Institutions And Incentives In Regulatory Science

Author : Jason Scott Johnston
Publisher : Lexington Books
Page : 233 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2012-04-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780739169476

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Institutions and Incentives in Regulatory Science by Jason Scott Johnston Pdf

Institutions and Incentives in Regulatory Science explores fundamental problems with regulatory science in the environmental and natural resource law field. Each chapter covers a variety of natural resource and regulatory areas, ranging from climate change to endangered species protection and traditional health-based environmental regulation. Regulatory laws and institutions themselves strongly influence the direction of scientific research by creating a system of rewards and penalties for science. As a consequence, regulatory laws or institutions that are designed naively end up incentivizing scientists to generate and then publish only those results that further the substantive regulatory goals preferred by the scientists. By relying so heavily on science to dictate policy, regulatory laws and institutions encourage scientists to use their assessment of the state of the science to further their own preferred scientific and regulatory policy agendas. Additionally, many environmental and natural resource regulatory agencies have been instructed by legislatures to rely heavily upon science in their rulemaking. In areas of rapidly evolving science, regulatory agencies are inevitably looking for scientific consensus prematurely, before the scientific process has worked through competing hypotheses and evidence. The contributors in this volume address how institutions for regulatory science should be designed in light of the inevitable misfit between the political or legal demand for regulatory action and the actual state of evolving scientific knowledge.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2009-09-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309145442

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Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice Pdf

Collaborations of physicians and researchers with industry can provide valuable benefits to society, particularly in the translation of basic scientific discoveries to new therapies and products. Recent reports and news stories have, however, documented disturbing examples of relationships and practices that put at risk the integrity of medical research, the objectivity of professional education, the quality of patient care, the soundness of clinical practice guidelines, and the public's trust in medicine. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice provides a comprehensive look at conflict of interest in medicine. It offers principles to inform the design of policies to identify, limit, and manage conflicts of interest without damaging constructive collaboration with industry. It calls for both short-term actions and long-term commitments by institutions and individuals, including leaders of academic medical centers, professional societies, patient advocacy groups, government agencies, and drug, device, and pharmaceutical companies. Failure of the medical community to take convincing action on conflicts of interest invites additional legislative or regulatory measures that may be overly broad or unduly burdensome. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice makes several recommendations for strengthening conflict of interest policies and curbing relationships that create risks with little benefit. The book will serve as an invaluable resource for individuals and organizations committed to high ethical standards in all realms of medicine.

Author : Michael Hart
Publisher : Lulu.com
Page : 616 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2015-10-21
Category : Climatic changes
ISBN : 9780994903808

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Hubris: The Troubling Science, Economics, and Politics of Climate Change by Michael Hart Pdf

"The book explores problems and issues that have emerged in national and international discussion of policies to address climate change. It concludes that every solution put forward by the UN and activists poses more problems than might ever emerge from the marginal human impact on natural climate change. Rather than mitigation, governments should focus on adaptation. As is, climate change discussions have become captive of a utopian agenda that is using climate change as a stalking horse to drive alarm in the hope that it will convince governments to act."--

Author : Audrey L. Mayer
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 313 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2021-03-09
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780300247909

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Bird Versus Bulldozer by Audrey L. Mayer Pdf

An examination of the struggle to conserve biodiversity in urban regions, told through the story of the threatened coastal California gnatcatcher The story of the rare coastal California gnatcatcher is a parable for understanding the larger ongoing struggle to conserve biodiversity in regions confronted with intensifying urban development. Because this gnatcatcher depends on vanishing coastal sage scrub in Southern California, it has been regarded as a flagship species for biodiversity protection since the early 1990s. But the uncertainty of the gnatcatcher's taxonomic classification--and whether it can be counted as a "listable unit" under the Endangered Species Act--has provoked contentious debate among activists, scientists, urban developers, and policy makers. Synthesizing insights from ecology, environmental history, public policy analysis, and urban planning as she tracks these debates over the course of the past twenty-five years, Audrey L. Mayer presents an ultimately optimistic take on the importance of much-neglected regional conservation planning strategies to create sustainable urban landscapes that benefit humans and wildlife alike.

