Iran S Nuclear Option

Author : Al J. Venter
Publisher : Casemate
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2005-01-19
Category : History
ISBN : 9781612000862

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Iran's Nuclear Option by Al J. Venter Pdf

“The most systematic exposition to date about Iran’s nuclear program and its role in world affairs” (Middle East Quarterly). Since the Islamic Republic of Iran admitted that it was secretly producing highly enriched, weapons-grade uranium, nations have struggled to react appropriately. For the first time, and in full detail, this book explains exactly what the Europeans and United Nations have been trying to forestall. Iran could shortly have the ability to strike its immediate Middle Eastern neighbors—and more distant nations—with nuclear weapons. With the size to dominate its region, Iran also has an avowed mission to export its theocratic principles, and in recent decades, has been a notorious supporter of terrorist organizations. Its parallel development of atomic bombs represents the greatest threat to the balance of world power we’ve seen in the new millennium. Here, defense expert Al Venter reveals the extent to which Iran’s weapons program has developed and the clandestine manner in which its nuclear technology has been acquired. He demonstrates how Tehran has violated the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and details the involvement of several countries shown by the IAEA to have trafficked in illegal nuclear materials. He proves, for the first time, a direct link between the now-defunct South African apartheid regime’s nuclear program and Tehran’s current nuclear ambitions. Venter digs deep into subjects such as Iran’s fervor on behalf of Shiite Islam, its missile program—developed alongside its nuclear one—and the role of the Pasdaran, the Revolutionary Guards, whose tentacles have spread throughout the Middle East and increasingly farther afield. While noting Tehran’s support of terrorist groups such as Hezbollah, Venter follows closely how the Persian homeland itself has progressed toward a strategic nuclear capability that would make recent terrorist attacks look obsolete. Iran’s Nuclear Option is essential reading for anyone with an interest in global security, the perilous volatility of the Middle East, and America’s options, should it be willing and able to counter the threat while time remains.

Author : Judith S. Yaphe
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 104 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Nuclear nonproliferation
ISBN : 9781428982499

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Reassessing the implications of a nuclear-armed Iran by Judith S. Yaphe Pdf

This monograph reexamines the strategic implications for the United States in the event Iran moves ahead to acquire nuclear weapons capability. This study draws on expert workshops held in the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University (NDU) in January and February 2005, as well as meetings, interviews, and research conducted at NDU and elsewhere over the past several years. Chapters are as follows: "Iran's Perspective: National Rights and Nuclear Weapons," "Neighbors, Negotiators, and Nonproliferators," and "U.S. Policy Options." Appendixes include "Timeline of Iran's Path to Nuclear Weapons," "Iran's Nuclear Program: Status, Risks, and Prospects," and "Walking the Tightrope: Israeli Options in Response to Iranian Nuclear Developments."

Author : Shahram Chubin
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
Page : 245 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2010-03-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780870032912

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Iran's Nuclear Ambitions by Shahram Chubin Pdf

Iran is aggressively seeking nuclear technology that could be used for making weapons—and its quest has set off alarms throughout the world. This widespread concern stems in part from Iran's uncertain intentions and recent history. Will it remain a revolutionary power determined to subvert its Sunni Arab neighbors, destroy Israel, and spread theocratic government to other lands? Or would an Iran with nuclear weapons merely defend its territory from foreign aggression and live in peace with its neighbors? Are the country's leaders and society willing to negotiate limits on nuclear capability and normalize relations with the West, or will they resist accommodation? Iran's Nuclear Ambitions provides a rare, balanced look into the motivations, perceptions, and domestic politics swirling around Iran. Shahram Chubin, an Iranian-born security expert, details the recent history of Iran's nuclear program and diplomacy. He argues that the central problem is not nuclear technology, but rather Iran's behavior as a revolutionary state, with ambitions that collide with the interests of its neighbors and the West. Topics include: The view from Tehran Iran's nuclear energy rationale, domestic politics, and decisionmaking Sources of concern, including the nature of Iran's regime, its nuclear infrastructure, missile development, and terrorism Iran's negotiating strategy The international response Iran and regional security, including the U.S. as a threat and rival, Iran's regional ambitions, and Israel Policy options

