Paradoxes Of Rationality And Cooperation

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Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation

Richmond Campbell,Lanning Sowden
Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation Book PDF

Author : Richmond Campbell,Lanning Sowden
Publisher : UBC Press
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9780774802154

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Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation by Richmond Campbell,Lanning Sowden Pdf

This anthology, the first to bring together the most importantphilosophical essays on the paradoxes, analyses the concepts underlyingthe Prisoner's Dilemma and Newcomb's Problem and evaluates theproposed solutions. The relevant theories have been developed over thepast four decades in a variety of disciplines: mathematics, economics,psychology, political science, biology, and philosophy. And theproblems these paradoxes uncover can arise in many different forms: indebates over nuclear disarmament, labour-management disputes, maritalconflicts, Calvinist theology, and even in the evolution of diseasethrough the "cooperation" of microorganisms. Thepossibilities for application are virtually limitless.

Rationality and Coordination

Cristina Bicchieri
Rationality and Coordination Book PDF

Author : Cristina Bicchieri
Publisher : CUP Archive
Page : 294 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 1997-03-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521574447

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Rationality and Coordination by Cristina Bicchieri Pdf

. This major new book will be of particular interest not only to philosophers but to decision theorists, political scientists, economists, and researchers in artificial intelligence.

Modeling Rationality, Morality, and Evolution

Peter Danielson
Modeling Rationality Morality and Evolution Book PDF

Author : Peter Danielson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 474 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 1998-10-29
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780195352276

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Modeling Rationality, Morality, and Evolution by Peter Danielson Pdf

This collection focuses on questions that arise when morality is considered from the perspective of recent work on rational choice and evolution. Linking questions like "Is it rational to be moral?" to the evolution of cooperation in "The Prisoners Dilemma," the book brings together new work using models from game theory, evolutionary biology, and cognitive science, as well as from philosophical analysis. Among the contributors are leading figures in these fields, including David Gauthier, Paul M. Churchland, Brian Skyrms, Ronald de Sousa, and Elliot Sober.

Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior

A. Diekmann,P. Mitter
Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior Book PDF

Author : A. Diekmann,P. Mitter
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783642958748

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Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior by A. Diekmann,P. Mitter Pdf

In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles and chal lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately related to the notion of "contradiction". Logi cal paradoxes allow for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus sell's set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes deal with contradic tions among equally well accepted normative postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem", Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes, either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur posive actions. Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies between individual actions are very often in conflict with "surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social behavior. Examples are numerous reach ing from panic situations, the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc. to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common resources.

Rationality, Rules, and Structure

Julian Nida-Rümelin,W. Spohn
Rationality Rules and Structure Book PDF

Author : Julian Nida-Rümelin,W. Spohn
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 215 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789401596169

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Rationality, Rules, and Structure by Julian Nida-Rümelin,W. Spohn Pdf

It is an obvious fact that human agency is constrained and structured by many kinds of rules: rules that are constitutive for communication, morality, persons, and society, and juridical rules. So the question is: what roles are played by social rules and the structural traits of human agency in rational decision making? What bearing does this have on the theory of practical rationality? These issues can only be discussed within an interdisciplinary setting, with researchers drawn from philosophy, decision theory and the economic and social sciences. The problem is of profound, fundamental concern to the social scientist and has attracted a great deal of intellectual effort. Contributors include distinguished researchers in their respective fields and the book thus presents state-of-the-art theory. It can also be used as a textbook in advanced philosophy, economics and social science classes.

Truth, Rationality, Cognition, and Music

K. Korta,Jesús M. Larrazabal
Truth Rationality Cognition and Music Book PDF

Author : K. Korta,Jesús M. Larrazabal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 259 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789401705486

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Truth, Rationality, Cognition, and Music by K. Korta,Jesús M. Larrazabal Pdf

A speech for the defence in a Paris murder trial, a road-safety slogan, Hobbes' political theory; each appeals to reason of a kind, but it remains an oblique and rhetoricalldnd. Each relies on comparisons rather than on direct statements, and none can override or supersede the conclusions of ethical reasoning proper. Nevertheless, just as slogans may do more for road safety than the mere recital of accident statistics, or of the evidence given at coroners' inquests, so the arguments of a Hobbes or a Bentham may be of greater practical effect than the assertion of genuinely ethical or political statements, however true and relevant these may be. Stephen Toulmin, Reason in Ethics, 1950. The International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (ICCS), held in Donostia - San Sebastian every two years since 1989, has become one of the most important plazas for cognitive scientists in Europe to present the results of their research and to exchange ideas. The seventh edition, co-organized as usual by the Institute for Logic, Cognition, Language, and Information (ILCLI) and the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, both from the University of the Basque Country, took place from May 9 to 12, 200 1, addressing the following main topics: 1. Truth: Epistemology and Logic. 2. Rationality in a Social Setting. 3. Music, Language, and Cognition. Vlll TRUTH, RATIONALITY, COGNITION, AND MUSIC 4. The Order of Discourse: Logic, Pragmatics, and Rhetoric.

