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Author : W. Andrew Terrill
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Iraq
ISBN : UVA:X004712273
Author : W. Andrew Terrill
Publisher : Strategic Studies Institute U. S. Army War College
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Iraq
ISBN : 1584871296
The author addresses the critical questions involved in understanding the background of Iraqi national identity and the ways in which it may evolve in the future to either the favor or detriment of the United States. He pays particular attention to the issue of Iraqi sectarianism and the emerging role of the Shi'ite Muslims, noting the power of an emerging but fractionalized clergy. This report includes policy recommendations for U.S. military and civilian decision makers that helps to illuminate the complex subjects of Iraqi nationalism and sectarianism and their relevance to the U.S. presence in Iraq.
Author : W. Andrew Terrill
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2003-07-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1463586167
The destruction of the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq has opened the path to a new future for Iraqis, although it is not yet certain what direction that future will take. Iraq is a fragile political entity created in the aftermath of World War I through the involuntary union of ethnically and religiously diverse portions of the former Ottoman Empire. In the years following Iraq's creation, a nascent nationalism emerged, which successive leaders sought to nurture and encourage. This effort culminated in Saddam Hussein's efforts to generate a radical Iraq-centered form of Arab nationalism, which served to promote loyalty to the state and more importantly to Saddam. The U.S.-Iraqi War of 2003 did not emerge as a strong test of Iraqi nationalism. While Saddam did have some committed defenders, large segments of the population remained neutral in the confrontation between the U.S.-led coalition and Saddam's defenders. After the war, the United States emerged as a power on probation with the Iraqi population, many of whom were uncertain that their well-being was a major factor in the U.S. decision to intervene and remain in Iraq. Anti-American conspiracy theories became widespread in Iraq, while conservative Muslims worried about the corrupting influence of perceived Western vices. The removal of Saddam's regime created problems and opportunities for Iraqi ethnic and religious communities. Arab Shi'ites, who comprise the majority of the population, saw new opportunities for political leadership, perhaps with a powerful but fragmented clergy leading the way. Sunni Arabs correspondingly worried about a new distribution of power, and many began to view de-Baathification as a process that further threatens their community. Kurds remain interested in de facto, but not formal, independence from Iraq, and the danger of an Arab backlash to Kurdish aspirations is correspondingly serious. Tribal identities further complicate the situation. Some attacks against U.S. forces have occurred following the war with most of the violence associated with residual Saddam loyalists from among the Sunni Arab community. Many Shi'ites are more reluctant to engage in such activity so long as it appears that they can take power by political means. Nevertheless, strong anti-U.S. views are present in the pro-Iranian Shi'ite organizations, and these views may spread among other Shi'ites over time. The possibility of confrontations between U.S. troops and hostile crowds is particularly worrisome as is the availability of massive quantities of weapons to the Iraqi population. In light of this situation, the United States needs to search continually for areas of agreement with the nonextremist clergy while also recognizing issues on which collaboration is not possible. U.S. leaders must also support a continued strong information campaign, expand efforts to challenge Iranian activities in Iraq, and provide troops with extensive training in stabilization and occupation duties. The participation of troops from moderate Arab and Muslim states in stabilization and reconstruction activities is important and should be encouraged. U.S. administrators must also be careful how they use the word de-Baathification since some Baath ideals are not inherently anti-democratic, although the party itself was deeply corrupted by Saddam. Finally, any U.S. efforts to achieve long-term dominance of Iraqi politics can be expected to produce a serious backlash.
Author : W. Andrew Terrill
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Iraq
ISBN : IND:30000139802460
Author : Barry M. Rubin
Publisher : M.E. Sharpe
Page : 734 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9780765641380
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 778 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Government publications
ISBN : OSU:32435070636634
Author : Haideh Moghissi
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2007-01-24
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781135985417
This book charts the experiences of the Islamic diaspora around the world. It incorporates a broad range of case studies and includes issues such as identity, religious background and gender.
Author : R. Zeidel,A. Baram,Achim Rohde
Publisher : Springer
Page : 279 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2010-12-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780230115491
This edited volume represents a re-examination of the most central issues in the history of the Iraqi nation state until the American occupation (1920-2003) and, in the light of that history, a re-evaluation of developments under the occupation (2003-2008).
Author : Dana Allin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 331 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2019-08-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9781000673432
Volume 49 of Survival- The IISS Quarterly publication. (The International Institute for Strategic Studies) First published in Spring 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author : Douglas R. Caldwell,Judy Ehlen,Russell S. Harmon
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2007-11-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781402031052
A selection of papers on a broad range of military topics ranging from the strategic perspective, through analyses of historical battles at the operational and tactical levels, to the use of advanced technologies applied to present-day military problems.