Author : Robert J. Reardon
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2012-09-27
Category : History
ISBN : 9780833076359

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Containing Iran by Robert J. Reardon Pdf

Iran's nuclear program is one of this century's principal foreign policy challenges. Despite U.S., Israeli, and allied efforts, Iran has an extensive enrichment program and likely has the technical capacity to produce at least one nuclear bomb if it so chose. This study assesses U.S. policy options, identifies a way forward, and considers how the United States might best mitigate the negative international effects of a nuclear-armed Iran.

Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2010-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781437923445

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Iran's Nuclear Program by Paul K. Kerr Pdf

Contents: (1) Background; (2) Recent Nuclear Controversy: Iran¿s Cooperation with the IAEA; (3) Status of Iran¿s Nuclear Programs: Fuel Manufacturing Plant; Uranium Enrichment; Plutonium; Arak Reactor; Bushehr Reactor; (4) Does Iran Have a Nuclear Weapons Program?: The 2007 National Intelligence Estimate; Living with Risk; Other Constraints on Nuclear Weapons Ambitions.

Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Nuclear facilities
ISBN : OCLC:233174744

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Iran's Nuclear Program: Status by Paul K. Kerr Pdf

Although Iran claims that its nuclear programs are exclusively for peaceful purposes, they have generated considerable concern that Tehran is pursuing a nuclear weapons program. Indeed, the UN Security Council has responded to Iran's refusal to suspend work on its uranium enrichment and heavy-water nuclear reactor programs by adopting several resolutions which imposed sanctions on Tehran. Despite this pressure, Iran continues at its Natanz centrifuge facility to enrich uranium, expand the number of operating centrifuges, and conduct research on new types of centrifuges. Tehran has also continued to produce centrifuge feedstock, as well as work on its heavy-water reactor and associated facilities. Whether Iran is pursuing a nuclear weapons program is, however, unknown. A National Intelligence Estimate made public in December 2007 assessed that Tehran halted its nuclear weapons program, defined as Iran's nuclear weapon design and weaponization work and covert uranium conversion-related and uranium enrichment related work, in 2003. The estimate, however, also assessed that Tehran is keeping open the option to develop nuclear weapons and that any decision to end a nuclear weapons program is inherently reversible. Although Iran has cooperated with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to an extent, the agency says that Tehran has not gone far enough to alleviate all of the agency's concerns about Iran s enrichment and heavy-water reactor programs. The IAEA continues to investigate the program, particularly evidence that Tehran may have conducted procurement activities and research directly applicable to nuclear weapons development. This report expands and replaces RS21592, Iran s Nuclear Program: Recent Developments, by Sharon Squassoni, and will be updated as necessary.

Author : Alvin J. Cottrell,James E. Dougherty
Publisher : Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Incorporated
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 1977
Category : Arms race
ISBN : UCSD:31822003123866

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Iran's Quest for Security by Alvin J. Cottrell,James E. Dougherty Pdf

Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 17 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781437922813

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Iran¿s Nuclear Program by Paul K. Kerr Pdf

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities. Ultimately, the agency reported that some of these activities had violated Tehran¿s IAEA safeguards agree. The IAEA referred the matter to the U.N. Security Council in Feb. 2006. The Security Council required Iran to cooperate fully with the IAEA¿s investigation of its nuclear activities, suspend its uranium enrichment program, suspend its construction of a heavywater reactor and related projects, and ratify the Additional Protocol to its IAEA safeguards agreement. This report provides an overview of Iran¿s nuclear program and describes the legal basis for the actions taken by the IAEA and the Security Council.

