Remoteness Urbanization And Child Nutrition In Sub Saharan Africa

Author : Headey, Derek D.,Stifel, David,You, Liangzhi,Guo, Zhe
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2017-12-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Remoteness, urbanization and child nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa by Headey, Derek D.,Stifel, David,You, Liangzhi,Guo, Zhe Pdf

Reducing undernutrition requires improving access to goods and services from a wide range of economic and social sectors, including agriculture, education and health. Yet despite broad agreement on the multisectoral nature of the global burden of undernutrition, relatively little research has analyzed how different dimensions of accessibility, such as urbanization and travel times to urban centers, affect child nutrition and dietary outcomes. In this paper we study these relationships in sub-Saharan Africa, a highly rural continent still severely hindered by remoteness problems. We link spatial data on travel times to 20,000 person cities to survey data from 10,900 communities in 23 countries. We document strong negative associations between nutrition indicators and rural livelihoods, but only moderately strong associations with remoteness to cities. Moreover, the harmful effects of remoteness and rural living largely disappear once education, wealth, and social/infrastructural services indicators are added to the model. This implies that the key nutritional disadvantage of rural populations stems chiefly from social and economic poverty. Combating these problems requires either an acceleration of urbanization processes, or finding innovative cost-effective mechanisms for extending basic services to isolated rural communities.

Author : Derek Headey,David Stifel,Liangzhi You,Zhe Guo
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1163582088

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Remoteness, Urbanization and Child Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa by Derek Headey,David Stifel,Liangzhi You,Zhe Guo Pdf

Author : Nat J. Colletta,Jayshree Balachander,Xiaoyan Liang
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1996-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0821336770

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The Condition of Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa by Nat J. Colletta,Jayshree Balachander,Xiaoyan Liang Pdf

Reviews the World Bank's experience in industrial restructuring in 46 countries during the past 14 years. The study finds that for most completed public enterprise restructuring operations, sustainability of benefits was a large problem, mainly because of fragile sector reforms and inadequate governance and management. Those completed for the private sector experienced poor outcomes from inadequate attention to country economic conditions and policy distortions. To overcome such problems, the study recommends that future restructuring operations be designed and implemented to have an impact at the firm level.

Author : Haile, Beliyou,Guo, Zhe,Arndt, Channing,Ahn, Hee Eun
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2021-11-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Combining remotely sensed and survey data to better understand linkages between urbanization and child nutrition: Case study from Burkina Faso by Haile, Beliyou,Guo, Zhe,Arndt, Channing,Ahn, Hee Eun Pdf

Africa is experiencing a rapid growth in urban population with a billion more people expected to live in cities by 2050. The extent to which urbanization contributes to improvements in the welfare of households and individuals depends on whether it is accompanied by the creation of remunerative employment opportunities and investments on essential infrastructure and services. Specific to child nutrition, urbanization can improve nutrition through its effects on the immediate and underlying determinants that include dietary and nutrient intake, diseases, household food security, environmental sanitation, and access to health services. The direction and strength of the association between urbanization and child undernutrition is therefore an empirical matter that largely depends on the type of urban settlements. This study examines linkages between urbanization and child undernutrition in Burkina Faso. Nutrition data are obtained from the Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) con-ducted in 1998/99, 2003, and 2010. Nutritional outcomes of children 0-59 months old are measured using height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Instead of relying on a binary urban-rural classification available in the DHS data, we construct two continuous indicators of urbanization based on remotely sensed data ‒ the size of urban area within 10 kilometers radius around the DHS cluster (urban extent) and the distance between the child’s DHS cluster and the boundary of the nearest urban settlement (remoteness).

Author : Olayinka Abosede,Judith S. McGuire
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : Children
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Improving Women's and Children's Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa by Olayinka Abosede,Judith S. McGuire Pdf

Nutrition is the number one health concern in Africa - and nutrition programs can be a magnet for attracting community support to the health system, especially maternal-child health programs. But nutrition is often a secondary concern of health policy, often ignored in food policy, and too often left out of training programs and work plans.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 316 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2023-07-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251372265

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The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization Pdf

This report provides an update on global progress towards the targets of ending hunger (SDG Target 2.1) and all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2) and estimates on the number of people who are unable to afford a healthy diet. Since its 2017 edition, this report has repeatedly highlighted that the intensification and interaction of conflict, climate extremes and economic slowdowns and downturns, combined with highly unaffordable nutritious foods and growing inequality, are pushing us off track to meet the SDG 2 targets. However, other important megatrends must also be factored into the analysis to fully understand the challenges and opportunities for meeting the SDG 2 targets. One such megatrend, and the focus of this year’s report, is urbanization. New evidence shows that food purchases in some countries are no longer high only among urban households but also among rural households. Consumption of highly processed foods is also increasing in peri-urban and rural areas of some countries. These changes are affecting people’s food security and nutrition in ways that differ depending on where they live across the rural–urban continuum. This timely and relevant theme is aligned with the United Nations General Assembly-endorsed New Urban Agenda, and the report provides recommendations on the policies, investments and actions needed to address the challenges of agrifood systems transformation under urbanization and to enable opportunities for ensuring access to affordable healthy diets for everyone.

