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This volume presents results from a corpus-based investigation into the metaphorical production of foreign language learners, comparing texts written by Norwegian (L2) learners of English with those written by British (L1) students. Three types of questions are addressed. The first has empirically measured answers: For example, do L2 English writers produce more metaphors than L1 novice writers? How frequent are novel metaphors in an L2, as compared with an L1? The second type has more subjective answers: How creatively do L2 English learners employ metaphor? Are they even expected to be able to produce metaphor at all? The third type combines theoretical and methodological perspectives: How is metaphorical creativity identified? What is the potential role of metaphoric competence? Most importantly, how are metaphors identified? To this end, the newly-developed ‘Metaphor Identification Procedure’ is tested and critiqued. This book is intended for metaphor researchers, corpus linguists, applied linguists and language educators.
In Contemporary Metaphor Theory (CMT) research has predominantly focused on the English language with few studies of others and even less systematic comparative work. This volume focuses on the discourse domain of LEARNING (formal, technical and informal aspects) and brings together a variety of language perspectives, some specifically comparative, on aspects of learning from historical transformations in metaphoric language use through contemporary social values and classroom discourse to planning for the future in educational policy to see how conceptual metaphoric patterns and conventional metaphors with related figurative language impact on social values and culturally conditioned perspectives in learning. Most papers reflect Lakoffian conceptual metaphoric research including critical evaluation of analytical issues. Languages included are Arabic, Chinese, English, Hungarian, Japanese, Malay, Polish, Russian and the South African language area. Most papers utilize extensive data including such genre as technical writing, essays, conversational interaction, newspaper corpus and proverbs.
Metaphors and Other Challenges for Learners of American English by Carol D. Fulmer,P. David Seaman Pdf
This book is a handy reference for anyone wanting to help other people with their American English. It contains examples of trouble spots frequently encountered by non-native speakers. Metaphors are particularly puzzling to a new learner. This book identifies and explains over 3,000 such idiomatic expressions, arranged for easy reference by any language coach or teacher. Non-natives learning English sometimes do not realize the impact of their use of American four-letter words in mixed company. We list here over five dozen minced oaths and masked swear words that are safer alternatives to use in most circumstances. We have also included a list of over 200 similes which a learner may encounter in talking, reading, and using media such as television. The section on homophones provides backup for countless possible discussions about sound changes in American English. The learner expecting only five vowels is in for a puzzling surprise. More like ten different vowel sounds will be detected by a good mimic. Then the puzzle gets worse, as English is full of glides which differ depending upon the native user's dialect. We don't have the answer for this dilemma, short of a course in English phonology. But we provide here a list of over 300 homophone pairs for reference whenever such a discussion comes up. There is also a useful list of over 150 pairs of antonyms, words with opposite meanings. We do not include the more easily learned pairs such as conformist/non-conformist or American/un-American, but instead list the more difficult pairs, from absent/present to tomorrow/yesterday or X-axis/Y-axis. Teachers of advanced learners can create lots of discussion by referring to our unique list which we call Frozen Pairs. It is a sample of speech rigidity which is hard to defend or explain; by agreement it is "just that way." For example, why do we typically say to put on our shoes and socks when that sequence is not logical? If learners do use the non-typical order, you might use this list to help them avoid "sounding like foreigners". Learners are also likely to hear many phrases in ordinary speech that were not readily classified in any of the above groups. We have listed almost 100 of these under Other Expressions. Then, our eclectic collection of folk wisdom gives nearly 200 opportunities for discussions in American English on a variety of topics. In individual tutoring or in group classes, any single one of these sayings can trigger enthusiastic and revealing discussions which may well prove to be cross-culturally interesting for all concerned. Finally, we have included a section on palindromes, words or phrases which read the same backwards and forwards. After all your effort helping others, you might like to relax and use this as your own challenge. It is definitely not for learners, but just for your own use.
Metaphors & Other Challenges for Learners of American English by Carol D Fulmer,P David Seaman Pdf
This book is a handy reference for anyone wanting to help other people with their American English. It contains examples of trouble spots frequently encountered by non-native speakers. Metaphors are particularly puzzling to a new learner. This book identifies and explains over 4,000 such idiomatic expressions, arranged for easy reference by any language coach or teacher. Non-natives learning English sometimes do not realize the impact of their use of American four-letter words in mixed company. We list here over 100 minced oaths and masked swear words that are safer alternatives to use in most circumstances. We have also included a list of over 200 similes which a learner may encounter in talking, reading, and using media such as television. The section on homophones provides backup for countless possible discussions about sound changes in American English. The learner expecting only five vowels is in for a puzzling surprise. More like ten different vowel sounds will be detected by a good mimic. Then the puzzle gets worse, as English is full of glides which differ depending upon the native user's dialect. We don't have the answer for this dilemma, short of a course in English phonology. But we provide here a list of over 300 homophone pairs for reference whenever such a discussion comes up. There is also a useful list of over 150 pairs of antonyms, words with opposite meanings. We do not include the more easily learned pairs such as conformist/non-conformist or American/un-American, but instead list the more difficult pairs, from absent/present to tomorrow/yesterday or X-axis/Y-axis. Teachers of advanced learners can create lots of discussion by referring to our unique list which we call Frozen Pairs. It is a sample of speech rigidity which is hard to defend or explain; by agreement it is "just that way." For example, why do we typically say to put on our shoes and socks when that sequence is not logical? If learners do use the non-typical order, you might use this list to help them avoid "sounding like foreigners". Learners are also likely to hear many phrases in ordinary speech that were not readily classified in any of the above groups. We have listed 100 of these under Other Expressions. Then, our eclectic collection of folk wisdom gives 200 opportunities for discussions in American English on a variety of topics. In individual tutoring or in group classes, any single one of these sayings can trigger enthusiastic and revealing discussions which may well prove to be cross-culturally interesting for all concerned. Finally, we have included a section on palindromes, words or phrases which read the same backwards and forwards. After all your effort helping others, you might like to relax and use this as your own challenge. It is definitely not for learners, but just for your own use.