Author : Dennis J. Paustenbach
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1319 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2024-04-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119551102

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Human and Ecological Risk Assessment by Dennis J. Paustenbach Pdf

Understand the fundamentals of human risk assessment with this introduction and reference Human risk assessments are a precondition for virtually all industrial action or environmental regulation, all the more essential in a world where chemical and environmental hazards are becoming more abundant. These documents catalog potential environmental, toxicological, ecological, or other harms resulting from a particular hazard, from chemical spills to construction projects to dangerous workplaces. They turn on a number of variables, of which the most significant is the degree of human exposure to the hazardous agent or process. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment combines the virtues of a textbook and reference work to introduce and analyze these vital documents. Beginning with the foundational theory of human health risk assessment, it then supplies case studies and detailed analysis illustrating the practice of producing risk assessment documents. Fully updated and authored by leading authorities in the field, the result is an indispensable work. Readers of the second edition of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment will also find: Over 40 entirely new case studies reflecting the latest in risk assessment practice Detailed discussion of hazards including air emissions, contaminated food and soil, hazardous waste sites, and many more Case studies from multiple countries to reflect diverse international standards Human and Ecological Risk Assessment is ideal for professionals and advanced graduate students in toxicology, industrial hygiene, occupational medicine, environmental science, and all related subjects.

Author : United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 96 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Administrative procedure
ISBN : MINN:31951D03758168I

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Reducing Unnecessary and Costly Red Tape Through Smarter Regulation by United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee Pdf

Author : Jonathan Klick,Eric Helland
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 315 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2018-03-22
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780226438184

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Supreme Court Economic Review by Jonathan Klick,Eric Helland Pdf

The Supreme Court Economic Review is a faculty-edited, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary law and economics series with a particular focus on economic and social science analysis of judicial decision making, institutional analysis of law and legal structures, political economy and public choice issues regarding courts and other decision-makers, and the relationship between legal and political institutions and the institutions of a free society governed by constitutions and the rule of law. Contributors include renowned legal scholars, economists, and policy-makers, and consistently ranks among the most influential journals of law and economics.

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 155 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2011-10-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264116573

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Regulatory Policy and Governance Supporting Economic Growth and Serving the Public Interest by OECD Pdf

This report encourages governments to “think big” about the relevance of regulatory policy and assesses the recent efforts of OECD countries to develop and deepen regulatory policy and governance.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy,Committee on Responsible Science
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2018-01-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309391252

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Fostering Integrity in Research by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy,Committee on Responsible Science Pdf

The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support â€" or distort â€" practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge. The 1992 report Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process evaluated issues related to scientific responsibility and the conduct of research. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. However, as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. Responsible Science served as a valuable benchmark to set the context for this most recent analysis and to help guide the committee's thought process. Fostering Integrity in Research identifies best practices in research and recommends practical options for discouraging and addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices.

Author : Jacint Jordana,David Levi-Faur
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2004-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1845420675

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The Politics of Regulation by Jacint Jordana,David Levi-Faur Pdf

These changes, together with the general advance in the study of regulation, undoubtedly demand a re-evaluation of the theory of regulation, its methodologies and scope of application. This book is a perceptive investigation of recent evolutions in the manner and extent of governance through regulation. Scholars and students of comparative politics, public policy, regulation theory, institutional economics and political sociology will find it to be essential reading. It will also prove a valuable source of reference for those working or dealing with regulatory authorities and for business managers in private industries and services operating under a regulatory framework.