Author : Emmanuel Skoufias,Katja Vinha,Ryoko Sato
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2019-07-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781464813979

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All Hands On Deck by Emmanuel Skoufias,Katja Vinha,Ryoko Sato Pdf

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the scale of undernutrition is staggering; 58 million children under the age of five are too short for their age (stunted), and 14 million weigh too little for their height (wasted). Poor diets in terms of diversity, quality, and quantity, combined with illness and poor water and sanitation facilities, are linked with deficiencies of micronutrients—such as iodine, vitamin A, and iron—associated with growth, development, and immune function. In the short term, inequities in access to the determinants of nutrition increase the incidence of undernutrition and diarrheal disease. In the long term, the chronic undernutrition of children has important consequences for individuals and societies: a high risk of stunting, impaired cognitive development, lower school attendance rates, reduced human capital attainment, and a higher risk of chronic disease and health problems in adulthood. Inequities in access to services early in life contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Recent World Bank estimates suggest that the income penalty a country incurs for not having eliminated stunting when today’s workers were children is about 9†“10 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Sub-Saharan Africa. Much of the effort to date has focused on the costing, financing, and impact of nutrition-specific interventions delivered mainly through the health sector to reach the global nutrition targets for stunting, anemia, and breastfeeding, and interventions for treating wasting. However, the determinants of undernutrition are multisectoral, and the solution to undernutrition requires multisectoral approaches. An acceleration of the progress to reduce stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa requires engaging additional sectors—such as agriculture; education; social protection; and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)—to improve nutrition. This book lays the groundwork for more effective multisectoral action by analyzing and generating empirical evidence to inform the joint targeting of nutrition-sensitive interventions. Using information from 33 recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), measures are constructed to capture a child’s access to food security, care practices, health care, and WASH, to identify gaps in access among different socioeconomic groups; and to relate access to these nutrition drivers to nutrition outcomes. All Hands on Deck: Reducing Stunting through Multisectoral Efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa addresses three main questions: • Do children have inadequate access to the underlying determinants of nutrition? • What is the association between stunting and inadequate food, care practices, health, and WASH access? • Can the sectors that have the greatest impact on stunting be identified? This book provides country authorities with a holistic picture of the gaps in access to the drivers of nutrition within countries to assist them in the formulation of a more informed, evidence-based, and balanced multisectoral strategy against undernutrition.

Author : Amare, Mulubrhan,Arndt, Channing,Mahrt, Kristi,Mavrotas, George
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2020-04-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Polygynous family structure and child undernutrition in Nigeria by Amare, Mulubrhan,Arndt, Channing,Mahrt, Kristi,Mavrotas, George Pdf

There is a growing interest in the research literature in exploring how child nutrition is affected by sociocultural practices, such as polygyny. However, evaluation of the effect of polygyny on child nutrition has been hindered by the complexity of the relationship. This paper investigates the effect of polygyny on anthropometric outcomes while recognizing that unobservable household characteristics may simultaneously influence both the decision to form a polygynous union and the ability of the household to adequately nourish children. Polygyny can affect children’s nutrition through increased family size, early marriage, and the level of household investment in child health. In this paper, we apply an instrumental variable approach based on the occurrence of same sex siblings in a woman’s first two births to generate exogenous variation in polygyny. Using data from the 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys, we find a detrimental effect of polygyny on child undernutrition, with a greater effect in poorer households and those resident in more urban locations.

Author : De Bruin, S., Holleman, C.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2023-10-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251382226

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Urbanization is transforming agrifood systems across the rural–urban continuum creating challenges and opportunities to access affordable healthy diets by De Bruin, S., Holleman, C. Pdf

This background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 discusses the dynamics and drivers of urbanization, the associated changes in agrifood systems and the corresponding risks and opportunities to ensuring access to affordable healthy diets for all. The paper is based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from scientific papers and informed by new analyses conducted for the 2023 edition of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. A conceptual framework is presented for understanding the different pathways through which urbanization is driving changes in agrifood systems across the rural–urban continuum, and is, in turn, affecting access to affordable healthy diets.

Author : Derek Headey,William A Masters
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2019-10-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agriculture and undernutrition through the lens of economics by Derek Headey,William A Masters Pdf

Agricultural development has historically focused on poverty reduction and food security but is now increasingly asked to help improve nutrition. Despite this strengthened nutritional mandate, agricultural policies and programs have struggled to develop effective, scalable and cost-effective approaches for reducing undernutrition. This study was therefore undertaken to assess more the more strategic issue of how to re-design agricultural development strategies for greater nutritional impact. To do so we review the literature on agriculture-nutrition linkages through an economic lens, focusing on systemic agriculture-nutrition linkages that go beyond the much-explored question of how a farm family’s agricultural activities affect their own household members’ food consumption or nutrition outcomes. To that end we structured this review around three types of linkages between agriculture and nutrition: (i) agricultural income effects (including income stability); (ii) relative food price determination (including the shadow prices involved in consuming one’s own production); and (iii) agricultural livelihood characteristics (encompassing the many neglected dimensions of agricultural activities and rural livelihoods that influence nutrition and health). For each of these literatures we reflect upon relevant economic theory, methodological challenges, and key empirical evidence. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for developing more nutrition-sensitive agricultural development strategies.