Metaphor in Educational Discourse by Lynne Cameron Pdf
'Metaphor in Educational Discourse is a superb piece of applied linguistics research that integrates Vygotsky's theory of concepts with current work on metaphor into a coherent framework for investigating how teachers and learners negotiate figurative language in order to promote development in the classroom setting. In what is likely to become the standard for future studies in this area, Lynne Cameron meticulously demonstrates the central role of linguistic metaphors in classroom learning - designed to lead learners to a deeper understanding of complex mathematical and scientific concepts.' James P. Lantolf, Professor of Applied Linguistics, The Pennsylvania State University. This book reports research into metaphor in use with school students. The setting for the research is a UK school and the participants are around ten years old, with their first language well established but still developing concepts and understandings. Close examination of a corpus of classroom spoken discourse reveals how metaphor is employed by their teachers, not just in explaining ideas, but, in managing and mediating the activity of the classroom and the learning of the students. Particular issues discussed include: the problems of identifying metaphors in spoken discourse, the conventionalism of metaphors in the discourse of socio-cultural groups, and how a socio-cultural approach can account for systematicity in metaphor use.
Literature, Metaphor and the Foreign Language Learner by Jonathan Picken Pdf
Theory in reader-response and stylistics traditions supports L2 work with literature as it is valued by students and helps develop communicative and critical language skills. The author uses insights from empirical research to evaluate current teaching practices against this background, highlighting readers' responses to metaphor as a test case.
Learner Corpus Research by Vaclav Brezina,Lynne Flowerdew Pdf
This volume showcases original, agenda-setting studies in the field of learner corpus research of both spoken and written production. The studies have important applications for classroom pedagogy. The volume brings readers up-to-date with new written and spoken learner corpora, often looking at previously under-examined variables in learner corpus investigations. It also demonstrates innovative applications of learner corpus findings, addressing issues such as the effect of task, the effect of learner variables and the nature of learner language. The volume is of significant interest to researchers working in corpus linguistics, learner corpus research, second language acquisition and English for Academic and Specific Purposes, as well to practitioners interested in the application of the findings in language teaching and assessment.
Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors by P.R. Wilkinson Pdf
This fascinating collection of traditional metaphors and figures of speech, groups expressions according to theme. The second edition includes over 1,500 new entries, more information on first known usages, a new introduction and two expanded indexes. It will appeal to those interested in cultural history and the English language.
Metaphor in Communication, Science and Education by Francesca Ervas,Elisabetta Gola,Maria Grazia Rossi Pdf
This collection of papers presents some recent trends in metaphor studies that propose new directions of research on the embodied cognition perspective. The overall volume, in particular, shows how the embodied cognition still remains a relevant approach in a multidisciplinary research on the communicative side of metaphors, by focusing on both comprehension processes in science as well as learning processes in education.
Metaphors show students how to make connections between the concrete and the abstract, prior knowledge and unfamiliar concepts, and language and image. But teachers must learn how to use metaphors and analogies strategically and for specific purposes, helping students discover and deconstruct effective comparisons. Metaphors & Analogies is filled with provocative illustrations of metaphors in action and practical tips.
The Metaphor Compass by Marianna Bolognesi,Ana Werkmann Horvat Pdf
The Metaphor Compass: Directions for Metaphor Research in Language, Cognition, Communication, and Creativity provides a roadmap to navigate the recent findings and cutting-edge research conducted around the world on metaphor, focusing on the following four themes: Metaphor and Linguistic Diversity, Metaphor and Cognition, Metaphor and Communication, and Metaphor and Creativity. The research presented in this book employs a variety of empirical methods, ranging from neuroimaging to corpus analyses and from behavioral experimentation to computational modeling. Divided into four parts, it offers an array of pedagogical material including activities at the ends of the chapters to help the reader to consolidate the notions discussed in the chapter. This is a useful resource for students, researchers, and scholars of linguistics, communication, anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science looking to learn about figurative language and creativity.
Metaphor in Foreign Language Instruction by Ana María Piquer-Píriz,Rafael Alejo-González Pdf
The importance of figurative language in L2 instruction has fascinated applied cognitive linguists for the past three decades. This volume gathers some of the latest research in this field with both theoretical chapters and empirical studies that to
Learning Through Metaphor by Elizabeth H. Brown Pdf
Pervasive in our language use, overlooked in their power, metaphors offer a new way to think about information literacy instruction. This short book introduces metaphors as a creative approach to teaching information literacy by drawing on existing concepts and making instruction more meaningful to your learners. Starting with everyday metaphor use, readers will engage with how metaphors work, explore new and existing metaphors in information literacy, and draw connections to applications in the classroom.