Author : S. Samuel C. Rajiv
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : India
ISBN : MINN:31951D03711498K

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Iran's Nuclear Imbroglio at the Crossroads by S. Samuel C. Rajiv Pdf

Author : Congressional Research Service
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2018-08-19
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1725877678

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Iran?s Nuclear Program by Congressional Research Service Pdf

Iran's nuclear program began during the 1950s. Iran's construction of gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facilities, which can produce both Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) suitable for power plans, and weapons grade Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), is currently the main source of proliferation concern. A National Intelligence Estimate made public in 2007 assessed that Tehran "halted its nuclear weapons program" in 2003. The estimate, however, also assessed that Tehran is "keeping open the option to develop nuclear weapons" and that any decision to end a nuclear weapons program is "inherently reversible." Obtaining fissile material is viewed as the most difficult task in building nuclear weapons. As of January 2014, Iran had produced an amount of LEU containing up to 5% uranium-235 which, if further enriched, could theoretically have produced enough HEU for as many as eight nuclear weapons. Iran had also produced LEU containing nearly 20% uranium-235; the total amount of this LEU would, if it had been in the form of uranium hexafluoride and further enriched, have been sufficient for a nuclear weapon. After the Joint Plan of Action, which Tehran concluded with China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively known as the "P5+1"), went into effect in January 2014, Iran either converted much of its LEU containing nearly 20% uranium-235 for use as fuel in a research reactor located in Tehran, or prepared it for that purpose. Iran has diluted the rest of that stockpile so that it contained no more than 5% uranium-235. The U.N. Security Council responded to Iran's refusal to suspend work on its uranium enrichment program by adopting several resolutions that imposed sanctions on Tehran. Despite evidence that sanctions and other forms of pressure have slowed the program, Iran continued to enrich uranium, install additional centrifuges, and conduct research on new types of centrifuges. Tehran has also worked on a heavy-water reactor, which was a proliferation concern because its spent fuel would have contained plutonium-the other type of fissile material used in nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitors Iran's nuclear facilities and has verified that Tehran's declared nuclear facilities and materials have not been diverted for military purposes. The agency has also verified that Iran has implemented various restrictions on, and provided the IAEA with additional information about, its uranium enrichment program and heavy-water reactor program pursuant to the July 2015 Joint Cooperative Plan of Action (JCPOA), which Tehran concluded with the P5+1. On the JCPOA's Implementation Day, which took place on January 16, 2016, all of the previous Security Council resolutions' requirements were terminated. The nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which the Council adopted on July 20, 2015, comprise the current legal framework governing Iran's nuclear program. Iran has continued to comply with the JCPOA and resolution. Then-Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Wendy Sherman explained during an October 2013 hearing of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations that Iran would need as much as one year to produce a nuclear weapon if the government made the decision to do so. At the time, Tehran would have needed two to three months of this time to produce enough weapons-grade HEU for a nuclear weapon. Iran's compliance with the JCPOA has lengthened this time to one year, according to U.S. officials. These estimates apparently assume that Iran would use its declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for a weapon. However, Tehran would probably use covert facilities for this purpose; Iranian efforts to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons by using its known nuclear facilities would almost certainly be detected by the IAEA.

Author : Lynn E Davis,Jeffrey Martini,Alireza Nader,Professor Dalia Dassa Kaye,James T Quinlivan,Rabbi Paul Steinberg
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 155 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2011-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9780833053060

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Iran's Nuclear Future by Lynn E Davis,Jeffrey Martini,Alireza Nader,Professor Dalia Dassa Kaye,James T Quinlivan,Rabbi Paul Steinberg Pdf

As Iran?'s nuclear program evolves, U.S. decisionmakers will confront a series of critical policy choices involving complex considerations and policy trade-offs. These policy choices could involve dissuading Iran from developing nuclear weapons; deterring Iran from using its nuclear weapons, if it were to acquire them; and reassuring U.S. regional partners. The U.S. Air Force will need to prepare to carry out whatever policies are chosen.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 322 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781428916340

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Getting Ready for Nuclear-Ready Iran by Anonim Pdf

