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Labor Markets and Economic Development by Ravi Kanbur,Jan Svejnar Pdf
As developing and transition economies enter the next phase of reforms, labor market issues increasingly come to the fore. With the increased competition from globalization, the discussion is shifting to the need for greater labor market flexibility and the creation of "good" jobs. Moreover, the greater actual and perceived insecurity in labor markets has generated a new agenda on how to structure safety nets and labor market regulation. The older questions of the links between the formal and informal labor market, reappear with new dimensions and significance. More generally, it is clear that an accurate understanding of how labor market structures function is essential if we are to analyze alternative policy proposals in the wake of these concerns. Oddly enough, in spite of this great importance, there are no recent monographs that bring together rigorous studies produced by academic researchers on these various issues. This book fills that gap. Under the steely editorship of Ravi Kanbur and Jan Svejnar, the contributors flourish in their attempts to enliven these debates.
Author : S. M. Ravi Kanbur,Jan Svejnar Publisher : Taylor & Francis Page : 587 pages File Size : 55,8 Mb Release : 2009 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9780415777414
Labour Markets and Economic Development by S. M. Ravi Kanbur,Jan Svejnar Pdf
This book looks at the links between the formal and informal labor market in developing and transition economies, working towards an accurate understanding of labour markets and analyzing alternative policy proposals.
Labor Markets, Employment Policy, And Job Creation by Lewis C. Solmon Pdf
This clear, accessible volume provides a comprehensive overview of the ongoing debate over the determining factors of and key influences on employment growth and labor market training, education, and related policies in the United States. Drawing on the work of distinguished labor economists, the chapters tackle questions posed by job and skill demands in the "new high-tech economy" and explore sources of employment growth; productivity growth and its implications for future employment; government mandates, labor costs, and employment; and labor force demographics, income inequality, and returns to human capital. These topics are central concerns for government, which must judge every prospective policy proposal by its effects on employment growth. Washington keeps at least one eye firmly on the jobs picture, and public officials at every level are constantly aware of the issues surrounding American job security. The jobs issue reaches beyond this focus on the unemployment rate and on total employment, including the rate at which employment is seen as growing, the growth of real wages, the security of employment, returns to human capital, uncertainty about the education and training best suited for a world of rapidly changing economic conditions, and the distribution of the gains from growth across economic classes and population groups.
labor market policy in developing countries: a selective review of the literature and needs for the future by Gary S. Fields Pdf
Abstract: This paper presents a selective overview of the literature on modeling labor market policies in developing countries. It considers welfare economics, theoretical models, and empirical evidence to highlight the three general features needed in future research on labor market policy in developing countries. The author identifies desirable research components (welfare economics, theoretical modeling, and empirical modeling) and pitfalls in the literature (inappropriate use of productivity, reliance on wrong kinds of empirical studies, lack of cost-benefit analysis, attention to only a subset of the goods and bads, and fallacy of composition). The paper concludes with suggested topics and methods for future research. The author states that sound labor market policy requires sound labor market models. The paper makes a case for developing policy based on explicit evaluation criteria, specific theoretical models, and comprehensive empirical evidence.
Labor Markets and Business Cycles by Robert Shimer Pdf
Labor Markets and Business Cycles integrates search and matching theory with the neoclassical growth model to better understand labor market outcomes. Robert Shimer shows analytically and quantitatively that rigid wages are important for explaining the volatile behavior of the unemployment rate in business cycles. The book focuses on the labor wedge that arises when the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and leisure does not equal the marginal product of labor. According to competitive models of the labor market, the labor wedge should be constant and equal to the labor income tax rate. But in U.S. data, the wedge is strongly countercyclical, making it seem as if recessions are periods when workers are dissuaded from working and firms are dissuaded from hiring because of an increase in the labor income tax rate. When job searches are time consuming and wages are flexible, search frictions--the cost of a job search--act like labor adjustment costs, further exacerbating inconsistencies between the competitive model and data. The book shows that wage rigidities can reconcile the search model with the data, providing a quantitatively more accurate depiction of labor markets, consumption, and investment dynamics. Developing detailed search and matching models, Labor Markets and Business Cycles will be the main reference for those interested in the intersection of labor market dynamics and business cycle research.