Author : Todd David Benson
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 114 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2008-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780896291652

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Improving Nutrition as a Development Priority by Todd David Benson Pdf

Undernutrition remains a major source of human suffering and an obstacle to national economic and human development in many African countries. This report investigates undernutrition's persistence, drawing on case studies of the public response to the problem in Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Uganda. Analyzing each nation's policymaking structures, political actors, understanding of undernutrition, and the timing of public responses, the author explains why none of these four nations has mounted an effective campaign to eliminate undernutrition. The author identifes several different causes of this shortcoming, with one underlying flaw in the various public responses standing out: a fundamental failure on the part of political leaders to see undernutrition as a grave problem that undermines development efforts in their nations. The author concludes that an effective response to undernutrition in these countries requires the formation of national advocacy coalitions that can raise public awareness of the problem, highlight policymakers' duty to ensure the nutrition of their citizens, and link proper nutrition to general national development. This report should serve as a resource for advocates, researchers, and others concerned with undernutrition in Africa.

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-29
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251344491

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Africa regional overview of food security and nutrition 2020 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission Pdf

Africa is not on track to meeting the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 targets to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round and to end all forms of malnutrition. The number of hungry people on the continent has risen by 47.9 million since 2014 and now stands at 250.3 million, or nearly one-fifth of the population. The 2017, 2018 and 2019 editions of this report explain that this gradual deterioration of food security was due to conflict, weather extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns, often overlapping. A continued worsening of food security is expected also for 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to hunger, across all countries in Africa millions of people suffer from widespread micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight and obesity are emerging as significant health concerns in many countries. This report shows that the food system in Africa does not provide food at a cost that makes nutritious food affordable to a majority of the population, and this is reflected in the high disease burden associated with maternal and child malnutrition, high body-mass, micronutrient deficiencies and dietary risk factors. The report also shows that current food consumption patterns impose high health and environmental costs, which are not reflected in food prices. The findings presented in this report highlight the importance of prioritizing the transformation of food systems to ensure access to affordable and healthy diets for all, produced in a sustainable manner.

Author : Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.,Fan, Shenggen, ed.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 798 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2021-01-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780896293830

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Agricultural development: New perspectives in a changing world by Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.,Fan, Shenggen, ed. Pdf

Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World is the first comprehensive exploration of key emerging issues facing developing-country agriculture today, from rapid urbanization to rural transformation to climate change. In this four-part volume, top experts offer the latest research in the field of agricultural development. Using new lenses to examine today’s biggest challenges, contributors address topics such as nutrition and health, gender and household decision-making, agrifood value chains, natural resource management, and political economy. The book also covers most developing regions, providing a critical global perspective at a time when many pressing challenges extend beyond national borders. Tying all this together, Agricultural Development explores policy options and strategies for developing sustainable agriculture and reducing food insecurity and malnutrition. The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality. Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.

Author : Jean-Christophe Fotso
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : City children
ISBN : IND:30000124691431

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Urban-rural Differentials in Child Malnutrition by Jean-Christophe Fotso Pdf

Author : Christopher Cramer,John Sender,Arkebe Oqubay
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198832331

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African Economic Development by Christopher Cramer,John Sender,Arkebe Oqubay Pdf

"This book challenges conventional wisdoms about economic performance and possible policies for economic development in African countries. Its starting point is the striking variation in African economic performance. Unevenness and inequalities form a central fact of African economic experiences. The authors highlight not only differences between countries, but also variations within countries, differences often organized around distinctions of gender, class, and ethnic identity. For example, neo-natal mortality and school dropout have been reduced, particularly for some classes of women in some areas of Africa. Horticultural and agribusiness exports have grown far more rapidly in some countries than in others. These variations (and many others) point to opportunities for changing performance, reducing inequalities, learning from other policy experiences, and escaping the ties of structure, and the legacies of a colonial past. The book rejects teleological illusions and Eurocentric prejudice, but it does pay close attention to the results of policy in more industrialized parts of the world. Seeing the contradictions of capitalism for what they are - fundamental and enduring - may help policy officials protect themselves against the misleading idea that development can be expected to be a smooth, linear process, or that it would be were certain impediments suddenly removed. The authors criticize a wide range of orthodox and heterodox economists, especially for their cavalier attitude to evidence. Drawing on their own decades of research and policy experience, they combine careful use of available evidence from a range of African countries with political economy insights (mainly derived from Kalecki, Kaldor and Hischman) to make the policy case for specific types of public sector investment"--