Paradox

Doris Olin
Paradox Book PDF

Author : Doris Olin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2014-12-18
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317489221

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Paradox by Doris Olin Pdf

Paradoxes are more than just intellectual puzzles - they raise substantive philosophical issues and offer the promise of increased philosophical knowledge. In this introduction to paradox and paradoxes, Doris Olin shows how seductive paradoxes can be, why they confuse and confound, and why they continue to fascinate. Olin examines the nature of paradox, outlining a rigorous definition and providing a clear and incisive statement of what does and does not count as a resolution of a paradox. The view that a statement can be both true and false, that contradictions can be true, is seen to provide a challenge to the account of paradox resolution, and is explored. With this framework in place, the book then turns to an in-depth treatment of the Prediction Paradox, versions of the Preface/Fallibility Paradox, the Lottery Paradox, Newcomb's Problem, the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Sorites Paradox. Each of these paradoxes is shown to have considerable philosophical punch. Olin unpacks the central arguments in a clear and systematic fashion, offers original analyses and solutions, and exposes further unsettling implications for some of our most deep-seated principles and convictions.

Paradoxes

R. M. Sainsbury
Paradoxes Book PDF

Author : R. M. Sainsbury
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 191 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2009-02-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780521896320

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Paradoxes by R. M. Sainsbury Pdf

A paradox can be defined as an unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Many paradoxes raise serious philosophical problems, and they are associated with crises of thought and revolutionary advances. The expanded and revised third edition of this intriguing book considers a range of knotty paradoxes including Zeno's paradoxical claim that the runner can never overtake the tortoise, a new chapter on paradoxes about morals, paradoxes about belief, and hardest of all, paradoxes about truth. The discussion uses a minimum of technicality but also grapples with complicated and difficult considerations, and is accompanied by helpful questions designed to engage the reader with the arguments. The result is not only an explanation of paradoxes but also an excellent introduction to philosophical thinking.

Reasons and Intentions

Bruno Verbeek
Reasons and Intentions Book PDF

Author : Bruno Verbeek
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 420 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2016-12-05
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781351906319

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Reasons and Intentions by Bruno Verbeek Pdf

There are a number of problems in philosophy that seem to share a similar possible solution: 'Why do promises and contracts bind?', 'Why ought citizens and judges obey the law?' and 'Can we realize the gains to be made from cooperation?'. All three problems (as well as some others) share a possible solution in the form of rational internal commitment. Reasons and Intentions is a 'state-of-the-art' overview of the relevant positions on the possibility of such commitment, including critical ones. The introduction provides a survey of the central problem of the volume, 'how the will can bind itself and still be instrumental in nature', and the various positions which are further examined in the contributions. Addressing the question of the relation between intentions and action, the considerations which make an intention rational and how this translates into our conception of (moral) agency, this book brings together specially commissioned essays by the leading scholars in the field.

Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality

Robert C. Koons
Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality Book PDF

Author : Robert C. Koons
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2009-01-29
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521100593

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Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality by Robert C. Koons Pdf

The purpose of this book is to develop a framework for analyzing strategic rationality, a notion central to contemporary game theory, which is the formal study of the interaction of rational agents, and which has proved extremely fruitful in economics, political theory, and business management. The author argues that a logical paradox (known since antiquity as "the Liar paradox") lies at the root of a number of persistent puzzles in game theory, in particular those concerning rational agents who seek to establish some kind of reputation. Building on the work of Parsons, Burge, Gaifman, and Barwise and Etchemendy, Robert Koons constructs a context-sensitive solution to the whole family of Liar-like paradoxes, including, for the first time, a detailed account of how the interpretation of paradoxial statements is fixed by context. This analysis provides a new understanding of how the rational agent model can account for the emergence of rules, practices, and institutions.

Fuzzy Rationality

Kofi Kissi Dompere
Fuzzy Rationality Book PDF

Author : Kofi Kissi Dompere
Publisher : Springer
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2009-07-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783540880837

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Fuzzy Rationality by Kofi Kissi Dompere Pdf

Philosophy involves a criticism of scientific knowledge, not from a point of view ultimately different from that of science, but from a point of view less concerned with details and more concerned with the h- mony of the body of special sciences. Here as elsewhere, while the older logic shut out possibilities and imprisoned imagination within the walls of the familiar, the newer logic shows rather what may happen, and refuses to decide as to what must happen. Bertrand Russell At any particular stage in the development of humanity knowledge comes up against limits set by the necessarily limited character of the experience available and the existing means of obtaining knowledge. But humanity advances by overcoming such limits. New experience throws down the limits of old experience; new techniques, new means of obtaining knowledge throw down the limits of old techniques and old means of obtaining knowledge. New limits then once again appear. But there is no more reason to suppose these new limits absolute and final than there was to suppose the old ones absolute and final.