Author : Sheila Jasanoff
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 322 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1998-08-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0674039114

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The Fifth Branch by Sheila Jasanoff Pdf

How can decisionmakers charged with protecting the environment and the public's health and safety steer clear of false and misleading scientific research? Is it possible to give scientists a stronger voice in regulatory processes without yielding too much control over policy, and how can this be harmonized with democratic values? These are just some of the many controversial and timely questions that Sheila Jasanoff asks in this study of the way science advisers shape federal policy. In their expanding role as advisers, scientists have emerged as a formidable fifth branch of government. But even though the growing dependence of regulatory agencies on scientific and technical information has granted scientists a greater influence on public policy, opinions differ as to how those contributions should be balanced against other policy concerns. More important, who should define what counts as good science when all scientific claims incorporate social factors and are subject to negotiation? Jasanoff begins by describing some significant failures--such as nitrites, Love Canal, and alar--in administrative and judicial decisionmaking that fed the demand for more peer review of regulatory science. In analyzing the nature of scientific claims and methods used in policy decisions, she draws comparisons with the promises and limitations of peer review in scientific organizations operating outside the regulatory context. The discussion of advisory mechanisms draws on the author's close scrutiny of two highly visible federal agencies--the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. Here we see the experts in action as they deliberate on critical issues such as clean air, pesticide regulation, and the safety of pharmaceuticals and food additives. Jasanoff deftly merges legal and institutional analysis with social studies of science and presents a strong case for procedural reforms. In so doing, she articulates a social-construction model that is intended to buttress the effectiveness of the fifth branch.

Author : Nathan M. Jensen,Edmund J. Malesky
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 271 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2018-03-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781108418904

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Incentives to Pander by Nathan M. Jensen,Edmund J. Malesky Pdf

An examination of why politicians choose to employ targeted tax incentives to firms that are inefficient and distortionary.

Author : Nana Asare Obeng-Darko
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 137 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-03
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781040035009

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Renewable Energy Law in Sub-Saharan Africa by Nana Asare Obeng-Darko Pdf

This book contributes to the broader discussion on the development of renewable energy sources for a clean and sustainable energy to drive sustainable growth, energy security and sustainable development. Focusing on sub-Sahara African perspectives, with Ghana as the central case study, this book focuses on how regulatory regimes can be designed to achieve renewable energy targets for electricity production. Exploring the regulatory rationales behind the government’s intervention in the Ghanaian renewable energy sector, it examines whether the regulatory measures adopted by the Ghanaian government are sufficient to attract adequate investment to meet renewable energy integration targets. Assessing the regulatory frameworks of the renewable energy sectors of The Gambia and Nigeria, the book compares these countries to the regulatory approaches to renewable energy development in Ghana. Arguing that there are significant regulatory issues impeding renewable energy development in Ghana, with wider consequences across sub-Saharan Africa, the book suggests solutions which can establish a robust and an effective regulatory framework to achieve renewable energy developmental targets. A comprehensive read, this volume will appeal to scholars and researchers of sustainable development, law and legal studies, environmental laws, development economics, applied industrial economics, energy security, African economy, public policy and regulatory policy. It will also be of interest to professionals and practitioners in policy circles and research think tanks.

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on the Science of Team Science
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2015-07-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780309316859

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Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on the Science of Team Science Pdf

The past half-century has witnessed a dramatic increase in the scale and complexity of scientific research. The growing scale of science has been accompanied by a shift toward collaborative research, referred to as "team science." Scientific research is increasingly conducted by small teams and larger groups rather than individual investigators, but the challenges of collaboration can slow these teams' progress in achieving their scientific goals. How does a team-based approach work, and how can universities and research institutions support teams? Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science synthesizes and integrates the available research to provide guidance on assembling the science team; leadership, education and professional development for science teams and groups. It also examines institutional and organizational structures and policies to support science teams and identifies areas where further research is needed to help science teams and groups achieve their scientific and translational goals. This report offers major public policy recommendations for science research agencies and policymakers, as well as recommendations for individual scientists, disciplinary associations, and research universities. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science will be of interest to university research administrators, team science leaders, science faculty, and graduate and postdoctoral students.

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel on Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities for Environmental Decision Making
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2005-07-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309095402

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Decision Making for the Environment by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel on Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities for Environmental Decision Making Pdf

With the growing number, complexity, and importance of environmental problems come demands to include a full range of intellectual disciplines and scholarly traditions to help define and eventually manage such problems more effectively. Decision Making for the Environment: Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities is the result of a 2-year effort by 12 social and behavioral scientists, scholars, and practitioners. The report sets research priorities for the social and behavioral sciences as they relate to several different kinds of environmental problems.