Author : Lieutenant Colonel James D. Scudieri
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2014-08-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781782896784
This paper is a comparative analysis of the British campaign in Mesopotamia during the First World War, 1914-18 and the current campaign in Iraq, 2003-4. The study focuses on an examination of Phase III decisive operations and Phase IV reconstruction operations, including strategic imperatives, operational planning, and the impact of changes during operations. The British had no campaign plan for Mesopotamia upon the outbreak of war in 1914. Deployment to this theater began as a peripheral operation. Overriding politico-strategic requirements spurred further exploitation to reach Baghdad. Failure to match ends and means resulted in the disastrous surrender of a division at Kut on 29 April 1916. Sweeping reorganization and large-scale reinforcements resumed the advance; Baghdad fell on 11 March 1917. The British conducted ad-hoc reconstruction operations throughout this period, beginning in the Basra vilayet and expanding their scope with the capture of Baghdad. The British established viable civil institutions, to include police forces, a functioning legal system, Revenue and Customs Departments, a banking system, and even domestic mail. Conversely, the recent U.S. strategy of pre-emption in Iraq was a policy decision based upon the wider strategic perspective and benefited from exhaustive operational planning. However, the rolling start campaign utilized minimal forces. They had the capability to win the decisive operations phase rapidly, but this same troop level was woefully inadequate to conduct incompletely-planned, sorely under-estimated, post-conflict operations. Both campaigns suffered from a serious mismatch of ends and means at certain stages, especially for post-war reconstruction operations. They achieved significant success due to herculean efforts in theater. The study concludes with recommendations for strategic leaders related to planning and force structure.
Author : The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research
Publisher : Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research
Page : 49 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2009-08-04
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Since the beginning of the 21st century the Gulf region has been faced political and security-related changes and socio-economic transformations that have placed enormous pressure on the Gulf countries, threatened their internal stability and, ultimately, left them with two options: either continue to follow previous methods and policies, or radically change methods, policies and institutions in order to preserve these countries’ existence and further progress and development. The Gulf countries have attempted to respond to these changes and challenges by perpetuating their old values, policies and institutions by amending and improving them as part of a gradualist approach. However, this approach has not bridged the wide gap between the realities of modern Gulf societies and their aspirations to establish development policies and popular and democratic participation, reform their development models and economic structures; improve educational systems, strengthen social building, enhance cultural movement, and empower women in public life. This book – which comprises the papers presented in the sessions of the 13th ECSSR Annual Conference convened between March 31 and April 2, 2008 – discusses the issue of continuity and change in the Gulf region, which is considered both one of the most vital and most problematic current challenges in the region. The book addresses the points of difference and aspects of contradiction that have emerged in a wide sphere among the Gulf countries between conservative and reformist trends in the political, economic, social, cultural, and educational domains.
Author : Matthieu Cimino
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 311 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2020-06-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783030448776
This book explores the history of Syria’s borders and boundaries, from their creation (1920) until the civil war (2011) and their contestation by the Islamic State or the Kurdish movement. The volume’s main objective is to reconsider the “artificial” character of the Syrian territory and to reveal the processes by which its borders were shaped and eventually internalized by the country’s main actors. Based on extensive archival research, the book first documents the creation and stabilization of Syrian borders before and during the mandates period (nineteenth century to 1946), studying Ottoman and French territorialization strategies but also emphasizing the key role of the borderlands in this process. In turn, it investigates the perceptual boundaries resulting from the conflict, and how they materialized in space. Lastly, it explores the geographical and political imaginaries of non-state actors (PYD, ISIS) that emerged from the war.
Author : Jocelyne Cesari
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2014-04-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9781107044180
Why and how did Islam become such a political force in so many Muslim-majority countries? In this book, Jocelyne Cesari investigates the relationship between modernization, politics, and Islam in Muslim-majority countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Turkey - countries that were founded by secular rulers and have since undergone secularized politics. Cesari argues that nation-building processes in these states have not created liberal democracies in the Western mold, but have instead spurred the politicization of Islam by turning it into a modern national ideology. Looking closely at examples of Islamic dominance in political modernization, this study provides a unique overview of the historical and political developments from the end of World War II to the Arab Spring that have made Islam the dominant force in the construction of the modern states, and discusses Islam's impact on emerging democracies in the contemporary Middle East.
Author : Ussama Makdisi
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Page : 279 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2000-07-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9780520218468
A fresh interpretation of the development of sectarian identities and communal violence in Lebanon from the 1840s to the 1860s, challenging those who have viewed sectarian violence as an Islamic reaction against westernization or as the product of social and economic inequities among religious groups.