and of operational feasibility and compatibility with the treatment of the household population in the ACS, the report recommends alternatives to the survey design and other methodological features that can make the ACS more useful for users of small-area data.

Communities in Action

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States
Communities in Action Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 583 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2017-04-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309452960

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Communities in Action by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States Pdf

In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Advancing the Science to Improve Population Health

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Roundtable on Population Health Improvement
Advancing the Science to Improve Population Health Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Roundtable on Population Health Improvement
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 103 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-13
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309444200

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Advancing the Science to Improve Population Health by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Roundtable on Population Health Improvement Pdf

In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to explore the basic and translational research needs for population health science, and to discuss specific research priorities and actions to foster population health improvement. The workshop was designed to provide frameworks for understanding population health research and its role in shaping and having an effect on population health, identify individual and institutional facilitators and challenges regarding the production, communication, and use of research for population health improvement, and identify key areas for future research critical to the advancement of population health improvement. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Hard-to-Survey Populations

Roger Tourangeau,Brad Edwards,Timothy P. Johnson,Kirk M. Wolter,Nancy Bates
Hard to Survey Populations Book PDF

Author : Roger Tourangeau,Brad Edwards,Timothy P. Johnson,Kirk M. Wolter,Nancy Bates
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 675 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2014-08-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781107031357

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Hard-to-Survey Populations by Roger Tourangeau,Brad Edwards,Timothy P. Johnson,Kirk M. Wolter,Nancy Bates Pdf

Examines the different populations and settings that can make surveys hard to conduct and discusses methods to meet these challenges.

Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At-Risk Populations

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic Status in Medicare Payment Programs
Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At Risk Populations Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic Status in Medicare Payment Programs
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 95 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2016-05-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309391979

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Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At-Risk Populations by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic Status in Medicare Payment Programs Pdf

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have been moving from volume-based, fee-for-service payment to value-based payment (VBP), which aims to improve health care quality, health outcomes, and patient care experiences, while also controlling costs. Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, CMS has implemented a variety of VBP strategies, including incentive programs and risk-based alternative payment models. Early evidence from these programs raised concerns about potential unintended consequences for health equity. Specifically, emerging evidence suggests that providers disproportionately serving patients with social risk factors for poor health outcomes (e.g., individuals with low socioeconomic position, racial and ethnic minorities, gender and sexual minorities, socially isolated persons, and individuals residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods) may be more likely to fare poorly on quality rankings and to receive financial penalties, and less likely to receive financial rewards. The drivers of these disparities are poorly understood, and differences in interpretation have led to divergent concerns about the potential effect of VBP on health equity. Some suggest that underlying differences in patient characteristics that are out of the control of providers lead to differences in health outcomes. At the same time, others are concerned that differences in outcomes between providers serving socially at-risk populations and providers serving the general population reflect disparities in the provision of health care. Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At-Risk Populations seeks to better distinguish the drivers of variations in performance among providers disproportionately serving socially at-risk populations and identifies methods to account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs. This report identifies best practices of high-performing hospitals, health plans, and other providers that serve disproportionately higher shares of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and compares those best practices of low-performing providers serving similar patient populations. It is the second in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act.

Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults

National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults
Investing in the Health and Well Being of Young Adults Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 502 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2015-01-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309309981

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Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults by National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Children, Youth, and Families,Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults Pdf

Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood.

Small Clinical Trials

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials
Small Clinical Trials Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2001-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309171148

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Small Clinical Trials by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials Pdf

Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.

Population-Based Nursing

Ann L. Cupp Curley,Patty A. Vitale
Population Based Nursing Book PDF

Author : Ann L. Cupp Curley,Patty A. Vitale
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
Page : 299 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2011-10-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780826106711

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Population-Based Nursing by Ann L. Cupp Curley,Patty A. Vitale Pdf

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Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Subcommittee on Standardized Collection of Race/Ethnicity Data for Healthcare Quality Improvement
Race Ethnicity and Language Data Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Subcommittee on Standardized Collection of Race/Ethnicity Data for Healthcare Quality Improvement
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2009-12-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309140126

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Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Subcommittee on Standardized Collection of Race/Ethnicity Data for Healthcare Quality Improvement Pdf

The goal of eliminating disparities in health care in the United States remains elusive. Even as quality improves on specific measures, disparities often persist. Addressing these disparities must begin with the fundamental step of bringing the nature of the disparities and the groups at risk for those disparities to light by collecting health care quality information stratified by race, ethnicity and language data. Then attention can be focused on where interventions might be best applied, and on planning and evaluating those efforts to inform the development of policy and the application of resources. A lack of standardization of categories for race, ethnicity, and language data has been suggested as one obstacle to achieving more widespread collection and utilization of these data. Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data identifies current models for collecting and coding race, ethnicity, and language data; reviews challenges involved in obtaining these data, and makes recommendations for a nationally standardized approach for use in health care quality improvement.

Promoting Health

Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health
Promoting Health Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 507 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2000-02-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309132916

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Promoting Health by Institute of Medicine,Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,Committee on Capitalizing on Social Science and Behavioral Research to Improve the Public's Health Pdf

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases. By itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs. It includes 12 papersâ€"commissioned from some of the nation's leading expertsâ€"that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions.

Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule
Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2009-03-24
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780309124997

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Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule Pdf

In the realm of health care, privacy protections are needed to preserve patients' dignity and prevent possible harms. Ten years ago, to address these concerns as well as set guidelines for ethical health research, Congress called for a set of federal standards now known as the HIPAA Privacy Rule. In its 2009 report, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information concludes that the HIPAA Privacy Rule does not protect privacy as well as it should, and that it impedes important health research.