Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition

Author : Jan J. Rutkowski
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Labor market
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition by Jan J. Rutkowski Pdf

"The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies. "--World Bank web site.

Author : Jan Rutkowski
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:931673585

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Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition by Jan Rutkowski Pdf

The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies.

Author : Xinxin Ma
Publisher : Springer
Page : 303 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2018-12-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789811319877

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Economic Transition and Labor Market Reform in China by Xinxin Ma Pdf

This book empirically investigates the changes in labor market structure accompanying the labor market reform in China by focusing on the labor market segmentation problems from the 1980s to 2013. The book also aims to examine the effect of labor policy reforms on individual, household and enterprise behavior, including the causes and consequences of labor market reform in China, particularly the influences of labor policy reforms on labor market performance. Offering valuable insights into the changing structure of the Chinese economy, this book will be of interest to scholars, activists, and economists.

Author : Ravi Kanbur,Jan Svejnar
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 586 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2009-05-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781135969387

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Labor Markets and Economic Development by Ravi Kanbur,Jan Svejnar Pdf

As developing and transition economies enter the next phase of reforms, labor market issues increasingly come to the fore. With the increased competition from globalization, the discussion is shifting to the need for greater labor market flexibility and the creation of "good" jobs. Moreover, the greater actual and perceived insecurity in labor markets has generated a new agenda on how to structure safety nets and labor market regulation. The older questions of the links between the formal and informal labor market, reappear with new dimensions and significance. More generally, it is clear that an accurate understanding of how labor market structures function is essential if we are to analyze alternative policy proposals in the wake of these concerns. Oddly enough, in spite of this great importance, there are no recent monographs that bring together rigorous studies produced by academic researchers on these various issues. This book fills that gap. Under the steely editorship of Ravi Kanbur and Jan Svejnar, the contributors flourish in their attempts to enliven these debates.

Author : Regina T. Riphahn,Dennis J. Snower,Klaus F. Zimmermann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783642565601

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Employment Policy in Transition by Regina T. Riphahn,Dennis J. Snower,Klaus F. Zimmermann Pdf

A historically unique experiment is about to enter its second decade - German unification. Early hopes for a rapid and smooth economic transformation soon turned out to be overly optimistic. Despite massive financial transfers, the political promise of a "blooming landscape" remains a vision. Actual developments have left deep scars on the labor market, and the effects will be felt for decades to come. Was this outcome to be expected, perhaps even inevitable? What went wrong, and what were the available options? Or is the current state of Eastern German labor market in fact better than is commonly assumed?

Author : Ms.Zuzana Brixiova,Mr.Pietro Garibaldi
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 47 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1997-10-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451930566

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Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment Dynamics in Transition Economies by Ms.Zuzana Brixiova,Mr.Pietro Garibaldi Pdf

This paper studies interactions between labor market institutions and unemployment dynamics in transition economies. It presents a dynamic matching model in which state sector firms endogenously shed labor and private job creation takes time. Two main conclusions arises. First, higher unemployment benefits increase steady-state unemployment, and, during the transition, they reduce the fall in real wages and speed up closure of state enterprises. Second, higher minimum wages can theoretically speed up the elimination of state sector jobs without affecting steady-state unemployment. These results are broadly consistent with existing evidence on the dynamics of unemployment and real wages in transition economies.

Author : Vladimir Gimpelson
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2002-07-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780585379562

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The Russian Labour Market by Vladimir Gimpelson Pdf

Labour markets are a central element of any transition from planned economy to market-oriented system. This groundbreaking book examines the plight of Russian workers and employers during the first decade of post-Soviet reforms. The authors argue that higher-than-expected labour market flexibility early in the transition provided an important cushion for workers who would have been displaced with little recourse to social protection. However, over time, this flexibility reduced pressure for enterprise restructuring and accommodated policy drift. Although many workers were quite mobile, often this translated into a loss of human capital for older enterprises_even potentially viable ones_and to OchurningO in the labour market, accompanied by only limited restructuring. There was little job creation, labour hoarding persisted, and many workers saw their wages eroded by inflation and late payment of wages. The authors show this situation was largely the result of insufficient structural reforms, poor institutional development, and misplaced incentives. First providing an overview of the economic situation, key labour market trends, and the institutional situation during the 1990s, the book then reviews labour market dynamics. The authors assess changes in OoldO jobs at former state enterprises and evaluate OnewO job creation, mostly in private businesses. They examine the evolution of wages and the availability of social protection to workers. A special thematic section considers the political economy of labour market policy that brought the ORussian approachO to labour market adjustment to life. The conclusion presents an integrated picture of the Russian labour market in the aftermath of the early transition period and highlights the implications of the experience for current policy.

Author : Mr. Raphael W. Lam,Xiaoguang Liu,Mr. Alfred Schipke
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2015-07-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513585406

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China’s Labor Market in the “New Normal” by Mr. Raphael W. Lam,Xiaoguang Liu,Mr. Alfred Schipke Pdf

As China implements reforms under the “new normal,” maintaining stability in the labor market is a priority. The country’s demography and labor dynamics are changing, after benefitting in past decades from ample cheap labor. So far, the labor market appears to be resilient, even as growth slows, driven in part by expansion of the services sector. Migrant flows and possible labor hoarding in overcapacity sectors may also help explain this. Yet, while the latter two factors help serve as shock absorbers— contributing to labor market stability in the short term—if they persist, they may delay the needed adjustment process, contributing to an inefficient allocation of resources and curtailing productivity gains. This paper quantifies to what extent structural trends and the reform pace affect employment growth under the new normal. Delays in reform implementation would weaken growth prospects in the medium term, running the risk that job creation will fall below policy targets, leading to labor market pressures in the future. In contrast, successful transition might require faster reforms, including in the overcapacity and state-owned enterprise sectors, supported by well targeted social safety nets.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science Education,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on the Supply Chain for Middle-Skill Jobs: Education, Training, and Certification Pathways
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 259 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2017-06-04
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309440066