Does "Trickle Down" Work? by Joseph Persky,Daniyel Felzenshṭain,Virginia Carlson Pdf
The authors explore a new framework for evaluating economic development projects. This framework is based on a job-chain approach. Each new job created by an economic development incentive is filled by an employee who leaves behind another job. In turn, that job may be filled by someone who leaves behind their old job, etc. Such job chains end when an unemployedworker, someone not previously in the labor force, or an in-migrant to the labor market takes a vacancy. Job chains are the mechanism for observing and measuring "trickle down". The job trains model developed in this book presents new insights into local economic development evaluation and strategy.
Jürgen Weller,United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Author : Jürgen Weller,United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Publisher : Santiago, Chile : ECLAC Page : 228 pages File Size : 43,7 Mb Release : 2001 Category : Capital market ISBN : UCSD:31822029884756
Economic Reforms, Growth and Employment by Jürgen Weller,United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Pdf
In the last ten to fifteen years, profound structural reforms have moved Latin America and the Caribbean from closed, state-dominated economies to ones that are more market-oriented and open. Policymakers expected that these changes would speed up growth. This book is part of a multi-year project to determine whether these expectation have been fulfilled. Analysing the impact of the reforms on employment it is argued that expectations were not fulfilled with respect to the operation of the labour markets. The reforms limited the expansion of employment in some sectors, particularly in tradeable goods. They also created a bias in labour demad for better educated workers which exacerbates inequality. It is thus made clear that the region faces major challenges both in increasing the number of jobs and improving job equality.
Microeconomic Issues of Labor Markets in Developing Countries by Dipak Mazumdar Pdf
This paper deals with labor market structures in developing countries and the impact of government policies on rural and urban labor markets. The central concern in analyses of employment is absorption of labor. Governments try to influence the demand for labor so that more members of the labor force are absorbed into productive employment. Employment outcomes are often the by-products of government policies that affect economic growth as a whole. This paper concentrates on factors that influence the structure and functioning of labor markets. In Chapter 1, a schematic picture of labor markets is presented. Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the salient features of the workings of rural and urban labor markets and discuss some important government policies that affect the functioning of these markets. The paper concludes that Government intervention in both rural and urban labor markets has often been less than successful, sometimes because their policies were based on incorrect assumptions. At other times, these policies have achieved less because the government also adopted other policies that tended to contradict the goal of providing jobs.
Perspectives on Labour Economics for Development by Sandrine Cazes,Sher Verick Pdf
In developing countries, labor markets play a central role in determining economic and social progress since employment status is one of the key determinants of exiting poverty and promoting inclusion. Yet the reality in most developing countries is that the labor market fails to create the jobs in the formal economy that would help individuals and their families prosper. In recognition of these challenges, governments and other stakeholders in developing countries have increasingly prioritized policies and programmes to promote decent work. However, this requires navigating a range of complex issues and debates surrounding the linkages between development processes and labour market outcomes. This volume consists of three main thematic parts. Part I provides a broad overview of key issues, including characterizing the employment challenge in developing countries and the link between economic growth, distribution, poverty and employment. Drawing on the literature and count
Debt, Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries with Segmented Labor Markets by Mr.Edward F Buffie,Luis-Felipe Zanna,Mr.Christopher S Adam,Lacina Balma,Dawit Tessema,Mr.Kangni R Kpodar Pdf
We introduce a new suite of macroeconomic models that extend and complement the Debt, Investment, and Growth (DIG) model widely used at the IMF since 2012. The new DIG-Labor models feature segmented labor markets, efficiency wages and open unemployment, and an informal non-agricultural sector. These features allow for a deeper examination of macroeconomic and fiscal policy programs and their impact on labor market outcomes, inequality, and poverty. The paper illustrates the model's properties by analyzing the growth, debt, and distributional consequences of big-push public investment programs with different mixes of investment in human capital and infrastructure. We show that investment in human capital is much more effective than investment in infrastructure in promoting long-run economic development when investments earn their average estimated returns. The decision about how much to invest in human capital versus infrastructure involves, however, an acute intertemporal trade-off. Because investment in education affects labor productivity with a long lag, it takes 15+ years before net national income, the private capital stock, real wages for the poor, and formal sector employment surpass their counterparts in a program that invests mainly in infrastructure. The ranking of alternative investment programs depends on the policymakers' social discount rate and on the weight of distributional objectives in the social welfare function.