Prisoners of Reason

S. M. Amadae
Prisoners of Reason Book PDF

Author : S. M. Amadae
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 365 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2016-01-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781107064034

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Prisoners of Reason by S. M. Amadae Pdf

Using the theory of Prisoner's Dilemma, Prisoners of Reason explores how neoliberalism departs from classic liberalism and how it rests on game theory.

Rationality in Economics: Alternative Perspectives

Ken Dennis
Rationality in Economics Alternative Perspectives Book PDF

Author : Ken Dennis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 153 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789401148627

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Rationality in Economics: Alternative Perspectives by Ken Dennis Pdf

Ideas linked to rational choice theory started to appear frequently in the economics literature in the 1960s and 1970s, but the attention given to rationality widened to include commentators presenting far-reaching appraisals and critiques. The literature grew to a steady flow and spanned diverse areas of thought including socialist and `rational-choice Marxist' assessments, and other approaches including institutional, sociological, psychological, ethical, choice-theoretical, strategic, and game-theoretical treatments of rationality. This diversity of literature led to the creation of this volume. What does rationality mean? Was there some common core of meaning that held all of these seemingly disparate developments together, or were there discernable schools of thought with peculiarities that set them clearly apart from one another? The essays in this volume illustrate that diversity, and despite the variety of approaches there remains a common core of meaning that accommodates not so much a radically different set of concepts of rationality as a highly variegated array of methods and approaches to this subject. Contributors address topics of their choice on the concept of rationality in economics, and the selection of these contributors is meant to represent a variety of backgrounds and approaches.

Who Is Rational?

Keith E. Stanovich
Who Is Rational Book PDF

Author : Keith E. Stanovich
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 350 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1999-04-01
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135687557

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Who Is Rational? by Keith E. Stanovich Pdf

Integrating a decade-long program of empirical research with current cognitive theory, this book demonstrates that psychological research has profound implications for current debates about what it means to be rational. The author brings new evidence to bear on these issues by demonstrating that patterns of individual differences--largely ignored in disputes about human rationality--have strong implications for explanations of the gap between normative and descriptive models of human behavior. Separate chapters show how patterns of individual differences have implications for all of the major critiques of purported demonstrations of human irrationality in the heuristics and biases literature. In these critiques, it has been posited that experimenters have observed performance errors rather than systematically irrational responses; the tasks have required computational operations that exceed human cognitive capacity; experimenters have applied the wrong normative model to the task; and participants have misinterpreted the tasks. In a comprehensive set of studies, Stanovich demonstrates that gaps between normative and descriptive models of performance on some tasks can be accounted for by positing these alternative explanations, but that not all discrepancies from normative models can be so explained. Individual differences in rational thought can in part be predicted by psychological dispositions that are interpreted as characteristic biases in people's intentional-level psychologies. Presenting the most comprehensive examination of individual differences in the heuristics and biases literature that has yet been published, experiments and theoretical insights in this volume contextualize the heuristics and biases literature exemplified in the work of various investigators.

Essays on Paradoxes

Terence Horgan,Terry Horgan
Essays on Paradoxes Book PDF

Author : Terence Horgan,Terry Horgan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 337 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780199858422

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Essays on Paradoxes by Terence Horgan,Terry Horgan Pdf

This volume brings together many of Terence Horgan's essays on paradoxes: Newcomb's problem, the Monty Hall problem, the two-envelope paradox, the sorites paradox, and the Sleeping Beauty problem. Newcomb's problem arises because the ordinary concept of practical rationality constitutively includes normative standards that can sometimes come into direct conflict with one another. The Monty Hall problem reveals that sometimes the higher-order fact of one's having reliably received pertinent new first-order information constitutes stronger pertinent new information than does the new first-order information itself. The two-envelope paradox reveals that epistemic-probability contexts are weakly hyper-intensional; that therefore, non-zero epistemic probabilities sometimes accrue to epistemic possibilities that are not metaphysical possibilities; that therefore, the available acts in a given decision problem sometimes can simultaneously possess several different kinds of non-standard expected utility that rank the acts incompatibly. The sorites paradox reveals that a certain kind of logical incoherence is inherent to vagueness, and that therefore, ontological vagueness is impossible. The Sleeping Beauty problem reveals that some questions of probability are properly answered using a generalized variant of standard conditionalization that is applicable to essentially indexical self-locational possibilities, and deploys preliminary probabilities of such possibilities that are not prior probabilities. The volume also includes three new essays: one on Newcomb's problem, one on the Sleeping Beauty problem, and an essay on epistemic probability that articulates and motivates a number of novel claims about epistemic probability that Horgan has come to espouse in the course of his writings on paradoxes. A common theme unifying these essays is that philosophically interesting paradoxes typically resist either easy solutions or solutions that are formally/mathematically highly technical. Another unifying theme is that such paradoxes often have deep-sometimes disturbing-philosophical morals.