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Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science Education,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on the Supply Chain for Middle-Skill Jobs: Education, Training, and Certification Pathways Pdf

Skilled technical occupationsâ€"defined as occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a technical domain but do not require a bachelor's degree for entryâ€"are a key component of the U.S. economy. In response to globalization and advances in science and technology, American firms are demanding workers with greater proficiency in literacy and numeracy, as well as strong interpersonal, technical, and problem-solving skills. However, employer surveys and industry and government reports have raised concerns that the nation may not have an adequate supply of skilled technical workers to achieve its competitiveness and economic growth objectives. In response to the broader need for policy information and advice, Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce examines the coverage, effectiveness, flexibility, and coordination of the policies and various programs that prepare Americans for skilled technical jobs. This report provides action-oriented recommendations for improving the American system of technical education, training, and certification.

Author : Agnieszka Paczyńska
Publisher : Penn State Press
Page : 294 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2015-06-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780271062693

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State, Labor, and the Transition to a Market Economy by Agnieszka Paczyńska Pdf

In response to mounting debt crises and macroeconomic instability in the 1980s, many countries in the developing world adopted neoliberal policies promoting the unfettered play of market forces and deregulation of the economy and attempted large-scale structural adjustment, including the privatization of public-sector industries. How much influence did various societal groups have on this transition to a market economy, and what explains the variances in interest-group influence across countries? In this book, Agnieszka Paczyńska explores these questions by studying the role of organized labor in the transition process in four countries in different regions—the Czech Republic and Poland in eastern Europe, Egypt in the Middle East, and Mexico in Latin America. In Egypt and Poland, she shows, labor had substantial influence on the process, whereas in the Czech Republic and Mexico it did not. Her explanation highlights the complex relationship between institutional structures and the “critical junctures” provided by economic crises, revealing that the ability of groups like organized labor to wield influence on reform efforts depends to a great extent on not only their current resources (such as financial autonomy and legal prerogatives) but also the historical legacies of their past ties to the state. This new edition features an epilogue that analyzes the role of organized labor uprisings in 2011, the protests in Egypt, the overthrow of Mubarak, and the post-Mubarak regime.

Author : Michael G. Abbott,Charles M. Beach,Richard Paul Chaykowski,John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy
Publisher : Kingston, Ont. : Published jointly by IRC Press, Industrial Relations Centre and John Deutsch Institute
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105020839606

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Transition and Structural Change in the North American Labour Market by Michael G. Abbott,Charles M. Beach,Richard Paul Chaykowski,John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy Pdf

Author : Paolo Verme
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2020-11-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000113990

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Transition, Recession and Labour Supply by Paolo Verme Pdf

This title was first published in 2001: Exploring the relationship between the recession and labour supply in Kazakhstan during the 1990s, this volume develops an innovative new model of the transitional process in the context of the CIS. It departs from conventional economic models explaining the process of transition, transferring the focus of attention from labour demand to labour supply with a view to clarifying how the transitional recession has affected households and, in turn, how these changes modified the supply of labour. Paolo Verme examines how the dynamic of the reallocation of labour between state and private enterprises has been drastically altered by the growth of self-employment and also takes a much-needed look at the contribution of other factors, offering an original explanation of this most important economic phenomenon.

Author : Ragui Assaad,Mongi Boughzala
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-10
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780192559906

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The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition by Ragui Assaad,Mongi Boughzala Pdf

The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition is a comprehensive examination of the central labor market issues facing this key Arab country. It includes contributions on the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, the characteristics of labor demand, employment policies and regulations, and unemployment. Further chapters explore the wage formation process, gender differences in the labor market, the returns to education, child labor and schooling, and the trends and patterns of international migration from Tunisia. The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition is an essential reference on how youth employment, gender disparities, and informality contributed to political and social unrest in North African societies, and on the effect of migration flows from North Africa to Europe.

Author : France St-Hilaire
Publisher : IRPP
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0886451868

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Adapting Public Policy to a Labour Market in Transition by France St-Hilaire Pdf

After two decades of rapid technological and structural change and an overall record of poor economic performance, Canadians need to take stock of the ongoing transformation of the labour market and its implications for public policy. The fundamental changes to the nature of work itself suggest that labour and social policies established decades ago may no longer be adequate or appropriate. Moreover, the continuing perception of increased instability and worsening employment outcomes, and the growing concern over increased earnings inequality and labour market polarisation, have raised serious questions about the role of government not only in addressing the consequences of economic adjustment but also in facilitating or, worse, hampering this process. In Adapting Public Policy to a Labour Market in Transition leading labour market specialists examine specific areas of public policy that have generated considerable attention and debate in recent years. They provide new evidence on issues of utmost concern to the well-being of Canadians and a solid assessment of the challenges and avenues for policy reform.

Author : E. Marelli,M. Signorelli
Publisher : Springer
Page : 314 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2010-01-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780230277403

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Economic Growth and Structural Features of Transition by E. Marelli,M. Signorelli Pdf

This book examines, theoretically and empirically, the key aspects and differences of economic growth. It provides a comprehensive investigation of the numerous features of development in transition countries, covering the last two decades, from the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 to the current financial crisis.