Little more than a year ago, the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (NPEC) completed its initial analysis of Iran's nuclear program, Checking Iran's Nuclear Ambitions. Since then, Tehran's nuclear activities and public diplomacy have only affirmed what this analysis first suggested: Iran is not about to give up its effort to make nuclear fuel and, thereby, come within days of acquiring a nuclear bomb. Iran's continued pursuit of uranium enrichment and plutonium recycling puts a premium on asking what a more confident nuclear-ready Iran might confront us with and what we might do now to hedge against these threats. These questions are the focus of this volume. The book is divided into four parts. The first presents the endings of the NPEC's working group on Iran. It reflects interviews with government officials and outside specialists and the work of some 20 regional security experts whom NPEC convened in Washington to discuss the commissioned research that is contained in this book. Some of this report's endings to keep Iran and others from overtly deploying nuclear weapons or leaving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) are beginning to gain official support. The U.S. Government, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and an increasing number of allies now support the idea that states that violate the NPT be held accountable for their transgressions, even if they should withdraw from the treaty. There also has been increased internal governmental discussion about the need to clarify what should be permitted under the rubric of "peaceful" nuclear energy as delineated under the NPT. The remaining report recommendations, which were presented in testimony before Congress in March of 2005, remain to be acted upon.

Author : David Patrikarakos
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Iran
ISBN : 0755607767

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Nuclear Iran by David Patrikarakos Pdf

Introduction -- 2. In the beginning was the Atom bomb: Nuclear Power and the Post-War World in the Middle East -- 3. The Peacock Wants to Strut: Aspiring to Nuclear Power under the Shah of Iran -- 4. Arms and the Shah: Developing Nuclear Weapons under the Shah -- 5. Slow Decline - Quick Fall: The End of the Shah's Nuclear Programme -- 6. Children of the Revolution: ['An Ideologically Unclean Atom Bomb'] 1979-1980 -- 7. Restart? 1980-1984 [Reviving the Nuclear option] -- 8. We Are Victims: [Iran's Search for New Nuclear Partners] 1984-1989 -- 9. Iran's version of an Islamic Bomb? Nuclear Weapons Under the Early Republic -- 10. Restart for Real: Iran's Nuclear Programme Goes Live 1990-1997 -- 11. Crisis: Nuclear Negotiations 2002-2005 -- 12. Enter Ahmadinejad: Reversing into the Future 2005-2008 -- 13. Enter Obama: Trying for Nuclear Détente? -- 14. Qom, the Natanz Site and Everything After -- 15. Conclusion Appendices etc.

Author : Renard Teipelke
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2010-04-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783640603954

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Policy Paper on Iran’s Nuclear Program by Renard Teipelke Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: 1,0, University of California, San Diego (Department of Political Science), course: National Security Strategy , language: English, abstract: The Iranian nuclear program has been one of the major controversies in international affairs in the 21st century. While Iran insists on the right to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes (under the terms of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT), the international community fears the secret weaponization of Iran’s program. Neither could Iran convince the international community that it does not (intend to) work on a program for nuclear weapons, nor could the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China + Germany (P5+1 countries) – implement effective measures in the form of diplomacy with sanctions to initially deter Iran from pursuing nuclear weapons capability. In the following policy paper, the problem will be first introduced by summarizing its history. A presentation of major players in the conflict and their preferences will help to analyze available strategy options for the United States as well as their possible consequences and chances of success. The following three strategies will be discussed...

Author : Robert J. Reardon
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 207 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2012-09-27
Category : History
ISBN : 9780833076373

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Containing Iran by Robert J. Reardon Pdf

Iran's nuclear program is one of this century's principal foreign policy challenges. Despite U.S., Israeli, and allied efforts, Iran has an extensive enrichment program and likely has the technical capacity to produce at least one nuclear bomb if it so chose. This study assesses U.S. policy options, identifies a way forward, and considers how the United States might best mitigate the negative international effects of a nuclear-armed Iran.