The Dynamics of Labour Market Segmentation by Frank Wilkinson Pdf
The Dynamics of Labour Market Segmentation is a collection of different papers about the importance of differentiation between groups of workers and the development of employer strategies for controlling the labor process in the market. The book is divided into five parts. Part I discusses the nature of segmentation, duality, the internal labor market, internationalization, and discrimination. Part II tackles the industrial transformation and the evolution of dual labor markets and the paternalism and labor market segmentation theory, and Part III deals with topics such as entrepreneurial strategies of adjustment and internal labor markets; artisan production and economic growth; and outwork and segmented labor markets. Part IV covers the construction of women as second-class workers and the social reproduction and the basic structure of the labor market; Part V explores the labor market segmentation and the business cycle and the relationship between employment and output. The text is recommended for entrepreneurs who wish to understand the labor market as well as social scientists who would like to know the implications of the labor market segmentation not only for the marketplace but also for society as a whole.
The Economics of Labor Markets by Bruce E. Kaufman,Julie L. Hotchkiss Pdf
Widely regarded as the best, most comprehensive text available for the in-depth study of labor market theories, this textbook calls upon excellent pedagogical elements and empirical research to introduce students to labor economics. The authors' balanced approach to the material enables students to gain an understanding of the background of the field as they explore its latest developments and unique topics not covered in most competing texts. Intended as the basic text for an undergraduate course in labor economics or labor relations, this book also is suitable as a survey or reference text for a graduate level course.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Economic Development
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Economic Development Publisher : Unknown Page : 344 pages File Size : 53,5 Mb Release : 1982 Category : Economic forecasting ISBN : STANFORD:36105119586928
Projected Changes in the Economy, Population, Labor Market, and Work Force, and Their Implications for Economic Development Policy by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Economic Development Pdf
Challenging the prevailing idea that labor markets are governed by universal economic processes, this significant work argues instead that labor markets develop in tandem with social and political institutions, and thus function in locally specific ways. Focusing on the complex social processes that lie at the heart of the labor market, the author offers a provocative new perspective and proposes new ways of conducting research in the area.
Staircases or Treadmills? by Chris Benner,Laura Leete,Manuel Pastor Pdf
Globalization, technological change, and deregulation have made the American marketplace increasingly competitive in recent decades, but for many workers this "new economy" has entailed heightened job insecurity, lower wages, and scarcer benefits. As the job market has grown more volatile, a variety of labor market intermediaries—organizations that help job seekers find employment—have sprung up, from private temporary agencies to government "One-Stop Career Centers." In Staircases or Treadmills? Chris Benner, Laura Leete, and Manuel Pastor investigate what approaches are most effective in helping workers to secure jobs with decent wages and benefits, and they provide specific policy recommendations for how job-matching organizations can better serve disadvantaged workers. Staircases or Treadmills? is the first comprehensive study documenting the prevalence of all types of labor market intermediaries and investigating how these intermediaries affect workers' employment opportunities. Benner, Leete, and Pastor draw on years of research in two distinct regional labor markets—"old economy" Milwaukee and "new economy" Silicon Valley—including a first-of-its-kind random survey of the prevalence and impacts of intermediaries, and a wide range of interviews with intermediary agencies' staff and clients. One of the main obstacles that disadvantaged workers face is that social networks of families and friends are less effective in connecting job-seekers to stable, quality employment. Intermediaries often serve as a substitute method for finding a job. Which substitute is chosen, however, matters: The authors find that the most effective organizations—including many unions, community colleges, and local non-profits—actively foster contacts between workers and employers, tend to make long-term investments in training for career development, and seek to transform as well as satisfy market demands. But without effective social networks to help workers locate the best intermediaries, most rely on private temporary agencies and other organizations that offer fewer services and, statistical analysis shows, often channel their participants into jobs with low wages and few benefits. Staircases or Treadmills? suggests that, to become more effective, intermediary organizations of all types need to focus more on training workers, teaching networking skills, and fostering contact between workers and employers in the same industries. A generation ago, rising living standards were broadly distributed and coupled with relatively secure employment. Today, many Americans fear that heightened job insecurity is overshadowing the benefits of dynamic economic growth. Staircases or Treadmills? is a stimulating guide to how private and public job-matching institutions can empower disadvantaged workers to share in economic progress.
